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1 Name: __________________________________________________ SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEMS NOTES PACKET I. II. III. Sun-Earth-Moon Systems The Moon Tools of Astronomy Test Date ______________________________ Objectives. Upon complete of the unit you should be able to: 1. Describe the components of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. 2. Describe how telescopes use the E-M spectrum to give us information about the universe 3. Describe the movements of Earth known as rotation and revolution 4. Explain how the moon goes through phases. 5. Explain how the eclipses occur. 6. Describe how the physical features of the lunar surface were created. 7. Explain the history of the moon. 2 I. SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEM A. Earth’s Daily Motion _________________________ – spinning motion about one’s axis - Explains _________________________ cycles. Sun rise, Moon rise, Constellations moving across sky Day Length - ____________________________________ – noon to noon. 24 hrs - ____________________________________ – 1 complete rotation on axis in reference to a distant star. 23h. 56 m Due to Earth’s motion in its orbit. B. Earth’s Annual Motions Plane of orbit called ___________________________________________ As Earth rotates Sun & planets appear to move across the sky in a path called the __________________ ____________________________________ –one body orbits around another body. - _______________________________________________ – time it takes a planet to orbit the sun in reference to a distant star. - Earth’s sidereal period is _____________________________________ Seasonal Cycle - Due to Earth’s ________________________________________________________ Axis has a ________________ orientation in space. Result: As Earth orbits the sun, the most direct rays of the sun migrate north and south across the equator. Sun’s most direct rays are north of equator when Earth’s N hemisphere is angled toward sun. The rays are least direct on the S. Hemisphere. This slowly shifts the other way as the year progresses from summer to winter and back to summer. During spring and fall neither hemisphere is angled toward sun. - Summer Solstice – _____________________ Begins the ______________________ season in northern hemisphere Earth’s northern hemisphere is _____________ _______________________________the sun. Sun appears _________________ in the sky for most of northern hemisphere and cause the time between rise and set to be __________________. At our latitude we experience: about 14 .5 hrs of daylight & 9.5 hrs of night People north of 66.5o experience _____________ of daylight. _________________________ conditions in the southern hemisphere. 3 - Autumn Equinox (northern hemisphere)- _____________________ Begins the fall season in the northern hemisphere. Opposite season in southern hemisphere. Earth’s axial tilt is _______________________ _______________________________from sun. It is as if Earth has __________________ Sun noon altitude of 90o (directly overhead) occurs at the equator (0o latitude) Everyone on Earth experiences about _______________________________________ - Winter Solstice _______________ Begins the _________________ season in northern hemisphere Earth’s northern hemisphere is tilted ___________ from the sun. Receives ___________ direct rays from sun. Everyone north of this latitude experiences ____________________________ daylight hours At our latitude we experience________________ _______________________________ People north of 66.5o experience 24 hr of ________ Opposite conditions in the southern hemisphere. - Vernal (spring) Equinox Mar. 22 or 23 Begins the _______________ season in norther hemisphere. Same conditions as autumn equinox 4 Lunar Motions Lunar Phases - The duration of the Phase Cycle is ________________________________________________ - Lunar Orbit Affects How Much We See: Phases Lunar Tides Eclipses - one object passing between two other objects - Overview Eclipses create 2 shadow _____________________ – darker, inner shadow _____________________– lighter, outer shadow Usually no more than _______solar & lunar eclipses each year. Why? Because the Moon orbits Earth on a different __________________________________ than the Earth-Sun plane. - Solar Eclipse The ___________ casts a shadow on the _____________ Occurs only during a ___________moon phase Last about __________ minutes Only those within the _______________ experience total eclipses. Shadow path is no more than ____________ miles wide 5 People in penumbra see a ____________________ solar eclipse - Lunar Eclipse The ______________ casts a shadow on the _______________ Occurs only during a ___________ moon phase Lasts __________________________________ Everyone on ________________________________________________ the moon can see it 6 7 II. THE MOON A. Introduction Average distance from Earth: _________________________________ - Further from Earth compared to the moon-planets distances elsewhere in SS Largest moon relative to mass and size of planet it orbits. - Diameter: _________________________ ___________________________________________ due to low gravity Day is ______________________ long/Night is ____________________ long - As a result, very ___________ daily temperature range: _______________________________ B. Lunar Surface & Interior __________________ -Circular depressions caused by meteor & asteroid impacts - 1,000’s of craters. ___________ – lines of debris radiating from young craters _______________________ – cover over half of lunar surface. - ___________ rocks. ______________________ crustal surface - Light colored rock surface - Composition: _________________________________________________ - Rugged with many craters ______________. Dark, relatively smooth areas - Ancient _________ beds. - Compostion: _________________ - Origin: ____________________________________________ punctured surface. - _______________ leaked out - Few maria on far side of moon. Mostly __________________________. Due to greater thickness of crust, lava unable to break through. ______________________. Layer of loose gray debris due to impacts covers the lunar surface. - Origin: Debris kicked up from ______________________________________________. ______________ – _____________________________ structures. May be collapsed lava tubes. Lunar Mountains - Many are in the _____________________________ - Some along the edges of mare where ________ did not fill the basin. Interior - Completely ___________ - Not ________________________ active. That means NO _________________________________________ 8 C. Formation & History of the Moon Radiometric dating methods suggest an age of __________________________________yrs. old About ____________________________ as Earth. Giant Impact Theory - Collision between Earth and _______________________________________ 4.5 billion years ago. During the formation of SS - Collision was a ________________________________________________ - Result of impact Some material from the foreign object and Earth outer layers ___________________________ and orbit Earth. Over time the ____________________________________________________ _______________________ to form the Moon. - Evidence: ______________________ in core than expected if formed by same method as Earth. Moon minerals similar to minerals in Earth’s crust and mantle. Theory supported by ___________________________________________________. 0-800 million years of existence – __________________________________________________ - _________________________________ formed from the debris piling up. - ____________________ created due to the impacts crushing and breaking up surface Avg. Thickness – several meters Formation of Maria & Rilles - 3.1-3.8 billion years ago. - After intense bombardment _____________________________________ from interior and __________________ large impact basins. - Created the ____________________________________________________ - Rilles formed from _____________________________________________________________ - Maria relatively __________________________________________________________. - Solar system has been _____________________________________ since formation of maria. 9 III. TOOLS OF ASTRONOMY A. Radiation What is “light”? - Light is ____________________________________ – energy that can travel thru ___________ without the need of a __________________________. (matter such as air, solid, liquid) - Light is very fast; ________________________________________________________ - Speed of light is a constant. Nothing is faster. - We only see certain portion of this radiant energy. _______________________________________________________________________ ElectroMagnetic Spectrum – More than meets the eye - “Light” is more than visible light. - Light is part of a broader form of energy called _______________________________________ - _____________________________________ in the universe emits E-M radiation. - Components of E-M Radiation ______________________________________________________________________________ Wavelengths range from less than .0001 nm (1 x 10 -13 ) to over 100 m Measuring “Light” - __________________________– the distance between wave crests. Unit: nanometer(nm) (10-9m), - E-M radiation from __________________________________________________ wavelength Gamma, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Visible light, Infrared, Microwave, Radio Visible light ______________________________________________________ wavelength: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red - _____________________________________ -the number of waves that pass in a given second. Units: cycles per second, _____________________ E-M Radiation from ___________________________________________________ frequency. Gamma, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Visible light, Infrared, Microwave, Radio Visible light ____________________________________: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red 10 ____________________________________________________________________________ B. Telescopes Introduction - Our eyes only sensitive to visible light wavelengths. - Pupils about 7 mm in diameter. Only allows a little light through. - In addition, we miss “seeing” most of the universe. Astronomical objects produce all forms of EM radiation. - Telescopes developed to __________________ and _________ EM radiation from astronomical objects. Types of Telescopes: ____________________________________________________________ Telescopes - Optical Telescopes – focus ___________________________________ from space Telescopes invented in early 1600’s. ______________ diameter allows more light, can see ________________ with better _____________ o 2 Basic Types of Telescopes 1. ________________________ Telescopes 1st type invented Uses ______________________________ to focus light Limit to its size due to cost among other things 2. ________________________ Telescope Uses ____________________________________ to focus light _________large major telescopes are ___________________________________ Provides __________ distortions of image than refractors - Nonoptical Telescopes – focuses non-visible light (Gamma ray, X-ray, UV, Infrared & Radio) Type Example in Use Radio __________________________________________________________ Infrared __________________________________________________________ UV __________________________________________________________ Gamma __________________________________________________________ X-ray __________________________________________________________