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Parts of Speech/Grammar Basics Parts of Speech NOUN: Person, place, thing, or idea COMMON-lower case; general things (ex-boy, girl, dog) PROPER-capital letter; specific places, people, etc. (ex-Goose Creek) POSSESSIVE-shows ownership (ex-boy’s) PRONOUN: Takes the place of a noun PERSONAL-I, you, he, she, it, we, they-nominative…name (ex-We are going to the store.) Me, you, him, her, it, us, them-objective…objects of verbs/prepositions (ex-Please give that to me.) My, your, his, her, its, mine, yours, our, their, ours, theirs…possessive-shows possession/ownership (ex-That book on the shelf is mine.) REFLEXIVE-Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves…reflects back to self (ex-You need to give yourself a break.) INTERROGATIVE-Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?...asks a question (ex-Whose pencil is this?) RELATIVE-That, which, who, whom, whose…can start dependent clauses (ex-I like the sweater that you are wearing.) DEMONSTRATIVE-That, this, these, those…demonstrate which one (ex-I want this car.) INDEFINITE-Each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both, any, other, etc….don’t refer to a definite person or thing (ex-Everyone was invited to the party.) ADVERB: Modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (ran slowly), and other adverbs (very easily), tells HOW, WHEN, WHERE, TO WHAT EXTENT. The word not is always an adverb ADJECTIVE: Modifies nouns and pronouns, tells WHICH ONE, HOW MANY, WHAT KIND. The articles a, an, the are considered adjectives, a proper adjective is a proper noun used as an adjective (American flag) PREPOSITION: Shows a relationship between a noun or a pronoun with some other word in the sentence Across, after, against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc. (We went to school. We went up the stairs.) CONJUNCTION: Joins words, phrases, and clauses COORDINATING-FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) Join together 2 or more independent clauses (We were hungry, so we went out to eat. Jack flew left first, and he picked up Anna.) SUBORDINATING-Begin dependent clauses-since, while, before, after, because, although, so that, if, when whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. (Since we were hungry, we went out to eat. Although he left first, Jack picked up Anna.) CORRELATIVE-a coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence Not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and (You will need both your book and your calculator.) VERB: ACTION-Shows action (She wrote a note. I traveled across country.) LINKING-is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, small, sound, stay, taste…links two words together…some linking verbs can function as action verbs as well (That flower smells pretty...linking…The dog smelled the flower…action...English is fun…linking, The game is on Saturday…action) HELPING-is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did, ought…Helps the action or linking verb. If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping; if a verb phrase has three verbs, the first two are helping, etc. (We have been taking notes all day…”taking” is the action verb…She will be cold without a jacket…”be” is a linking verb) INTERJECTION: Word used to express an emotion or exclamation and can be used as a pause (Ugh, I can’t believe I failed that test! The burrito is vegan. YUCK!) Verbal Phrases VERBALS: Verbs that act as nouns or adjectives GERUND-Verb acting like a noun; ends in –ing (Reading is fun. I enjoy shopping.) PARTICIPLE- Verb acting like an adjective; ends in –ing or –ed (I have running shoes. Frightened, I ran down the street.) INFINITIVE-To + a verb; can act like a noun (I like to eat.), adjective (It’s the best place to eat.), or an adverb (I need a pen to write my letter.) Clauses/Sentence Structure Types CLAUSES: A clauses always has a subject and verb, if it is missing one of those, then it is a phrase INDEPENDENT CLAUSES- Every sentence must have at least one independent clause. An independent clause can stand on its own as a sentence. It does not rely on the rest of the sentence to make sense or complete a thought. An independent clause does not start with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction. Independent clauses are combined using coordinating conjunctions. (“I really want to go to the concert.” is an independent clause…”Wanting to go to the concert”…is a phrase because it has no subject…”Because she wanted to go to the concert”…is a dependent clause because of the subordinating conjunction) DEPENDENT CLAUSES-A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. It depends on the rest of the sentence to complete its thought. A dependent clause starts with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction and still has a subject and verb. SENTENCE STRUCTURE TYPES: SIMPLE-One independent clause (I really like shopping at Target.) COMPOUND-Two or more independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction (I like eating pizza, but I like macaroni and cheese more.) COMPLEX-One independent clause + one or more dependent clauses (I like football because we have a really great team even though we did not make the playoffs.) COMPOUND-COMPLEX-Two or more independent clauses + one or more dependent clauses…a compound-complex sentence will have at least one coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction (Although I have been teaching for 16 years, I still love it, and I hope to teach many more.)