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Developing Person
the Newborn
Development and
Prenatal development
Term
Explanation
Prenatal development occurs within the mother from the
moment of conception until birth
Application/ Example/ Extension
Teratogens are harmful agents such as alcohol, caffeine, or
nicotine; could affect the baby at any point throughout prenatal
development.
Alcohol is an example of a teratogen, which could result in
mental retardation called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Chromosomes are threadlike structures that include genes which contain segments of DNA- genetic information
Dominant gene- a gene that will always be displayed when present
Recessive gene- a gene that will only be displayed if paired with another recessive gene
Sex chromosomes- 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex- female 2 X’s/ Male 1 X & 1 Y
Sex linked characteristic- traits determined
Red-green color blindness is an example of sex linked
by recessive genes on the X chromosome
characteristic
that do not match well with smaller Y
chromosome leading to traits being
displayed
Periods of Prenatal Development
Zygote period occurs in the first two weeks of
Critical period- a time period where certain developmental
prenatal development
procedures have to take place in order for development to
continue positively
Embryonic period occurs from the 2nd week to the
A baby cannot be born until the stomach is formed.
th
8 week and is when the organs start to develop
Fetal period occurs from the 9th week until birth and is the longest period of prenatal development
Reflexes- automatic
Information does not
The knee-jerk response occurs without any input from the brainbehaviors that are not learned have to be interpreted or that is why most people are surprised when their leg moves when
and are necessary for
processed by the brain to touched
survival.
occur
Rooting reflex- necessary for feeding- touch a baby on the cheek and the baby turns his or her head in that direction
Grasping reflex- babies will hold onto
People have to be careful when holding a baby because if their hair
things
touches the baby’s hand the baby will grasp on to the hair and not let go
Babinski reflex- when babies’ toes and fingers are stroked they will curl up
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Cognitive Development
Developing Person
Temperament- researched by Thomas and Chess, who
Dogs are born with a temperament- golden retrievers have a
believed people were born with a specific type of
friendly temperament that they are born with and will persist
emotional intensity that lasted throughout a person’s life throughout their life
Easy temperament- the baby has established eating and sleeping routines, generally happy in mood
Difficult temperament- intense emotions, no routines in terms of eating, sleeping
Slow-to-warm up- shy, withdraws from new situations
Maturation- biological growth process that is the result
Crawling is going to occur when the baby is physically ready to
of the aging process and is not influenced by learning;
crawl- it is not going to be influenced by watching mom and dad
crawling, walking, puberty are a result of the body being crawl
physically ready to perform those activities
Vision is the least developed sense at birth
Schemas are mental organizations or frameworks that
Schemas form from repeatedly doing things over and over,
help to interpret and organize information from
resulting in performing actions without thinking. For example:
experiences
tying your shoe, driving home, walking to your next class.
Assimilation- interpreting and blending new
For example, you already know
Remember SS A-sameinformation into existing schemas
how to hit a golf ball, and your
shema-ilation/ assimilation
golf coach now shows you how
is same schema- learning how
to hit the golf ball higher. You
to hit the ball higher did not
are assimilating or adding how
to hit the golf ball higher to what change what you already
know about golf
you have already have learned
Accommodation- new information that
An example of accommodation Remember- the “c” stands for
modifies and changes existing schemas
would be if your golf coach
change in accommodation and
came up and told you your golf this involves changing an
swing is incorrect and now
established schema- your golf
taught you a whole new way to coach is changing the way you
hit the golf ball.
hit the golf ball
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Developing Person
Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor stage- occurs birth to 2 years;
children are learning through their senses and
motor skills
Preoperational stage- occurs 2-7 years;
children begin to use symbols to represent
things not there- still no logical thought
Concrete stage- children think logically only
about concrete things- things that they can see
in front of them
Formal operational stage- abstract reasoningis able to form hypothetical thoughts through
weighing pros and cons of a choice
Criticism of Piaget’s theory was that he
focused too much on age and not on how
children develop individually and
uniquely
In the sensorimotor stage,
If you are playing catch with your
children are acquiring
dog and you pretend to throw the
object permanence, which ball and place it behind your back,
is a continued searching for you may notice that your dog
an object that is no longer
continues to search the backyard
there- this is significant
looking for the ball, which is an
because it demonstrates
example of object permanence
the beginnings of
memory
Animism- belief that inanimate Egocentrism- inability to take
objects are alive
into consideration another
person’s point of view.
Lack of reversibility- the inability to reverse the sequence of
actions or events- go backwards through a plan
Achievement of conservationsSome people believe that
ability to recognize even though
there is a lot of liquid in a
shape changes the amount stays
Red Bull can because of
the same- ex: tall beaker vs. short, how tall the can is- when in
round beaker with same amount of actuality there is not that
water
much- it just looks like a lot
During this stage a child starts to learn good morals by comparing
the positive and negative of a choice; resulting in forming
opinions about what is fair or unfair
Favorite quote of this stage: “That’s not fair!”
The information-processing model contradicts Piaget’s theory
through suggesting that cognitive development is nonstop and
continuous throughout a person’s life
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Developing Person
Lev Vygotsky emphasized social interaction in the
development of cognitive abilities- he believed the more
a child is talked to or interacted with by people, the better
their cognitive abilities will develop
Zone of proximal development- according to
Vygotsky is the measurement or indication of
what a child can do alone versus when other
people are around
Social Development
Harry Harlow
Mary
Anisworth
Konrad Lorenz
Erik Erikson
The more stimulation that a child receives, the more neural
communication within the brain will take place, causing more
neurons to be formed, leading to increased brain activity.
A child may feel that he or she is comfortable and capable of
completing a task when mom or dad is present. However, once
mom or dad leaves, the child will often become frustrated or
confused. This may occur because when mom or dad are
watching, the child feels secure. When they leave, so does the
security of knowing someone will be there to help.
Through his work with monkeys, he
Harlow’s experiment had 2
Harlow found that the baby
found that attachment- the emotional cages; one cage had a wiredmonkeys formed attachments
bond between caregiver and anothermonkey with a feeding
more quickly and effectively
occurs better through contact and
apparatus, while the other cage with the warm terry-clothed
warmth, not as much providing food
had a monkey wrapped in a
monkey rather than the wireand nourishment
warm terry cloth.
monkey with a feeding bottle.
Stranger situation
Secure attachment- child explores room when mother present,
1. Mother and child enter the
explores less when mother leaves, shows pleasure when mother
room
returns.
2. Mother then leaves infant alone Avoidant attachment- form of insecure attachment- child avoids
in the playroom
mother when mother returns
3. Stranger enters
Ambivalent attachment- form of insecure attachment- upset
4. Mother later returns
when mother leaves, but when mother returns alternates between
clinging to her and rejecting her
Imprinting- newborn follows
There was an incident where a dog was present when some baby
whatever is seen first after birth
chicks were just born. Because of imprinting the chicks followed
the dog wherever it went.
Trust vs. Mistrust- according to
Child abuse and neglect could lead to mistrust and eventually
Erikson, trust must occur for
insecure attachment
attachment to then occur
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Adolescence
Parenting Styles
Developing Person
Diana Baumrind researched the effects of parenting styles on child development
Authoritative parenting- parents use themselves
This style produces children who are independent and mature,
as role models, reason with children, emphasize
which indicated that the children were instrumentally competentmaturity- also called democratic parenting
meaning good children
Permissive parenting- parents do not take an
This style could produce children with problems such as drugs,
interest in child, children do whatever they please
trouble with the law as children try to get parents attention, which
they are not getting
Authoritarian parenting- based on power and
This style could produce children who experiment with various
emphasis on discipline
behaviors, as children never have had a chance before to try
things
Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood.
Process of
Primary sex characteristicsOnly examples of primary sex characteristics would be the female
Puberty
responsible for sexual reproduction
ovaries and the male penis
Secondary sex characteristics- are
Secondary sex characteristics are what other people recognize in
nonreproductive characteristics such terms of classifying a boy or girl as a man or woman
as facial hair, deepened voice,
widening of hips
Erik Erikson
Identity vs. role confusion- during
Adolescents experiment with Buying clothes is very similar to
this stage adolescents search for
different styles of dress,
the process of searching for an
identity through experimentation
music, friends, goals, and
identity. When you try on
lifestyles; search for an
different types of clothes, you end
identity that feels natural
up buying whichever fits and
feels the best. The same is true
with finding an identity.
Intimacy vs. isolation- during this
In order for an adolescent to enter and find success in the
stage adolescents and young adults
intimacy vs. isolation stage, the adolescent first has to resolve the
start to form intimate relationships
issue of identity in the identity vs. role confusion stage. If he or
she does not know what he or she wants for him or herself, then
that person cannot not know what he or she wants from another
person in terms of a relationship
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Developing Person
Formal operational stage- abstract
reasoning- evaluating pros and cons
Personal Fable- adolescents believe that nothing wrong
or bad will happen to them
Morality
Jean Piaget
Adolescents may argue more with parents because they can now
assess whether or not something is fair.
An example of personal
An example of spotlight effect
fable would be how certain
would be when a girl or boy
adolescents live their lifealways thinks that people are
talking or looking at him or her
Spotlight effect, or halo effect- adolescents believe that always through always
taking chances because they
everyone is always watching them, or concerned with
think nothing bad could ever
what they are doing or not doing
happen to them
Morality is the reasoning skills that influence decisions and choices
Lawrence
Preconventional morality- decisions are Johnny does not pull his sister’s hair only because he does not
Kohlberg
based on gaining rewards and avoiding
want to get grounded.
punishment
Conventional morality decisions are
Johnny does not pull his sister’s hair because he knows his father
based on upholding rules and expectations has a rule not to pull hair.
Postconventional morality decisions are Johnny does not pull his sister’s hair because he personally feels
based on personal ethical and thoughts
that it is wrong and further would not want her to pull his hair.
Gender Role
Development
Carol
Gilligan
Developed a
morality theory
that addressed
women.
Gilligan believed that a
woman’s morality was
based on caring and
upholding relationships
Suzy does not hit her brother
because she would not want
him to be mad at her.
In terms of a relationship,
women are always emphasizing
the “we”, or “us” On the other
hand, males emphasize the “I”,
or “me”
Gender includes the cultural, social, physical, and psychological meaning associated with being male or female
Gender role (how you act)- includes behaviors,
Think about the definition of a role as the role a person plays in a
attitudes, and personality traits that describe male or
movie- this would include the way a person acts
female
Gender identity (how you think)- is the
If you were asked to describe your identity, it would require you
psychological feeling of being a male or female
to think about who you are
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Adult and Aging
Developing Person
Gender theories
Social learning theory- gender development occurs
An example of the social learning theory affecting would be when
through socially observing, interacting, and modeling a boy watches television and imitates his favorite action hero
other people and images
while playing with his friends
Gender schema theory- involves a person’s mental
An example of the gender schema theory would be when a girl
representation, or what he or she thinks is female or
does not think playing football is ladylike, or a boy thinks that
male
playing house is not for boys
Work and family are central issues of adulthood and a challenge for older people is to balance work and family
Social clock- is the understanding or feeling that there is Some people feel pressure to be married, or to have children by a
a time limit (like certain age) to accomplish specific life
certain age. This pressure could come from family, friends,
goals or tasks
cultural or biological restraints, and themselves
Erik
Generativity vs. stagnation- during middle
An example of generativity occurs when parents help their
Erikson to old age people feel a sense to give back or
children buy their first house or pay for college. Older people also
be generous to give their life meaning. If they like to volunteer, for example, at hospitals or voting polls. This
do not have people or things to care for their
occurs because volunteering give older people a chance to give
life may feel stagnant or uneventful
back, but also feel as though they still have a purpose.
Ego integrity vs. despair- as people approach High school seniors, similar to older people in the ego integrity
the end of their life they may have certain
vs. despair stage, approach graduation with certain regrets
regrets as time is starting to come to an end
because they soon realize that they no longer have time to do
everything they wanted to during high school. For example:
doing better in school, apologizing to friends
Menopause occurs for women in middle age when the chances of reproduction decline
Intelligence Fluid intelligence- based on speed- how
Older people have trouble remembering items quickly because
fast one is able to come up with an answer their fluid intelligence decreases throughout their life, which is
or reasoning
why they might not be a good contestant on the game show
Jeopardy
Crystallized intelligence- accumulated
Crystallized intelligence increases as people become older
information acquired throughout one’s life because everyday they are able to add information into their longterm memory
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Developing Person
Alzheimer’s disease- irreversible brain disorder
characterized by a loss of memory connected to the
deterioration of AcH neurotransmitter.
Dying: Elizabeth Kuber-Ross explored the issues of
death and grieving, which she described in 5 stages
1. Denial
4. Depression
2. Anger
5. Acceptance
3. Bargaining
Senile dementia is different than Alzheimer’s disease, as senile
dementia is the result of a stroke, tumor, or the aging process that
results in loss of memory.
People who are terminally ill or people who have lost someone
close both experience these stages
Every person goes through these stages at different times during
the grieving process. There is not a set time limit for how long it
takes a person to grieve
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Permission to use for face-to-face instruction with students only.