Download DMLT(12) - NIMS University Distance Education

NIMS UNIVERSITY
SYLLABUS
OF
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – DMLT12
VERSION 2.0
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Shobha Nagar, Jaipur-Delhi Highway (NH-11C), Jaipur- 303121
Rajasthan, INDIA
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – DMLT12
Eligibility
:
Senior Secondary Level Examination
Program Duration
:
2 Years
Program Objectives
:
Medical Laboratory Technology, also known as Clinical
laboratory science, is an allied health/paramedical
profession, which is concerned with the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of disease through the use of
clinical laboratory tests. Doctors rely on laboratory
technologies to detect, diagnose and treat diseases. The
programme covers the basics of preclinical subjects such
as Biochemistry, Pathology, Microbiology and Blood
Banking. Medical Laboratory Technologists (MLT) do
these tests by analyzing body fluids, tissues, blood
typing, microorganism screening, chemical analyses, Cell
counts of human body etc.
Job Prospects
:
After the completion of DMLT, you will find a
challenging career in a hospital, minor emergency
centers, private laboratory, blood donor centers, doctor’s
office or clinics. A technician can become a technologist
through further education and work experience.
Common job profiles of students after completing DMLT
include: Technician in Blood Banks, Hospitals, Nursing
Homes and Diagnostic Labs
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
YEAR I
Course Code
Course Title
Theory/
Practical
Continuous
Assessment
(Internals)
Credits
ANT12203
Human Anatomy and Physiology - I
70
30
4
MBL12202
Medical Microbiology
70
30
4
BCH12202
Biochemistry
70
30
4
PAT12201
Pathology and Hematology
70
30
3
HHM12201
General Principles of Hospital Practice
and Patient Care
70
30
3
ANT12203P
Human Anatomy and Physiology – I (P)
35
15
3
MBL12202P
Medical Microbiology (P)
35
15
3
BCH12202P
Biochemistry (P)
35
15
3
PAT12201P
Pathology and Hematology (P)
35
15
3
Total
700
30
YEAR II
Course Code
Course Title
Theory/Prac
tical
Continuous
Assessment
(Internals)
Credits
ANT12302
Human Anatomy and Physiology - II
70
30
4
MBL12302
Systemic Microbiology
70
30
4
BCH12302
Clinical Biochemistry
70
30
4
70
30
4
70
30
4
35
15
2
PAT12302
MLT12301
ANT12302P
Clinical Pathology, Histopathology and
Blood Banking
Advanced Techniques and Future
Trends in Laboratory Science
Human Anatomy and Physiology – II
(P)
MBL12302P
Systemic Microbiology (P)
35
15
2
BCH12302P
Clinical Biochemistry (P)
35
15
2
PAT12302P
Clinical Pathology, Histopathology and
Blood Banking (P)
35
15
2
TRN12301
Hospital Training
Total
100
2
800
30
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
DETAILED SYLLABUS
INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD: Personal contact programLectures (virtual and in-person), Assignments,
Labs and Discussions, Learning projects, Industrial Training Program and Dissertation.
YEAR I
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY –I – ANT12203
UNIT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CONTENT
General Anatomy: Organization of Organisms; Cell-Structure and Function; Tissue Classification and Function; Human Anatomy - Introduction; Subdivisions of anatomy;
Anatomical nomenclature - Terms of position, location and fundamental planes, Clinical terms;
General Histology - Definition and meaning; Slide preparation – Fixing, Chemical fixation with
formaldehyde or other chemicals; Processing - Dehydration, clearing, and infiltration;
Embedding; Sectioning; Staining; Common laboratory stains.
Skin and Connective Tissue: Skin - Definition of Skin; Layers of skin; Types of skin;
Functions; Dermatome; Connective tissue - Definition; Brief discussion on Types: Connective
tissue proper (general and Specific), General Definition - Bone, Cartilage and Blood, Embryonic
connective tissue - a) Mesenchyme & b) Mucous or mucoid.
The Skeletal System: Brief discussion over skeletal system; Classification of skeleton- axial
and Appendicular; brief discussion over bone structure, bone cells, bone marrow, bone growth,
ossification, parts of a long bone; Major components of skeleton system: a) Bone- definition,
synonym, Composition, Special features & Function, Classification, features of a long bone,
Bone marrow; b) Cartilage-definition; Components and classification - Overview of Osteology
of bones of: i) Upper limb - Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius & Ulna and carpals; ii) Lower
limb - Femur, Patella, Tibia & Fibula and tarsals; iii)Thorax (sternum & ribs); iv) AbdomenPelvis; v) Skull bones- Cranial bones (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital); Facial bones(Maxilla and Mandible) - their position, orientation, side determination & ligaments attached –
Joints - Definition of Joints, Functions, Classification of Joints based on – Structure and
Function.
The Muscular System: Brief introduction of muscular system; muscle tissue types; General
review of skeletal muscles - Brief knowledge of Appendicular muscles & Axial muscles.
The Circulatory System:Brief discussion about basics of circulatory system; The Heart General features of Heart, Shape and Size of Heart, Position of heart, General overview onmediastinum and relations of heart, Pericardium, Layers of heart - epicardium, myocardium and
endocardium, Cardiac muscles, Chambers of heart and associated blood vessels, Valves of
heart, Blood supply of Heart, vessels related to heart, Conduction system of heart, Functions of
heart; Lymphatic system - Introduction to lymphatic system, brief overview of lymph nodes &
lymphatic organs.
The Respiratory System: General discussion of respiratory system - Cellular respiration, Brief
knowledge of classification of respiratory system; upper conducting part & lower respiratory
part; Brief discussion over anatomy of – Larynx, trachea and bronchial tree; Lungs - Anatomical
position, relations, lobes, fissures, broncho-pulmonary segments, Pleura - Layers of pleura and
Pleural cavities; Microscopic anatomy of Trachea & Lungs.
General Physiology: Introduction to Physiology –Meaning, Homeostasis, Cell, Body fluid,
Transport through cell membrane - Passive Processes; The Principle of Diffusion; Simple
diffusion; Facilitated diffusion Osmosis; Active Processes - Active Transport; Transport in
Vesicles; The Primary Tissue; Organs and systems.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
8
9
10
11
12
Blood: Red blood cells – Erythropoiesis, stages, differentiation, Functions, Blood cells count,
variations; Hemoglobin – Structure, function, concentration, physiological variation, Methods of
estimation of Hb; White blood cell – Production, function, life span, count, differential count;
Platelets – Origin, normal count, morphology, functions, Coagulation, Coagulants & anticoagulants; Blood groups - A, B, O system, Blood grouping and typing, Cross-matching, Rh
system, Rh factor, Rh in cross matching; Blood transfusion – indication, universal donor and
recipient concept; Selection criteria of blood donor; Disorders of white blood cells, Platelets and
Clotting.
Gastrointestinal System: Physiological anatomy of GIT; Digestion of food in the mouth
(mastication), stomach, and intestine; Absorption of nutrients from digested food; Role of bile in
the digestive process.
Respiratory System: Respiratory system physiology; Introduction; measurements of
respiratory rates and volumes; gas laws; gas exchange; oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in
the blood.
Nerve muscle Physiology: Resting membrane potential; Action Potential - Physiology of
nerves and neuromuscular junction, Neuro muscular transmission; Overview of muscular
system - Muscle Physiology, Muscle fiber, Muscle contraction, the sliding filament model of
muscle contraction; Involuntary muscles - Cardiac and smooth muscles.
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System: Introduction;Cardiac muscle; the cardiac conducting
system; The electrocardiogram - ECG and applied physiology; Cardiac output; Blood pressure Control, fluid volume and blood pressure; Coronary circulation and applied physiology;
Introduction to the lymphatic system - lymph, lymphatic circulation, and functions of lymph.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Tortora, G &Anagnostakos, N. (1990) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 6th ed. USA; Harper
Collins Publishers.
B. Beashel, P. & Taylor, J. (1997) The World of Sport Examined. UK: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.
C. Guyton, Arthur and Hall, John (2000). Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology (10 Ed.). ISBN
052165655X.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/76871349/Histology-lectures-notes-Part-2.
B. http://www.biologicalelectronmicroscopy.com/fixation.html
C. http://www.oandp.com/news/jmcorner/library/uclamanual/UCLA-01.pdf.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY –I (P) – ANT12203P
1.
Histology
a) Histotechniques
b) Microscope
c) Histology of Skeletal muscle
d) Histology of Cardiac muscle
e) Histology of Smooth muscle
f) Histology of Bone
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
g) Histology of Hyaline cartilage
h) Histology of Elastic cartilage
i)
Histology of Fibrocartilage
j)
Histology of artery
k) Histology of Vein
l)
Histology of Lung
m) Histology of Trachea
2. Osteology
a) Appendicular skeleton
b) Axial skeleton
3. Specimen
a) Heart
b) Lungs
c) Larynx
d) Skin
4. Study and care of microscope.
5. Collection of blood samples.
6. Hemocytometer.
7. Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV).
8. Estimation of Hemoglobin concentration.
9. Total RBC count.
10. Determination of red blood cell indices.
11. Total Leukocyte count.
12. Preparation and examination of blood smear & Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC).
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY – MBL12202
UNIT
1
2
CONTENT
Introduction and Brief History of Microbiology: General Introduction & terms used in
Microbiology; Classification, morphology and physiology of bacteria; Historical aspect and
Branches of Microbiology; Prokaryotic organisms- Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote- cell wall,
structures external to cell wall, structures internal to cell wall; Eukaryotic organisms- structure
of eukaryotes, characteristics of eukaryotes.
Growth, Nutrition & Multiplication of Bacteria : Classification of bacteria on the basis of
Nutrition; Structure & definition of a bacterial cell wall; Growth requirements of
microorganism- Chemical requirements, Physical requirements; Bacterial classification based on
shapes; Bacterial classification based on staining methods; Classification based on Oxygen
requirement (Aerobic & Anaerobic bacteria); Autotrophic & Heterotrophic bacteria; Bacterial
Classification based on environment; Growth & Multiplication of bacteria, Bacterial growth
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
curve, Bacterial cell division, Generation time; Environmental factors affecting growth- Oxygen
requirements, pH, Temperature, Carbon dioxide, Osmotic pressure.
Microscopy: Introduction to microscopy; Purpose of microscopy; Definition of Microscope;
Principles, importance & parts of Microscope; Types of Microscope.
Sterilization and Disinfection: Introduction to Sterilization & Disinfection; Definition of
Sterilization, Disinfection; Physical & Chemical methods to destroy or reduce microbes;
Physical methods- Sunlight, Drying, Heat, Filtration, Radiation; Chemical methods- Use of
Alcohols, Aldehydes, Dyes, Halogens, phenols, Gases, Surface-Active agents, Metallic salts.
Staining of Bacteria: Definition of Bacterial Staining; Principle & purpose of staining; Types of
microbiological stain: Basic stains, Acidic stains, Neutral stains; Types of staining methods:
Simple staining method, Differential staining method, Special staining method, Spore staining
method, Capsule staining method; Principle & procedure of Gram stain &ZiehlNeelsen stain;
Result interpretation and application of Gram staining &ZiehlNeelsen staining.
Biochemical Identification of Bacteria: Brief introduction to biochemical test to identify
bacteria; Principle, procedure, result interpretation and application of Catalase, Oxidase,
Coagulase, Indole, Citrate, Urease, Triple sugar iron.
Bacterial Culture Media & Culture Methods: Introduction and definition of culture media;
Common ingredients of culture media; A brief note on agar; Importance of culture media; Types
of culture media (solid, liquid, simple, complex, defines & semi-defined media); Types of
special media.
Culture Methods: Introduction to bacterial culture; Purpose of bacterial culture; Methods to
isolate the bacteria- Streak culture, Stroke culture, Stab culture, Pour plate culture, Liquid
culture; Special methods of Anaerobic culture-McIntosh-Fildes anaerobic jar, Gaspac,
Anaerobic chamber.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test: Introduction & use of antibiotic sensitivity test; Role of antibiotic
sensitivity test; Components of antibiotic sensitivity test; Types of antibiotic sensitivity test
(Diffusion and Dilution method of antibiotic susceptibility testing).
Introduction to Medical Parasitology: Brief introduction into concepts & terminology of
parasitology (Symbiosis, Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism); Definition of Parasite & type
of parasites; Host & common type of host; Lifecycle & types of life cycle; Relationship between
parasite & host; The basic factors of transmission of parasitic diseases; The preventive measures
of parasitic diseases.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Ryan K.J and Ray C.G. SHerris, “Medical Microbiology”, 4th ed. McGraw Hill.
B. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case, Microbiology: An Introduction, Eight
Edition, Hardcover: 944 pages, Publisher: Benjamin Cummings.
C. Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology 7th Ed. Author: Joanne M Wiley, Christopher J
Woolverton, Linda M Sherwood.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.microbeworld.org/history-of-microbiology
B. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48203/bacteria/39334/Diversity-of-structure-ofbacteria.
C. http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/control.html.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (P) – MBL12202P
1. The microscope.
2. Sterilization.
3. Illustration of Staining Techniques.
4. Identification of organism by biochemical reactions.
5. Solid and liquid culture media.
BIOCHEMISTRY – BCH12202
UNIT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CONTENT
Introduction to Biochemistry: Biophysical aspects of biochemistry; General introduction and
role of biochemist, ethics, responsibility, safety measures and first aid; Cleaning and care of
general laboratory glassware and equipment; Distilled water-types of distilled water plants,
preparation & storage.
Carbohydrates, Proteins & Lipids: Carbohydrates - Chemical structure, function,
classification,
monosaccharides,
disaccharides-polysaccharides,
homopolysaccharides,
heteropolysaccharides, glycoproteins; Proteins - Amino acids, classification, structure of
protein, determination of protein structure, properties of proteins, denaturation, classification of
proteins, antigen, antibody types of plasma proteins, blood clotting; Lipids - Chemical structure,
functions, classification-fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins,
steroids, amphipathic lipids.
Vitamins, Minerals & Nucleic Acids: Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K); Water soluble
vitamins; B-complex vitamins - principal elements (Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
potassium, chlorine and sulphur), trace elements; Nucleic acid - Definition of DNA, structure of
DNA, Watson & Crick model of DNA, Types of RNA; Calorific value of foods - basal
metabolic rate (BMR), respiratory quotient (RQ) specific dynamic action (SDA); Balanced diet
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
Enzymes & Co-enzyme: Enzyme definition – nomenclature, classification; Factors affecting
enzyme activity- active site, co-enzyme, mechanism of enzyme action, enzyme pattern in
diseases.
Hormones: Classification; Mechanism of action; Role of biologically important hormones;
Pituitary; Anterior; Posterior; Thyroid; Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla; GI hormones; Gonadal
hormones.
Acids & Bases: Definition - pH, Buffers, Indicators, Normality, Molarity, Molality; Renal
control of acid base balances; Respiratory acidosis, alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, alkalosis.
Analytical Balance & Standard Solutions: Introduction to analytical chemistry; Definition
and principle of analytical balance; Working and maintenance; Preparation of reagents;
formulation and preparation; vented balanced safety enclosure; various standard solutions used
their preparation; storage of chemicals; quality control.
Clinical Biochemistry: Collection and recording of biochemical specimen; separation of
serum/plasma preservation and disposal of biological material; Chemical examination of urineQualitative, sugar, protein, bile salt, bile pigment, ketone bodies; Chemical examination of stool
- occult blood; Chemical examination of other body fluids; CSF, Plural fluid, ascitic fluid;
Laboratory management and maintenance of records.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Guidelines for Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP) Indian Council of Medical Research,
New Delhi.
B. Voet&Voet: Text Book of Biochemistry: Wiley 3rd Ed.
C. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry: Nelson and Cox 4th Ed.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.aceglass.com/dpro/kb_article.php?ref=8386-IPSF-3037.
B. http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/ghs/ghsfinal/ghsc10.pdf.
C. http://www.phy.bris.ac.uk/chemical/cleaning%20glassware.pdf
BIOCHEMISTRY (P) – BCH12202P
1. Collection of blood.
2. Separation of serum from blood.
3. Separation of plasma from blood.
4. Demonstration of Vacutainers.
5. Qualitative determination of glucose in urine.
6. Qualitative determination of albumin in urine.
7. Determination of bile salt in urine.
8. Determination of bile pigment in urine.
9. Determination of ketone bodies in urine.
10. Examination of stool - occult blood.
11. Preparation of 2/3N Sulfuric acid.
12. Preparation of Normal Saline (Quantity 1 Lt).
PATHOLOGY AND HEMATOLOGY – PAT12201
UNIT
1
2
3
CONTENT
Introduction to Pathology: Introduction to general pathology - the cell in health and disease;
Inflammation- acute and chronic, derangement of body fluids and electrolytes- types of shocks,
Ischaemia, Infection, Infectious diseases, Disease of infancy and childhood, Neoplasia- Etiology
and Pathogenesis; Different branches of Pathology.
Cell in Health & Disease: Cellular structure & metabolism, cell injury- etiology, pathogenesis &
morphology; cell death, types autolysis, necrosis, apoptosis & gangrene; cellular adaptation,
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia.
Inflammation & Healing: Definition, types, acute inflammation- vascular event, cellular event,
inflammatory cells; Chronic inflammation- general features; Healing, Regeneration, repair,
wound healing.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
4
5
6
7
8
9
Derangement of Homeostasis &Haemodynamic Disorders: Brief discussion over oedema,
dehydration, overhydration, hyperemia, congestion, haemorrage, shock, circulatory disturbances,
thrombosis, disturbance of electrolyte, ischaemia& infarction.
Neoplasia& Genetic Diseases: Classification of tumours, etiology & pathogenesis; Brief
introduction & classification of genetic diseases.
Haematology: Introduction to haematology, blood, components, formation & function of blood,
classification of anaemia- morphology & etiology; Leukemia- introduction & classification,
hemophilia, thalassemia.
Maintenance of Equipments in the Hematology Laboratory: Introduction to microscopeparts of microscope, principle, working & maintenance of centrifuge, automated cell counter,
urine analyzer, coagulometer.
Collection of Blood Samples: Specimen collection; methods- venipuncture, cleansing the
venipuncture site; sample collection- collect, receive and conduct preanalytical processing of
clinical laboratory specimens.
Coagulation Studies: Hemostasis- definition, basic concept & principle, basic steps involve in
hemostasis; Coagulation- basic physiology, coagulation factor, mechanism of blood coagulation;
Regulators of blood coagulation.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Introduction to General Pathology (Paperback) by Walter Graham Spector.
B. Macfarlane, Reid, Callander, Illustrated Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, 5th ed., 2000.
C. William Boyd; Textbook of Pathology, Structure and Function in Disease, Philadelphia, 8th ed.
1987.
WEB LINKS:
A. www.cumc.columbia.edu/
B. www.sikluv-ustav-patologie.cz/vyuka/Cell-injury-death.doc.
C. http://www2.mozcom.com/~emcdvm/path05.html.
PATHOLOGY AND HEMATOLOGY (P) – PAT12201P
1.
The Microscope.
2.
A Peripheral Blood Smears Preparation.
3.
Slide Staining with Romanowsky Stain.
4.
Performing a Manual Differential and Assessing RBC Morphology.
5.
Sickle Cell.
6.
Automated Haematology Cell Counters.
7.
Special Stains for Classification of Leukemia.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HOSPITAL PRACTICE AND PATIENT
CARE – HHM12201
UNIT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CONTENT
Hospital Structure and Organization: Overview of hospital structure, hospital procedure,
professional qualities; Communication and relational skills –development of appropriate
communication skills with patients, verbal and non verbal communication, appearance and
behavior; Professional attitude of the technologist to patients and other members of the staff;
Records and reports – records relating to patients and departmental statistics; Minimizing
waiting time out- patient and follow-up clinics, stock-taking and stock keeping;
Administrative policies and disciplinary procedures; Importance of reporting.
Care of Patient: Contact with the patient and family members in the respective department;
Communication with the patient and family members; Patient transfer technique; Restraint
techniques – consideration to be taken for the geriatric, paediatric, trauma, emotionally
disturbed, and anaesthetized patients; Specific patient conditions – essentials of care of
patients on ventilator, tracheostomy, tubes and catheters, nasogastric tubes, chest tubes,
intravenous lines, oxygen & casts; Basics on hygiene and maintenance of hygiene; Essential
care of patient with a colostomy, providing bed pans and urinals; Basics of nursing care –
measurement of vital signs – sterile dressing.
First Aid and Basic Life Support: Aims and objectives of first aid; wounds and bleeding,
dressing and bandages; pressure and splints, supports etc. shock; insensibility; asphyxia;
convulsion; resuscitation, use of suction apparatus, drug reactions; prophylactic measures;
administration of oxygen; electric shock; burns; scalds; haemorrhage; pressure points;
compression band. Fractures; splints, bandaging; dressing, foreign bodies; poisons.
Introduction to BLS, indications for BLS, and the process of BLS. Recovery position.
Infection Control Practices: Definition – introduction to the types of microorganisms –
Bacteria – their nature and appearance – spread of infections – auto-infection or cross
infection; asepsis and antisepsis; Infection pathogens; Communicable diseases cross infection
and prevention, patient hygiene, personal hygiene, departmental hygiene, handling of
infectious patients in the department; Application of asepsis, inflammation and infection
process; Hospital acquired infection; Universal precautions and biomedical waste
management.
Principle of Asepsis: Sterilization – methods of sterilization; use of central sterile supply
department of instruments, surgical dressing in common use including filamented swabs,
elementary operating theatre procedure, general abdominal preparation, clothing of a patient.
Maintenance of Medications in the Department: Storage: classification; labeling and
checking, regulations regarding dangerous and other drugs; units of measurements, special
drugs, anti-depressive, anti-hypertensive etc.
Specialized Investigations: Care of patients - patients care during investigation; GI tract,
renal tract, biliary tract, respiratory tract, gynecology, cardiovascular, lymphatic system,
CNS.
Medico – Legal Issues: Medico – Legal considerations – clinical and ethical responsibilities,
ethical law and professional etiquettes applied to members of profession associated with
medicine, misconduct and malpractice; Handling female patients, practice in pregnancy –
decision making.
Nursing, Handling and Care of Patients: Hospital and developmental procedure; Hospital
staffing and organization, records and departmental statistics, appoints, stock taking and
stock keeping, reception, elementary hygiene.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Francis (2000). Hospital Administration, 3rd Ed. Jaypee, New Delhi.
B. Malhotra, A.K. (2009). Hospital Management: An Evaluation. Global India Publication, New
Delhi.
C. Dr. Sanjeev K. Singh, Dr. Shakti Kumar Gupta, Col. Dr. Sunil Kant, Hospital Infection Control
Guidelines-Principles and Practices, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-structure-hospitals-3811.html.
B. http://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/electronic-medical-records-emr.
C. http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/clinic.htm.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
YEAR II
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II – ANT12302
UNIT
CONTENT
SECTION A (HUMAN ANATOMY)
The Digestive System: TheDigestive system – Overview of digestive system, functions of
digestive system; The alimentary canal or GI tract (gastrointestinal tract) - Mouth, Pharynx,
1
Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine & Rectum and Anus; Accessory digestive
organs – Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas; Histology Esophagus, Liver, and Pancreas.
The Uro-Genital System: Kidney - Nephron, histology of kidney; Ureters; Urinary bladder,
urethra; The Genital System – brief discussion and anatomy; Male reproductive system –
2
primary reproductive organs, secondary or accessory reproductive organs; Female reproductive
system – primary reproductive organs, secondary or accessory reproductive organs; Histology –
Testis, and Ovary.
The Nervous System: Broad classification of nervous system; neurons and glial cells; central
3
nervous system – brain, spinal cord; Peripheral nervous system – cranial nerves, spinal nerves;
Histology – spinal cord, and cerebrum.
The Endocrine System: Anatomy of pituitary gland – hormones of the pituitary gland;
4
Anatomy of thyroid – Hormones of thyroid; Parathyroid gland – parathyroid hormone; Adrenal
gland – hormones of the adrenal glands.
The Special Senses: Overview of special senses; chemical senses – olfaction, taste; physical
5
senses – vision, ear; Anatomical overview of sense organs – eye, ear, nose, and tongue.
Radiological Anatomy: Properties of X–rays; Radiographic views and procedures –
Fluoroscopy, CT scanning, Ultrasound, and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging); X-rays of
6
skeleton; Drugs used in radiology; Radiographic Examination - Alimentary tract, kidney and
gall bladder.
SECTION B (PHYSIOLOGY)
Excretory System: Body fluid compartments - Intracellular fluids, Extracellular fluids,
interstitial fluid and edema; Urine formation by the kidney - Renal blood flow, Tubular
7
processing; Diuretics and kidney diseases; Micturition – Cystometrogram; Excretory functions
of skin.
Fluids, Electrolytes and Acid-base Balance: Regulation of ECF osmolarity and sodium
concentration; Renal regulation of ECF and blood volume; Renal regulation of potassium,
8
calcium, phosphate, and magnesium – Regulation of potassium balance, Regulation of calcium
balance, regulation of phosphate, regulation of magnesium; Acid base balance – Proximal
tubular mechanism, and distal tubular mechanism.
Endocrine System: Endocrine glands and their mechanism of hormonal function; The
9
hypothalamus; Pituitary gland; Adrenal glands; Thyroid gland; Parathyroid gland; Pancreas;
Testis and Ovary.
Reproductive System: Physiology of male reproductive system – Seminal fluid,
spermatogenesis; Physiology of female reproductive system; Oogenesis; The ovarian cycle and
10
the menstrual cycle; Gestation – Pregnancy tests and contraceptives; Lactation – composition of
milk, advantages of breast feeding.
Nervous System: Functional anatomy of nervous system - neurons, neuroglia, nerves, and flows
of information from neuron to neuron; Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – functions of CSF, formation
11
and flow of CSF, significance of CSF analysis; Physiology of spinal cord – Reflexes; Functions
of brain; functions of autonomic nervous system.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
Special Senses: Physiology of sense organ; Traditional senses - Hearing, Taste, Smell, Touch,
and Vision; Other senses - Balance and acceleration, Temperature, kinesthetic sense, pain.
12
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Graaff, Kent Van de and et al, Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology: Fourth
Edition, (2013), McGraw-Hill Education.
B. Shier David and et al, (2012) Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill Education.
C. Clark, Robert K., (2005) Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding the Human Body, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/iphy3415/histology/
B. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biological-engineering/20-450-molecular-and-cellular-pathophysiologybe-450-spring2005/lecture-notes/liver_anat.pdf.
C. http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/male-010en.htm.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II (P) – ANT12302P
1. Histology
a)
Histology of Esophagus
b)
Histology of Stomach (Fundus)
c)
Histology of Duodenum
d)
Histology of Ileum
e)
Histology of Appendix
f)
Histology of Pancreas
g)
Histology of Testis
h)
Histology of Ovary
i)
Histology of Cerebrum
j)
Histology of Cerebellum
k)
Histology of Spinal cord
l)
Histology of Kidney
m) Histology of Thyroid gland
n)
Histology of Cornea
2. Specimen
a)
Stomach
b)
Liver
c)
Pancreas
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
d)
Tongue
e)
Kidney
f)
Brain
g)
Eye
3. Radiological Anatomy
a)
Chest X-ray
b)
KUB
c)
X-ray of Shoulder joint
d)
X-ray of Knee joint
4.
Perimetry (Charting the Field of Vision).
5.
Examination of Visual Acuity.
6.
Examination of Color Vision.
7.
Tuning-Fork Tests of Hearing.
8.
Determination of sensation of Taste.
9.
Determination of sensation of Smell.
10. EEG.
11. Electroneurodiagnostic
Tests.
SYSTEMIC MICROBIOLOGY – MBL12302
UNIT
1
2
3
4
5
CONTENT
Introduction to Immunology & Immune System: Definition of Immunology - Immune
system; Origin of cells of the immune system - Principle function of Immune system; Organs
involved in immune system – The primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphoid organs; Cells
involved in immune responses – Hematopoiesis, phagocytic cells and their killing mechanisms;
Defence Mechanisms - Innate Immune system and Adaptive Immune system; Nature of antigens
& antibody – Antigen vsimmunogen, haptens; Structure and functions of Immunoglobulin’s;
General idea on Hypersensitivity – classification and types of hypersensitivity reaction,
immunodeficiency disorders; Autoimmune diseases.
Immunity and Immune Response: Introduction; Immunity - immune response; Types of
immune response; Types of immunity – Innate immune system: properties and mechanism, nonspecific defence mechanism, and adaptive immune system: properties and mechanism; Vaccines
– Types of Vaccines; Immunological tolerance.
Introduction to Serology: Introduction; Techniques of serology – Principle of serological
techniques; Various serological test - WIDAL, VDRL, CRP, RF, ASO, Weil- Felix, Pregnancy
rapid card test.
General Bacteriology: Introduction; Principles in identifying an unknown organism - Principle;
Methods; Elementary knowledge of common pathogens; Technique oriented examination of
specimens - pus, urine, stool, sputum, throat swab.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infections: Introduction; Emerging and re-emerging infections –
The factors contributing to emergence of infectious diseases, Microbes that cause infectious
diseases, occurrence of infectious diseases; Host Defenses against infectious diseases – Public
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
6
7
8
9
health measures to prevent infectious diseases, Public health organizations; Emerging and remerging infectious diseases – Example of an emerging and non-emerging disease; Factors
affecting emergence.
Nosocomial Infection: Introduction; Nosocomial infections - Definition; Transmission;
Epidemiology – causes of nosocomial infections; Bacteriology surveillance of Nosocomial
infections.
Systemic Bacteriology: Introduction to systemic bacteriology; Gram positive cocci:
Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus, Micrococci, Pneumococcus; Neiserria Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Clostridium; Nonsporing Anaerobes – Enterobacteriaceae;
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis; Spirochates - Mycoplasma.
Introduction to Virology: Virus – General Properties of virus, Viral structure; Classification of
viruses - viral life cycle, host virus interaction; Morphology, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes,
lab diagnosis of a few viruses - Poliovirus, Herpes virus; Hepatitis B virus; Human
Immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Structure and significance of bacteriophage.
Introduction to Mycology: Fungi – Overview of fungal systematic and taxonomy, general
properties; Parasitic fungi - Moulds, Yeasts, Dimorphic Mycotic agents; Classification of fungal
diseases - Superficial Mycoses, Subcutaneous Mycoses; Systemic Mycoses - Opportunistic
Mycoses, Laboratory diagnosis & prevention of fungal diseases.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Really Essential Medical Immunology Arthur Rabson, Iwan. M. Roit, Peter. J. Delves Second
Edition.
B. Immunology at a Glance JML Playfair and B.M. Chain Seventh Edition.
C. Introduction to Medical Immunology edited by GabrielellaVarella Medical University of South
Carolina Charleston, South Carolina.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.uth.tmc.edu/pathology/medic/immunology/Immuno/ImmunoTimeline.pdf.
B. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphaticsystem.
C. https://mlinjawi.kau.edu.sa/Files/0001735/files/18899LECTURE%2018%20Antigen%20and%20i
mmunogen.pdf.
SYSTEMIC MICROBIOLOGY (P) – MBL12302P
1.
Widal Test.
2.
VDRL Test.
3.
Determination of CRP.
4.
RA Test.
5.
ASO Test.
6.
Pregnancy Rapid Card Test.
7.
Rapid Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HbsAg).
8.
Qualitative Determination of HIV 1/2 Antibody.
9.
Examination of Sputum for TB.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY – BCH12302
UNIT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CONTENT
Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry: The scope of biochemistry; Chemical organization of
the cell; Organic and inorganic components of the cell; Marker enzymes of the cell; Hydrogen
ion concentration and buffers: pH, blood buffers, regulation of blood pH; Acid base metabolism;
Carbohydrates - Dietary Sources, digestion, absorption, basic metabolism,regulation of blood
glucose & its importance, glucosetolerance test, glucocylatedHb, other parameters and related
disorders.
The Biochemistry of Disease: Review of clinical aspects of carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins and
Amino acids metabolism; Enzymes integration of metabolism; Genetic metabolism; Diabetes and
other carbohydrate disorder- diabetes mellitus, glucose challenge test and other diagnostics test;
Tests of diabetes control and disease progression; Hypertension &Microalbuminuria,
GlycalatedHaemoglobin; Hypoglycemia; Glycogen Storage Disorders; Fructosuria;
Galactosemia; Additional Testing to Aid Interpretation of Carbohydrate disorders.
Assessment of Renal Functions: Basic renal functions - Creatinine metabolism, Glomerular
nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome; Types & aspects of renal failure; Calculation of fractional
excretion of sodium; Renal control of acid- base balance; The role of electrolytes, sodium,
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate; Renal tubular acidosis; Electrolyte analysis - Calculation of
anion gap, use of anion gap, electrolyte critical values, abnormal sodium levels, abnormal
potassium levels; Renal impact on water and electrolytes; Physiology hormonal and renal control
of electrolytes and minerals; Kidney stones.
Assessment of Liver Functions: Tests for liver function; Bilirubin metabolism;
Hyperbilirubinemia; Obstructive jaundice; Hepatitis; Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: Physiological
Jaundice of the newborn; Pathophysiology of liver enzymes; Analytical aspects of liver enzymes;
Interpretation of alkaline phosphatase results; Liver function of the elderly or pediatric patient;
Clinical significance of alkaline phosphataseLaboratory Test Results that correspond with Liver
Disorders- Proteins and Amino Acids; Interpretation of Total Serum Protein Levels;
Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Interpretation of Serum Albumin Levels; Other Serum Proteins;
Nephelometry; Cirrhosis and Hepatitis; Ammonia metabolism; hepatic Encephalopathy.
Testing for Thyroid Disorders: Thyroid Function Testing; Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay
Technique (EMIT); Historical Methods of Thyroid Testing; Hyperthyroidism; Disorders of water
balance; Mineral metabolism; Pre-analytical variations in hormone testing.
Organ Profiles: Liver function test; Kidney function test;Thyroid function test;Cardiac function
test;Pancreas function test; Hypertension profile; Diabetic profile;Gastric function test.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Barbiturate Phenobarbital, Phenytoine, lithium, lead,salicylate,
mercury, digitalist; Regulation of blood pH, Henderson Hasselbach equation, renal, respiratory
and buffer system importance of arterial blood gases.
Radioactivity: Radioactivity- types of radioactive decay with examples; Radioactive half-life;
Units of radioactivity; Application of radioisotope in clinical chemistry.
Detection of Drugs & Toxic Substances: Principles of Chromatography; paper & thin layer
Chromatography, their application in detection of drugs & toxic substances.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Allan Graw, Michael J. Murphy, Rajeev Srivastava, Robert A. Cowan, Denis St. J. O’Reilly,
Clinical Biochemistry: An Illustrated Colour Text, 2013.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
B. Nanda Maheshwari. Clinical Biochemistry 2008.
C. Geoffrey Beckett, Peter Rai, Lecture Notes: Clinical Biochemistry, 2010.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RjUvZEKTbQYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=clinical+biochem
sitry&h1=en&sa=X&ei=vFnbU-OFF4_HuASG4IHwAw&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA #v= onepage&q
=clinical%20biochemnistry&f=false.
B. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003591.htm.
C. http://www.foodmatters.tv/articles-1/7-foods-to-naturally-cleanse-your-liver.
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (P) – BCH12302P
1.
Determination of blood glucose.
2.
Glucose tolerance test.
3.
Determination of total Protein in blood.
4.
Determination of Albumin in blood.
5.
Estimation of Urea in urine.
6.
Determination of Urea.
7.
Estimation of Creatinine in urine.
8.
Estimation of Creatinine in blood.
9.
Estimation of sodium, potassium & chloride.
10. Determination of bilirubin.
11. Determination of SGOT.
12. Determination SGPT.
13. Determination of Alkaline phosphatase.
14. Determination of Cholesterol.
15. Estimation of LDH Enzyme.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND BLOOD
BANKING – PAT12302
UNIT
1
2
3
CONTENT
Clinical Pathology: Reception of patients - Phlebotomy and aftercare of patients; Microscope –
different parts of microscope, types of microscope, methods of cleaning & care of microscope;
Transportation of different clinical materials to distant laboratories.
Examination of Urine: Urine examination – Indication, Collection, Container of urine sample,
Transport, Preservation ofurine; Physical examination and its significance; Chemical
examination and its significance - Microscopic examination and its significance.
Examination of Stool: Stool examination -Indication, Collection, Container of stool sample,
Transport and Preservationof fecal matter; Physical examination and its significance; Chemical
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
4
5
6
7
8
9
examination and its significance - Microscopic examination and its significance.
Examination of Sputum: Sputum examination - Indication, Collection, Container of sputum
sample, Transport and Preservation of sputum; Physical examination and its significance;
Chemical examination and its significance - Microscopic examination and its significance.
Semen Analysis: Semen examination –Semen analysis andIndication, Collection, Container of
semen sample, Transport of semen,Preservation of semen;Physical examination and its
significance;Chemical examination and its significance - Microscopic examination and its
significance.
Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Examination of CSF and Other Body Fluids Indication, Collection, Container of body fluids, Transport of sample, Preservation forCSF; Fluid
analysis- Physical examination and its significance; Chemical examination and its
significance;Microscopic examination and its significance.
Cytological Techniques: Cytological Techniques - Cytopathology, fixation, pap staining,
cytological processing of fluids; Fine needle aspiration technology (FNAC) – May-GrunwaldGiemsa staining; Cytochemistry& immunohistochemistry.
Histopathology: Mammalian tissues and their histological structure – Epithelial tissues,
connective tissues, muscle, and nerves; Human organs and histological structure – Kidney,
urinary bladder, heart, lungs, liver, stomach and skin; Receiving of biopsy specimens at
laboratory – Fixation of tissues, classification of fixing agents and mechanism of fixation,
decalcification; Processing of tissues – Automated tissue processing, manual tissue processing,
paraffin embedding, and different techniques for embedding; Frozen section/cryostat - Use of
Microtomes, selection and maintenance of knife, technique of section cutting & mounting on
slide, Staining of section slide; Preservation of specimens and mounting of museum specimens.
Blood Banking: Blood Group (ABO & Rh) – ABO blood group system, Rh blood group system,
Blood grouping, reverse grouping; Blood banking – Collection of blood, anticoagulants, cross
matching; Screening test for incomplete antibodies – antiglobulin test, Coomb’s test; Preparation
of different blood components – Requisition of blood, preparation of red cell suspension; Blood
transfusion & hazards – Hazards, Detect the time when to discard blood in Blood Bank;
Computerized record keeping of Blood Bank.
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Guidelines for Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP) – 2009 – Indian Council of Medical
Research.
B. Carson F, Hladik C. (2009): Histotechnology: A Self-instructional Text. (3rd Ed.)
C. Daneils G. Human Blood Groups. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford (1995).
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.dehs.umn.edu/bio_pracprin_std_ship_guide.htm.
B. http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/pathology/services/clinical/clinical_pathology/clinical_laboratory/p
hlebotomy.html.
C. http://histologylab.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/histological_techniques/
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND BLOOD
BANKING (P) – PAT12302P
1. Microscope.
2. Preparation of buffer solution.
3. Determination of BT, CT, Whole blood clotting time.
4. Determination of ESR.
5. Differential count of white blood cells.
6. Red blood cell count.
7. Measurement of blood pressure.
8. Determination of blood group ABO and RH system.
9. Automated Haematology Cell Counters.
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND FUTURE TRENDS IN LABORATORY
SCIENCE – MLT12301
UNIT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CONTENT
Essentials in Laboratories: Types of laboratory; Laboratory management; Laboratory Safety:
First aid and kit, prevention of transmission of pathogens; Role technician; laboratory
mathematics; Glassware and Lab ware: Composition of glass, general and volumetric glassware,
cleaning, & storage of glassware; Chemicals: Different grade of chemicals, preparation of
solution and reagent, Buffer, preparation of buffer, storage of chemicals.
Laboratory Instruments: Basic knowledge about the working principles, uses and care of
laboratory Instruments; Balance; pH Meter; Centrifuge; Cyclo-mixer; Magnetic stirrers;
Spectrophotometer; Microscopes Electron-microscopy:- Transmission & Scanning; Fluorescence
microscopy and its modification; Phase contrast microscopy and its modification; Distillation
plant; Flame Photometer; Laminar flow; Autoclave.
Laboratory Techniques: Electrophoresis; fluorescence spectrophotometer; Densitometry;
Chromatography; Blot techniques; Immunological Methods; Radio-isotopic Technique;
Automation in Bio-chemistry – wet and dry chemistry, Rapid diagnostic technique: Glucometer,
Cholesterol strip.
Immuno Techniques: Gel immuno electrophoretic technique; Hospital infection and it’s
laboratory investigation;Laboratory investigation of immune compromised host and HIV Patient.
Body Fluid Analysis: Rapid test in urine analysis – Dip stick / Multi stick; Rapid test of urine
culture – Dip slide culture etc.; Rapid test for stool analysis – Occult blood etc.; Rapid test for
stool culture – Rota virus etc.; Rapid test for semen analysis – Total count etc.
Automation in Haematology: Brief discussion over- Automatic venipuncture and evacuated
tubes; Cell counter and coagulometer; Cell separation and cell component; Plasmapheresis.
Automatic Tissue Processor: Automatic Stainer and Screener; Flow Cytometry; Immuno
Chemistry Technique; Chemiluminescent assay; Rate Nephelometry.
Molecular Diagnostic Technique &Tele Pathology: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR);
Southern Hybridization Analysis; Dot Blot Hybridization Analysis.
Computerized Medical Application for Data and Image Acquisition: Brief discussion about
Future of laboratory medicine; Top Medical Lab Software Products.
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS
LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials
ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. P.B. Godkar, Text Book of Medial Laboratory Technology, Bhalani Publication.
B. Billings P.R. and Brown M.P. The future of clinical laboratory genomics. MLO Med. Lab. Obs. 36:
8 – 10, 12 – 17, 2004.
C. Biosafety Manual for Laboratories WHO, Geneva WHO Publication, Geneva.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.cityofpalaolto.org/civicax/filebank/documents/3703.
B. www.jkirkbrown.com/pdfs/biotechmath.pdf.
C. http://chemistry.about.com/od/labtechniques.
HOSPITAL TRAINING – TRN12301
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY – 2 YEARS