* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download noun - WordPress.com
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Danish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
English Grammar & Spoken English Topics Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Determiners Conjunctions Tenses Speech Punctuation Prepositions Compound Words NOUNS A noun is a naming word It can be the name of a person, place or thing. A noun is the name of a person: boy girl dentist clown dancer A noun is the name of a place: garage zoo classroom seaside A noun is the name of a thing: book airplane flower golf ball stethoscope Types of Nouns Proper Nouns & Common Nouns A concrete noun An abstract noun Collective nouns Compound Noun A possessive noun Singular & Plural Noun Types of Nouns Proper Nouns ◦ A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing or idea. ◦ My English book is on the table Common Nouns ◦ A common noun names any person, place, thing or idea. ◦ My book is on the table Types of Nouns A concrete noun ◦ names a material thing, person, or place. It is something that can be physically touched. Ex. A Bag fell into the water Types of Nouns An abstract noun ◦ names ideas, feelings, or qualities. ◦ They cannot be physically touched. Examples: Lynn wept in sorrow over the loss of her dog. Types of Nouns Collective nouns ◦ name a group or collection of people, places, things or ideas. They are considered one unit and so they are singular. Examples ◦ The crowd sounds like a herd of elephants ◦ The group of students is standing in line. Types of Nouns A possessive noun ◦ shows ownership. ◦ It uses an apostrophe (‘) or an apostrophe plus an –s on the end. My sister’s shirt is dirty. His pen is not writing The boys’ basketball team is walking down the hall. Types of Nouns A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea. Examples: My pencil is broken. May I borrow a piece of paper? A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Examples: My pencils are broken. My papers are scattered around the floor. What are Pronouns? Grades 3-5 We He I Us She What are pronouns? Pronouns take the place of nouns. The word or phrase replaced by a pronoun is called an antecedent. Example: Halloween is one of America's holidays. It is celebrated in October. (Halloween is a noun. It is a pronoun that refers to the antecedent, Halloween.) Example: When Robert was fixing the car, he cut his hand. (Robert is a noun. He is a pronoun that refers to the antecedent, Robert.) Personal Pronouns Refer to people or things Include: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs, we, us, our, ours. ME! Examples: 1. He took her place in the game. 2. Their main objective is to scare students. Now you try. Which of the following contains a correct pronoun? A. A hill is next to them. It is very steep. B. Jeff rides his new bike. Him rides it down the block. C. Rickie gets on the plane. They are very excited about his trip. Missed it! Try Again Think about what or who the pronoun represents. Got it! Now try another. A hill is next to them. It is very steep. A hill= It Choose the correct pronoun. Skateboards are fun, but can be dangerous. A. them B. it C. they D. we Missed it! Try Again Think about what or who the pronoun represents. Got it! Now try another. Skateboards are fun, but they can be dangerous Skateboards = they Choose the correct pronoun. Speed bumps help to slow down cars. are found in many parking lots. A. It B. You C. Them D. They Missed it! Try Again Think about what or who the pronoun represents. Got it! Now try another. Speed bumps help to slow down cars. They are found in many parking lots. bumps = They Choose the correct pronoun. Marisa and Nora made their own costumes. wanted to save money. A. Them B. We C. They D. She Missed it! Try Again Think about what or who the pronoun represents. Got it! Now try another. Marisa and Nora made their own costumes. They wanted to save money. Marisa and Nora = They Which of the following contains a correct pronoun? A. A hill is next to them. They are very steep. B. Jeff rides his new bike. Him rides it down the block. C. Rickie gets on the plane. He is very excited about his trip. Missed it! Try Again Think about what or who the pronoun represents. Got it! Now try another. Rickie gets on the plane. He is very excited about his trip. Rickie = He Which of the following contains a correct pronoun? A. Blake skated to the edge of the rink. He was finished with practice. B. The house has two stories. She was built in 1910. C. Mary and Dave rode their bikes to the playground. Them will build a sandcastle. Missed it! Try Again Think about what or who the pronoun represents. Got it! Blake skated to the edge of the rink. He was finished with practice. Blake = He Name It! What is a adjective? An adjective modifies a noun. brown loud beach happy Find the adjectives. The bald teacher handed out the white papers. 1 The laptop computer has a blue screen and a black screen. 2 The big yellow bus went down the wrong road. 3 The crazy plane will crash quickly. 4 That big bad dog frequently chased the scared little boys up trees. 5 The young boy is very, very fat. 6 Mom and dad always help me with my English homework. 7 The friendly teacher likes to read story books and talk a lot. 8 The two doctors visited the sick patient at the community hospital. 9 The thin girl did not really like the green boy. 10 The football team won the big game easily! 11 The little brown cat sometimes has bad hair. 12 The happy little green and yellow bug is smiling. 13 What is a Verb? A verb is a word that expresses action OR a state of being. There are 3 different kinds of verbs: Action, Linking, and Helping. Every sentence needs a verb. Verbs tell us what someone or something is doing. Verbs help connect us to the state, or condition, of someone or something Verb Forms I know you can say hook , hooked ... But can you say took, tooked? Sample Item Thomas sang sang along along until until the the CD CD ended; ended; then then as as A he was choosing choosingaanew newdisk, disk,he helost lostcontrol controlofof B the car and drove drived into drived intoaaditch. ditch. C A. B. C. D. sung chosing drove drove No change is necessary. Is sang, Drived is choosing, or incorrect, which drived a badly option C fixes. formed verb? Regular verbs have reliable forms. Infinitive to laugh to start to travel Simple Present laugh(s) start(s) travel(s) Simple Past laughed started traveled Or to fish, fish(es), fished, fished, fishing! Past Participle laughed started traveled Present Participle laughing starting traveling Irregular verbs, however, have no consistent patterns. Infinitive to drive to think to drink to swim Simple Present drive(s) think(s) drink(s) swim(s) Simple Past drove thought drank swam Past Participle driven thought drunk swum Present Participle driving thinking drinking swimming For example, to catch, catch(es), caught, caught, catching! On many objective exams, you cannot use a dictionary to look up the correct form! X An adverb tells you more about a verb (doing word) It tells you where, why, or how much something happens or is done. Many adverbs are made by adding –ly onto the end of an adjective. Kind The boy kindly carried the old lady’s bags. Strange It was strangely quiet in the village. Can you make a sentence using these adverbs? Adverbs can also tell you when something happens. Our friends arrived yesterday. The holidays will soon be over. Determiners determiners a five the my both that You will be determinated! What are determiners? determiners What are determiners? Determiners are words which introduce a noun. One or more determiners can be found before a noun. They do not have comparatives or superlatives. big bigger biggest adjective the determiner that determiner my determiner five determiner determiners Types of determiners 1. 2. 3. 4. Articles Demonstratives Possessives Quantifiers determiners 1. Articles There are two kinds of articles: the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a or an) Nouns can be found with or without articles. Dogs need to be walked every day. The dogs need to be walked every day. A dog needs to be walked every day. determiners 2. Demonstratives There are four demonstratives: this, that, these and those. For these words to act as demonstratives, they must be in front of a noun. That porridge was delicious. (That is a determiner) That was delicious. (That is a pronoun) Those people were so rude! (Those is a determiner) Those were awful. (Those is a pronoun) determiners Can you identify the demonstrative determiners in the sentences below? I prefer this cheese to that Cheddar. These grapes came out of that box. I haven’t been doing much – just a bit of this and that. Those chocolates are just asking to be eaten. That’s an enormous spot on your face! These are much tastier than those apples. determiners Demonstrative determiners in red I prefer this cheese to that Cheddar. These grapes came out of that box. I haven’t been doing much – just a bit of this and that. Those chocolates are just asking to be eaten. That’s an enormous spot on your face! These are much tastier than those apples. determiners 3. Possessive determiners My, your, his, her, its, our and their, before a noun, will be possessive determiners. Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours and theirs, on their own, are pronouns not determiners. My writing is neater than yours. The dog ate its food quickly. His class are so lazy. Her singing was more tuneful than his. Their team beat ours. It’s not their fault her coat got lost. determiners Can you identify the possessive determiners in the sentences below? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. She polished his shoes then hers. It’s a shame that its saddle is so small. Her feet were smellier than his. His cakes were sold whereas our biscuits weren’t. Our job is to make sure their cars are cleaned properly. Ours is not an easy task. It was my word against his. Your bedtime should be after hers. determiners Possessive determiners in red 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. She polished his shoes then hers. It’s a shame that its saddle is so small. Her feet were smellier than his. His cakes were sold whereas our biscuits weren’t. Our job is to make sure their cars are cleaned properly. Ours is not an easy task. It was my word against his. Your bedtime should be after hers. determiners 4. Quantifier determiners – how many or how much of something. Numbers before a noun are quantifier determiners. I ate six biscuits. The flat’s on the sixth floor. I saw 2000 ants. determiners Some, many, more, less, no, little, both, each, all, enough, half, whole, every, any, much, few, several, plenty, lots, a lot and ample are all examples of quantifier determiners. They must be before a noun otherwise they act as pronouns. Several dogs wandered off. (determiner) Several wandered off. (pronoun) Most children support Norwich. (determiner) Most support Norwich. (pronoun) determiners Some nouns are countable, others are not.You can use some quantifiers with both sorts. Did you have lots of fun on your holiday? There is still some dirt on the table. There are some people who couldn’t care less. We found many spiders in the bath. There was no laughter in that house. Which of the nouns (fun, dirt, people, spiders and laughter) are countable? determiners Sometimes determiners use the word ‘of’ before the noun. Most of the crowd thought it was a goal. He ate some of the chocolate. Many of the adverts were rubbish. Half of the bread was mouldy. He’s had plenty of time to finish it. She wasted all of the money. Some of the geese had flown. determiners Can you identify the quantifier determiners in the sentences below? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. He keeps six beetles in a jar under his bed. If you spent less time on your Xbox, you would get more homework done. She scored more with her second dive than her first. In no time, he had plenty of apples in his basket. Several lions had escaped from the first cage. Each child had enough to last a whole month. Both had spent all their money before the 3rd week in August. determiners Quantifier determiners in red 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. He keeps six beetles in a jar under his bed. If you spent less time on your Xbox, you would get more homework done. She scored more with her second dive than her first. In no time, he had plenty of apples in his basket. Several lions had escaped from the first cage. Each child had enough to last a whole month. Both had spent all their money before the 3rd week in August. determiners Determiners with pronouns In some cases determiners can be used with pronouns. All of them were wrong. I would like that one. I will eat lots of those. She squashed five of these. The one I really wanted was lost. determiners 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The heavy rain flattened their sunflowers. Those four boys need to eat theirs now. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. There is no time like the present. A stitch in time saves nine. Her new clothes were more expensive than his. 7. Some people like these red apples but I prefer those. 8. Mr Smith kept his cool and gave Jake his fourth warning. 9. Can I have one of those please? determiner s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The heavy rain flattened their sunflowers. Those four boys need to eat theirs now. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. There is no time like the present. A stitch in time saves nine. Her new clothes were more expensive than his. 7. Some people like these red apples but I prefer those. 8. Mr Smith kept his cool and gave Jake his fourth warning. 9. Can I have one of those please? determiner s A first glance told her that her suspicions were justified – her evil brother had left his usual dirt on her brand new soap. Furthermore when she counted her Lush bath bombs in their box, there were seven. This morning ten bombs had filled the box. These smellies were one of her many luxuries. This was not the first time Ben had made her angry. Yesterday Ben had sprayed half her perfume as air freshener and then tossed two bath bombs down their loo. When confronted, he had retorted, “My need is greater than yours.” determiner s A first glance told her that her suspicions were justified – her evil brother had left his usual dirt on her brand new soap. Furthermore when she counted her Lush bath bombs in their box, there were seven. This morning ten bombs had filled the box. These smellies were one of her many luxuries. This was not the first time Ben had made her angry. Yesterday Ben had sprayed half her perfume as air freshener and then tossed two bath bombs down their loo. When confronted, he had retorted, “My need is greater than yours.” determiner s All of these words, and many more, are conjunctions ! ! ! or for if before than even though while whether wherever and since then yet where nor so although unless because until but Let us take a closer look . . Conjunction is the name for those common words that are used to join (conjoin) parts of sentences. Also, conjunctions may be used to begin certain sentences. There are two different types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called correlative conjunctions. Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to provide logical connections in sentences. When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction: Reason Coordinating Conjunction To communicate addition To communicate contrast To communicate a result/effect To communicate a reason/cause To communicate a choice To communicate a negative choice and but, yet so for or nor Use them between two independent clauses. Coordinating Conjunctions cont…. Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, and independent clauses. Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences: Ex. He only wears striped ties and polka dotted bow ties. ( And joins two words.) Ex. The shoes were not blue suede nor black leather. (Nor joins two phrases.) Ex. It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed as literary villains. (Yet joins two independent clauses.) More Coordinating Conjunctions... These are likely used less often; however, they serve an important function. When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction: Reason To communicate additional information Coordinating Conjunction consequently furthermore however indeed moreover nevertheless then therefore Use them between two independent clauses. Coordinating Conjunctions cont…. These coordinating conjunctions are used to join independent clauses. Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences: Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he does not wear white socks. ( Consequently joins two independent clauses.) Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were leather. (However joins two independent clauses.) Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many came dressed in costumes. (nevertheless joins two independent clauses.) Subordinate Conjunctions These conjunctions are used to express relationships between a dependent and an independent clause. When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions: Reason Regarding time Subordinate Conjunction after, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while To communicate a reason/cause as, because, since To communicate a result/effect in order that, so, so that, that To communicate a conditionif, even if, unless To communicate contrast although, even though, though, whereas Regarding location where, wherever Regarding a choice than, whether Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences: Ex. Once she found the perfect broach, she purchased three outfits to match it. (Once demonstrates a time context. A comma is used because the conjunction begins the sentence.) Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went. (Wherever demonstrates a location context. Though wherever begins the dependent clause, no comma is used because it does not begin the sentence or interrupt the sentence.) Correlative conjunctions are two separate conjunctions that are often in sentences together. Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples: both, and Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely. either, or Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris. neither, nor Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit. not only, but (also) Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of them. whether, or Ex. Whether or not you wear nice clothes, you have to wear clothes. not, so much as Ex. It was not that his clothes were flamboyant so much as they were florid. When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs: Reason Conjunctive Adverb To communicate addition To communicate contrast also, furthermore, besides however, still, nevertheless, instead, otherwise similarly, likewise therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then next, then, meanwhile, finally indeed, certainly To communicate comparison To introduce a result/summary To indicate time To communicate emphasis Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a sentence. They should be followed by a comma and, when in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a semicolon. Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences: Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional statement and is followed by a comma.) Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper; therefore, his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore communicates a result and is preceded by a semicolon because it is in the middle of the sentence.) TYPES OF TENSES 3 TYPES: Present Past Future 4 ASPECTS: Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous 2 VOICES: Active Passive TENSE: IT INDICATES TIME ( PAST, PRESENT) ASPECT: IT INDICATES HABIT, REPETITION, DURATION, AND COMPLETION WITHIN A SPECIFIC TIME) ( HAS /HAVE / -ING ) Present simple Past perfect progressive Past progressive Present progressive Future simple subjunctive Present perfect Future progressive Past unreal Present perfect progressive Future perfect Present unreal Past simple Future perfect progressive Mixed unreal ( present – past) Past perfect PRESENT SIMPLE Refers to actions that are generally true or habitual PRESENT SIMPLE I eat an apple a day. The government builds new hospitals every 5 years. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. He is an engineer. I study for two hours every night. Key time words: Always, often, usually, regularly, often, everyday, rarely, scarcely, (once, twice, three times a day, a week, a month, a year), daily, weekly, monthly, yearly. General facts. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AM/IS/ARE + V-ING Indicates an action that is taking place at the moment of speaking PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 1- Please don’t make so much noise. I am studying. 2- They are racing right now. 3- He is examining the clues in the crime scene. 4- John is sleeping right now. 5- Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining anymore. 6- I am going shopping next Thursday. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Key words / phrases: Now, right now, at the moment, (this week, month, semester, term, season, year), today, look, listen, be careful, be quiet, shhh, The context TASK 1: PRESENT SIMPLE / CONTINUOUS 1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) --------------- her kids to football practice. drives 2. Usually, I (work) ---------------- as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) -------------- French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris. Work / am studying 3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) --------------------- . is sleeping 4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) ---------------------------. is raining 5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) --------------. always rains • • 6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say)---------because everybody (talk) ----------- so loudly. are saying / is talking. 7. Justin (write, currently) ------------a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished. is currently writing 8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) --------------- to a movie tonight with some friends. am going 9- Listen. Some people (shout) -------------- at each other. are shouting 10- Mr. Brown (donate / usually) ------------------ a lot of money for charitable organization. Usually donates PAST SIMPLE Indicates an action that took place before now, and has no real connection with the current time PAST SIMPLE Regular verbs: 1- The teacher explained the lesson yesterday. 2- We invited them to our party three days ago. 3- The police stopped me on my way last night. Irregular verbs: 1- We all left the party at 11:00. 3- This house cost $75,000 in 1980. You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these: 1. Yesterday 2. three weeks ago 3. last year 4. in 2002 5. from March to June (past months) 6. for a long time 7. for 6 weeks 8. in the 1980s 9. in the last century 10. in the past Negative form: 1- They travelled abroad last week. They didn’t travel abroad last week. 2- They taught us some Spanish expressions. They didn’t teach us any Spanish expressions. Yes / no questions: Did you leave early last time? Did they finish their project in 2009? Was the food delicious? Were they sick last week? Wh questions: When did you leave last week? What did they buy yesterday? How did you travel abroad? Why was Ahmed absent ? Where were they? PAST PROGRESSIVE WAS/WERE + V-ING It indicates an action in the past that is longer in duration than another one in the past Past continuous 1- They were playing tennis yesterday at 10.30. 2- a. Dan was cooking dinner. b. Dan cooked dinner. 3- It was raining when I got up. While I was reading, the electricity went off. 4- a. When Helen arrived, we were having dinner. b. When Helen arrived, we had dinner. TASK 2: PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS 1. Marvin (come) ------------home, (switch) --------on the computer and (check) ---------------his emails. came / switched / checked 2. The thief (sneak) into the house, (steal) the jewels and (leave) without a trace. sneaked / stole / left 3. While we (do) a sight-seeing tour, our friends (sleep) on the beach. were doing / slept 4. He (wake) up and (look) at his watch. woke / looked 5. The President (give) his speech when the news of attack (come) • was giving / came 6. When the protesters (arrive), the police (attack) them. • arrived / attacked 7. Israeli warplanes (fly) over Gaza City around 10am yesterday. • were flying 8. People (protest) in the streets when soldiers (fire) at them. • were protesting / fired TASK 3: EDIT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES FOR VERB TENSES: 1. My favorite place are my living room in my house because it was a place with a lot of activity. It has a typical living room with a TV, couch, chair, coffee table, and bookshelf, but the people inside are make it special. My daughter, husband, and I are spend a lot of time there. It is the place where I is spend my weekends talking with my family, watching movies, getting the latest news, and reading. This place is make me feel warm, cozy, and relaxed, and that is why it be my favorite place to be in the whole world. 1. My favorite place is my living room in my house because it is a place with a lot of activity. It is a typical living room with a TV, couch, chair, coffee table, and bookshelf, but the people inside make it special. My daughter, husband, and I spend a lot of time there. It is the place where I spend my weekends talking with my family, watching movies, getting the latest news, and reading. This place makes me feel warm, cozy, and relaxed, and that is why it is my favorite place to be in the whole world. TASK 3: EDIT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES FOR VERB TENSES: 2. Complaining about faulty goods or bad service are never easy. 3. Yesterday while they are fighting the enemy, three men died in the battle. One of their friends was trying to save them when he was receiving three deadly shots. He wasn't knowing that the soldiers were behind the near wall. 3. Yesterday while they were fighting the enemy, three men died in the battle. One of their friends was trying to save them when he received three deadly shots. He didn’t know that the soldiers were behind the near wall. PRESENT PERFECT HAVE/HAS +PP Indicates an action that has been completed sometime before now, with a result that affects the current situation PRESENT PERFECT TENSE We have just finished our activity. They have already discussed the test. We haven’t finished our class yet. Have you ever been to France? No. I have never been to France. I have met many people since I worked here. We haven’t talked to each other since January. TASK 4: CORRECT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. I (visit) ____________ Egypt five times so far. I (meet) ___________ many people since I worked here. Over 26,000 people (die) ________ since the outbreak of the war in Syria. We (know) __________ him since my childhood. We (not talk) __________ to each other since January. Israel (confiscate) ___________ about 30,000 dunums of Palestinian farmland since 2007. Israeli occupation forces (attack) ____________ the resistance in Gaza PAST PERFECT HAD +PP Indicates an action in the past that had been completed before another action or event in the past ( Past before past) PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Past Perfect: It is to show an action or situation happened BEFORE another event in the past. 1. 2. 3. When I woke up at 8am (1), the sun was shining and the birds were singing. I had slept (2) really well the night before. I had a shower (3), ate some breakfast (4) and left for work at 9am. (5) The car was speeding down the road when the accident happened. The driver saw what had happened and stopped his car. He called the police and said that he had witnessed an accident. I woke up at 7am and left for work after I had had a shower and eaten some breakfast. PAST PERFECT (HAD + PP) She had talked to me before she left. She left after she had talked to me. When Ahmed had arrived, Jane left. They were angry because Tom hadn’t invited them to the party. We had waited for him for two hours before he arrived yesterday. TASK 5: CORRECT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: The storm destroyed the tent that we (build). had built 2. We (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up. Had slept 3. The President announced his resignation after he (consult) with his aides. Had consulted 4. They (be) very tired in the evening because they had helped on the farm all day. were 1. 5. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make). Had made 6. Thousands of people (protest) in the streets after they had heard about the deadly attack. protested 7. They had waited at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally (arrive). arrived 8. The delegation (hold) talks with the prisoners’ families before they met the President. Had held 9. When she (go) out to play, she had already done her homework. went 10. We (look for) her missing bag for two hours and then we found it behind the table. had looked TASK 6: CHANGE THE VERBS IN BRACKETS TO THE PAST TENSE: SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS, OR PERFECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. While I _______________________(play) football I_______(hurt) my leg. Palestinian PM Ismail Haniya (tour) ___________ in Nuseirat camp last week. 20 people (die) _________ in the fighting between Egyptian police and protesters since last month. Israel (build) ______________ new colonial settlements in the occupied West Bank. A statement by the PLO (express) ____________ support for the Syrian people yesterday. The Saudi King returned to Saudi Arabia after he (receive) ___________ treatment in Washington. Egypt (ease) _________________ travel restrictions slightly after President's Morsi's election victory FUTURE SIMPLE WILL + VERB Indicates an action that will take place after the current moment, and that has no real connection with the current time FUTURE SIMPLE WILL + VERB 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The President will visit Italy next week. The voters will go to the polls tomorrow to elect a new president. The Minister of Health will resign from post next month. Over 10,000 people will gather in Gaza’s main square. Israel will build more Jewish settlements in Jerusalem.