Download noun - WordPress.com

English Grammar & Spoken English
Topics












Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Determiners
Conjunctions
Tenses
Speech
Punctuation
Prepositions
Compound Words
NOUNS
A noun is a naming word
 It can be the name of a person, place or
thing.

A noun is the name of a person:
boy
girl
dentist
clown
dancer
A noun is the name of a place:
garage
zoo
classroom
seaside
A noun is the name of a thing:
book
airplane
flower
golf ball
stethoscope
Types of Nouns
Proper Nouns & Common Nouns
 A concrete noun
 An abstract noun
 Collective nouns
 Compound Noun
 A possessive noun
 Singular & Plural Noun

Types of Nouns

Proper Nouns
◦ A proper noun names a
specific person, place,
thing or idea.
◦ My English book is on
the table

Common Nouns
◦ A common noun names
any person, place, thing
or idea.
◦ My book is on the table
Types of Nouns

A concrete noun
◦ names a material thing, person, or place. It is something
that can be physically touched.
Ex.
A Bag fell into the water
Types of Nouns

An abstract noun
◦ names ideas, feelings, or qualities.
◦ They cannot be physically touched.
Examples:
Lynn wept in sorrow
over the loss of her
dog.

Types of Nouns

Collective nouns
◦ name a group or collection of people, places,
things or ideas. They are considered one unit
and so they are singular.
Examples
◦ The crowd sounds like a herd of elephants
◦ The group of students is standing in line.
Types of Nouns

A possessive noun
◦ shows ownership.
◦ It uses an apostrophe (‘) or an apostrophe
plus an –s on the end.
 My sister’s shirt is dirty.
 His pen is not writing
 The boys’ basketball
team is walking
down the hall.
Types of Nouns
A singular noun
names one person, place, thing or idea.
Examples:
My pencil is broken.
May I borrow a piece of paper?
A plural noun
names more than one person, place, thing or idea.
Examples:
My pencils are broken.
My papers are scattered around the floor.
What are Pronouns?
Grades 3-5
We
He
I
Us
She
What are pronouns?
Pronouns take the place of
nouns. The word or phrase
replaced by a pronoun is
called an antecedent.
Example:
Halloween is one of America's
holidays. It is celebrated in
October.
(Halloween is a noun. It is a
pronoun that refers to the
antecedent, Halloween.)
Example:
When Robert was fixing the car,
he cut his hand.
(Robert is a noun. He is a
pronoun that refers to the
antecedent, Robert.)
Personal Pronouns
Refer to people or things
Include: I, me, my, mine,
you, your, yours, he, him, his,
she, her, hers, it, its, they,
them, their, theirs, we, us,
our, ours.
ME!
Examples:
1. He
took her place in
the game.
2. Their main objective is
to scare students.
Now you try. Which of the following
contains a correct pronoun?
A. A hill is next to them. It is very
steep.
B. Jeff rides his new bike. Him rides it
down the block.
C. Rickie gets on the plane. They are
very excited about his trip.
Missed it! Try Again
Think about what or who the
pronoun represents.
Got it! Now try
another.
A hill is next to them. It is very
steep.
A hill= It
Choose the correct pronoun.
Skateboards are fun, but
can be dangerous.
A. them
B. it
C. they
D. we
Missed it! Try Again
Think about what or who the
pronoun represents.
Got it! Now try
another.
Skateboards are fun, but
they can be dangerous
Skateboards = they
Choose the correct pronoun.
Speed bumps help to slow down cars.
are found in many parking lots.
A.
It
B.
You
C.
Them
D.
They
Missed it! Try Again
Think about what or who the
pronoun represents.
Got it! Now try
another.
Speed bumps help to slow down cars.
They are found in many parking lots.
bumps = They
Choose the correct pronoun.
Marisa and Nora made their own
costumes.
wanted to save money.
A.
Them
B.
We
C.
They
D.
She
Missed it! Try Again
Think about what or who the
pronoun represents.
Got it! Now try
another.
Marisa and Nora made their own costumes.
They wanted to save money. Marisa and
Nora = They
Which of the following contains a correct
pronoun?
A. A hill is next to them. They are
very steep.
B. Jeff rides his new bike. Him rides it
down the block.
C. Rickie gets on the plane. He is very
excited about his trip.
Missed it! Try Again
Think about what or who the
pronoun represents.
Got it! Now try
another.
Rickie gets on the plane. He is very
excited about his trip.
Rickie = He
Which of the following contains a correct
pronoun?
A. Blake skated to the edge of the rink. He
was finished with practice.
B. The house has two stories. She was
built in 1910.
C. Mary and Dave rode their bikes to the
playground. Them will build a
sandcastle.
Missed it! Try Again
Think about what or who the
pronoun represents.
Got it!
Blake skated to the edge of the rink.
He was finished with practice.
Blake = He
Name It!
What is a adjective?
An adjective modifies a
noun.
brown
loud
beach
happy
Find the adjectives.
The bald teacher
handed out the white
papers.
1
The laptop computer has a
blue screen and a black
screen.
2
The big yellow bus went
down the wrong road.
3
The crazy plane will
crash quickly.
4
That big bad dog frequently
chased the scared little
boys up trees.
5
The young boy is very,
very fat.
6
Mom and dad always help
me with my English
homework.
7
The friendly teacher likes to
read story books and talk a
lot.
8
The two doctors visited
the sick patient at the
community hospital.
9
The thin girl did not really
like the green boy.
10
The football team won
the big game easily!
11
The little brown cat
sometimes has bad hair.
12
The happy little green and
yellow bug is smiling.
13
What is a Verb?
A verb is a word that expresses action
OR a state of being.
 There are 3 different kinds of verbs:
Action, Linking, and Helping.
 Every sentence needs a verb.
 Verbs tell us what someone or something
is doing.
 Verbs help connect us to the state, or
condition, of someone or something

Verb Forms
I know you can
say hook ,
hooked ...
But can you
say took,
tooked?
Sample Item
Thomas sang
sang along
along until
until the
the CD
CD ended;
ended; then
then as
as
A
he was choosing
choosingaanew
newdisk,
disk,he
helost
lostcontrol
controlofof
B
the car and drove
drived into
drived
intoaaditch.
ditch.
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
sung
chosing
drove
drove
No change is necessary.
Is sang,
Drived is
choosing, or
incorrect, which
drived a badly
option C fixes.
formed verb?
Regular verbs have reliable forms.
Infinitive
to laugh
to start
to travel
Simple
Present
laugh(s)
start(s)
travel(s)
Simple
Past
laughed
started
traveled
Or to fish,
fish(es), fished,
fished, fishing!
Past
Participle
laughed
started
traveled
Present
Participle
laughing
starting
traveling
Irregular verbs, however, have no
consistent patterns.
Infinitive
to drive
to think
to drink
to swim
Simple
Present
drive(s)
think(s)
drink(s)
swim(s)
Simple
Past
drove
thought
drank
swam
Past
Participle
driven
thought
drunk
swum
Present
Participle
driving
thinking
drinking
swimming
For example, to catch,
catch(es), caught,
caught, catching!
On many objective exams, you
cannot use a dictionary to look up
the correct form!
X
An adverb tells you more about a verb
(doing word)
It tells you where, why, or how
much something happens or is done.
Many adverbs are made by adding –ly
onto the end of an adjective.
Kind
The boy kindly carried the old lady’s bags.
Strange
It was strangely quiet in the village.
Can you make a sentence using these
adverbs?
Adverbs can also tell
you when
something happens.
Our friends arrived
yesterday.
The holidays will soon
be over.
Determiners
determiners
a five
the my
both that
You will be
determinated!
What are
determiners?
determiners
What are determiners?
Determiners are words which introduce a noun.
 One or more determiners can be found before a
noun.
 They do not have comparatives or superlatives.
big bigger
biggest
adjective
the determiner
that determiner
my determiner
five determiner

determiners
Types of determiners
1.
2.
3.
4.
Articles
Demonstratives
Possessives
Quantifiers
determiners
1. Articles
There are two kinds of articles: the
definite article (the) and the indefinite
article (a or an)
 Nouns can be found with or without
articles.
Dogs need to be walked every day.
The dogs need to be walked every day.
A dog needs to be walked every day.

determiners
2. Demonstratives
There are four demonstratives: this, that,
these and those.
 For these words to act as demonstratives,
they must be in front of a noun.

That porridge was delicious. (That is a determiner)
That was delicious. (That is a pronoun)
Those people were so rude! (Those is a
determiner)
Those were awful. (Those is a pronoun)
determiners
Can you identify the demonstrative
determiners in the sentences below?
I prefer this cheese to that Cheddar.
These grapes came out of that box.
I haven’t been doing much – just a bit of this
and that.
Those chocolates are just asking to be
eaten.
That’s an enormous spot on your face!
These are much tastier than those apples.
determiners
Demonstrative determiners in red
I prefer this cheese to that Cheddar.
These grapes came out of that box.
I haven’t been doing much – just a bit of this
and that.
Those chocolates are just asking to be
eaten.
That’s an enormous spot on your face!
These are much tastier than those apples.
determiners
3. Possessive determiners
My, your, his, her, its, our and their, before a
noun, will be possessive determiners.
 Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours and theirs, on
their own, are pronouns not determiners.

My writing is neater than yours.
The dog ate its food quickly.
His class are so lazy.
Her singing was more tuneful than his.
Their team beat ours.
It’s not their fault her coat got lost.
determiners
Can you identify the possessive determiners
in the sentences below?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She polished his shoes then hers.
It’s a shame that its saddle is so small.
Her feet were smellier than his.
His cakes were sold whereas our biscuits weren’t.
Our job is to make sure their cars are cleaned properly.
Ours is not an easy task.
It was my word against his.
Your bedtime should be after hers.
determiners
Possessive determiners in red
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She polished his shoes then hers.
It’s a shame that its saddle is so small.
Her feet were smellier than his.
His cakes were sold whereas our biscuits weren’t.
Our job is to make sure their cars are cleaned
properly.
Ours is not an easy task.
It was my word against his.
Your bedtime should be after hers.
determiners
4. Quantifier determiners – how many or how much
of something.
Numbers before a noun are quantifier
determiners.
I ate six biscuits.
The flat’s on the sixth floor.
I saw 2000 ants.

determiners
Some, many, more, less, no, little, both, each, all,
enough, half, whole, every, any, much, few,
several, plenty, lots, a lot and ample are all
examples of quantifier determiners.
 They must be before a noun otherwise they
act as pronouns.
Several dogs wandered off. (determiner)
Several wandered off. (pronoun)
Most children support Norwich. (determiner)
Most support Norwich. (pronoun)

determiners
Some nouns are countable, others are not.You
can use some quantifiers with both sorts.
Did you have lots of fun on your holiday?
 There is still some dirt on the table.
 There are some people who couldn’t care
less.
 We found many spiders in the bath.
 There was no laughter in that house.
Which of the nouns (fun, dirt, people, spiders
and laughter) are countable?

determiners
Sometimes determiners use the word ‘of’ before
the noun.







Most of the crowd thought it was a goal.
He ate some of the chocolate.
Many of the adverts were rubbish.
Half of the bread was mouldy.
He’s had plenty of time to finish it.
She wasted all of the money.
Some of the geese had flown.
determiners
Can you identify the quantifier determiners
in the sentences below?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He keeps six beetles in a jar under his bed.
If you spent less time on your Xbox, you would get
more homework done.
She scored more with her second dive than her first.
In no time, he had plenty of apples in his basket.
Several lions had escaped from the first cage.
Each child had enough to last a whole month.
Both had spent all their money before the 3rd week in
August.
determiners
Quantifier determiners in red
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He keeps six beetles in a jar under his bed.
If you spent less time on your Xbox, you would get
more homework done.
She scored more with her second dive than her first.
In no time, he had plenty of apples in his basket.
Several lions had escaped from the first cage.
Each child had enough to last a whole month.
Both had spent all their money before the 3rd week
in August.
determiners
Determiners with pronouns
In some cases determiners can be used
with pronouns.
All of them were wrong.
I would like that one.
I will eat lots of those.
She squashed five of these.
The one I really wanted was lost.

determiners
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The heavy rain flattened their sunflowers.
Those four boys need to eat theirs now.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
There is no time like the present.
A stitch in time saves nine.
Her new clothes were more expensive than
his.
7. Some people like these red apples but I
prefer those.
8. Mr Smith kept his cool and gave Jake his
fourth warning.
9. Can I have one of those please?
determiner
s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The heavy rain flattened their sunflowers.
Those four boys need to eat theirs now.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
There is no time like the present.
A stitch in time saves nine.
Her new clothes were more expensive than
his.
7. Some people like these red apples but I
prefer those.
8. Mr Smith kept his cool and gave Jake his
fourth warning.
9. Can I have one of those please?
determiner
s
A first glance told her that her suspicions were
justified – her evil brother had left his usual
dirt on her brand new soap. Furthermore when
she counted her Lush bath bombs in their box,
there were seven. This morning ten bombs had
filled the box. These smellies were one of her
many luxuries.
This was not the first time Ben had made her
angry. Yesterday Ben had sprayed half her
perfume as air freshener and then tossed two
bath bombs down their loo. When confronted,
he had retorted, “My need is greater than
yours.”
determiner
s
A first glance told her that her suspicions were
justified – her evil brother had left his usual
dirt on her brand new soap. Furthermore when
she counted her Lush bath bombs in their box,
there were seven. This morning ten bombs had
filled the box. These smellies were one of her
many luxuries.
This was not the first time Ben had made her
angry. Yesterday Ben had sprayed half her
perfume as air freshener and then tossed two
bath bombs down their loo. When confronted,
he had retorted, “My need is greater than
yours.”
determiner
s
All of these words, and many more,
are conjunctions ! ! !
or
for
if
before
than
even though
while
whether
wherever
and
since
then
yet
where
nor
so
although
unless
because
until
but
Let us take a closer look . .
Conjunction is the name for those common words that are used to join
(conjoin) parts of sentences. Also, conjunctions may be used to begin
certain sentences.

There are two different types of conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.


Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called correlative
conjunctions.
 Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to provide logical
connections in sentences.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:
Reason
Coordinating Conjunction
To communicate addition
To communicate contrast
To communicate a result/effect
To communicate a reason/cause
To communicate a choice
To communicate a negative choice
and
but, yet
so
for
or
nor
Use them between two independent clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions cont….
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, and
independent clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears striped ties and polka dotted bow ties. ( And joins two
words.)
Ex. The shoes were not blue suede nor black leather. (Nor joins two
phrases.)
Ex. It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed as literary villains.
(Yet joins two independent clauses.)
More Coordinating
Conjunctions...
These are likely used less often; however, they serve an
important function.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:
Reason
To communicate additional
information
Coordinating Conjunction
consequently
furthermore
however
indeed
moreover
nevertheless
then
therefore
Use them between two independent clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions cont….
These coordinating conjunctions are used to join independent clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he does not wear white
socks. ( Consequently joins two independent clauses.)
Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were leather. (However
joins two independent clauses.)
Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many came dressed in
costumes. (nevertheless joins two independent clauses.)
Subordinate Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to express relationships between a dependent
and an independent clause.
When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions:
Reason
Regarding time
Subordinate Conjunction
after, before, once, since,
until, when, whenever, while
To communicate a reason/cause
as, because, since
To communicate a result/effect
in order that, so, so that, that
To communicate a conditionif, even if, unless
To communicate contrast
although, even though,
though, whereas
Regarding location
where, wherever
Regarding a choice
than, whether
Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. Once she found the perfect broach, she purchased three outfits to match
it. (Once demonstrates a time context. A comma is used because the
conjunction begins the sentence.)
Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went. (Wherever demonstrates a
location context. Though wherever begins the dependent clause, no
comma is used because it does not begin the sentence or interrupt
the sentence.)
Correlative conjunctions are two separate conjunctions that are often
in sentences together.
Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples:
both, and
Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely.
either, or
Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris.
neither, nor
Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit.
not only, but (also)
Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of
them.
whether, or
Ex. Whether or not you wear nice clothes,
you have to wear clothes.
not, so much as
Ex. It was not that his clothes were
flamboyant so much as they were
florid.
When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:
Reason
Conjunctive Adverb
To communicate addition
To communicate contrast
also, furthermore, besides
however, still, nevertheless,
instead, otherwise
similarly, likewise
therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
next, then, meanwhile, finally
indeed, certainly
To communicate comparison
To introduce a result/summary
To indicate time
To communicate emphasis
Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a sentence. They should be
followed by a comma and, when in the middle of a sentence, preceded
by a semicolon.
Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:
Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are
classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional
statement and is followed by a comma.)
Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper;
therefore, his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore
communicates a result and is preceded by a
semicolon because it is in the middle of the sentence.)
TYPES OF TENSES



3 TYPES:
 Present
 Past
 Future
4 ASPECTS:
 Simple
 Continuous
 Perfect
 Perfect Continuous
2 VOICES:
 Active
 Passive
TENSE: IT INDICATES TIME ( PAST,
PRESENT)
ASPECT: IT INDICATES HABIT, REPETITION,
DURATION, AND COMPLETION WITHIN A
SPECIFIC TIME) ( HAS /HAVE / -ING )
Present simple
Past perfect progressive
Past progressive
Present progressive Future simple
subjunctive
Present perfect
Future progressive
Past unreal
Present perfect
progressive
Future perfect
Present unreal
Past simple
Future perfect
progressive
Mixed unreal (
present – past)
Past perfect
PRESENT SIMPLE

Refers to actions that are generally true or
habitual
PRESENT SIMPLE
I eat an apple a day.
 The government builds new
hospitals every 5 years.
 Water consists of hydrogen and
oxygen.
 He is an engineer.
 I study for two hours every night.

Key time words:
 Always, often, usually, regularly, often,
everyday, rarely, scarcely, (once, twice, three
times a day, a week, a month, a year), daily,
weekly, monthly, yearly.
 General facts.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
AM/IS/ARE + V-ING
Indicates an action that is taking place at the
moment of speaking
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1- Please don’t make so much noise. I am
studying.
2- They are racing right now.
3- He is examining the clues in the crime
scene.
4- John is sleeping right now.
5- Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining
anymore.
6- I am going shopping next Thursday.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Key words / phrases:
 Now, right now, at the moment, (this week,
month, semester, term, season, year), today,
look, listen, be careful, be quiet, shhh,
 The context

TASK 1: PRESENT SIMPLE / CONTINUOUS
1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) --------------- her kids to football
practice.
 drives


2. Usually, I (work) ---------------- as a secretary at ABT, but this
summer I (study) -------------- French at a language school in
Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
Work / am studying


3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) --------------------- .
is sleeping
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) ---------------------------.
 is raining
5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain,
always) --------------.
 always rains
•
•
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say)---------because everybody (talk) ----------- so loudly.
are saying
/ is talking.
7. Justin (write, currently) ------------a book about his
adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good
publisher when he is finished.
is currently writing
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) --------------- to a
movie tonight with some friends.
 am going
9- Listen. Some people (shout) -------------- at each
other.
 are shouting
10- Mr. Brown (donate / usually) ------------------ a lot of
money for charitable organization.
 Usually donates
PAST SIMPLE

Indicates an action that took place before now,
and has no real connection with the current
time
PAST SIMPLE







Regular verbs:
1- The teacher explained the lesson yesterday.
2- We invited them to our party three days ago.
3- The police stopped me on my way last night.
Irregular verbs:
1- We all left the party at 11:00.
3- This house cost $75,000 in 1980.
You will often find the past simple used with
time expressions such as these:
1. Yesterday
2. three weeks ago
3. last year
4. in 2002
5. from March to June (past months)
6. for a long time
7. for 6 weeks
8. in the 1980s
9. in the last century
10. in the past
Negative form:
1- They travelled abroad last week.
They didn’t travel abroad last week.
2- They taught us some Spanish expressions.
They didn’t teach us any Spanish expressions.
Yes / no questions:
 Did you leave early last time?
 Did they finish their project in 2009?
 Was the food delicious?
 Were they sick last week?


Wh questions:
When did you leave last week?
 What did they buy yesterday?
 How did you travel abroad?
 Why was Ahmed absent ?
 Where were they?

PAST PROGRESSIVE
WAS/WERE + V-ING

It indicates an action in the past that is
longer in duration than another one in the
past
Past continuous
1- They were playing tennis yesterday at 10.30.
2- a. Dan was cooking dinner.
b. Dan cooked dinner.
3- It was raining when I got up.
While I was reading, the electricity went off.
4- a. When Helen arrived, we were having dinner.
b. When Helen arrived, we had dinner.
TASK 2: PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS
1. Marvin (come) ------------home, (switch) --------on the
computer and (check) ---------------his emails.
 came / switched / checked
2. The thief (sneak) into the house, (steal) the jewels and
(leave) without a trace.
 sneaked / stole / left
3. While we (do) a sight-seeing tour, our friends (sleep) on
the beach.
 were doing / slept
4. He (wake) up and (look) at his watch.
 woke / looked
5. The President (give) his speech when the news of attack
(come)
•
was giving / came
6. When the protesters (arrive), the police (attack) them.
•
arrived / attacked
7. Israeli warplanes (fly) over Gaza City around 10am
yesterday.
•
were flying
8. People (protest) in the streets when soldiers (fire) at
them.
•
were protesting / fired
TASK 3: EDIT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES FOR VERB
TENSES:
1.
My favorite place are my living room in my house because it was a place
with a lot of activity. It has a typical living room with a TV, couch, chair,
coffee table, and bookshelf, but the people inside are make it special. My
daughter, husband, and I are spend a lot of time there. It is the place
where I is spend my weekends talking with my family, watching movies,
getting the latest news, and reading. This place is make me feel warm,
cozy, and relaxed, and that is why it be my favorite place to be in the
whole world.
1.
My favorite place is my living room in my house because it
is a place with a lot of activity. It is a typical living room
with a TV, couch, chair, coffee table, and bookshelf, but the
people inside make it special. My daughter, husband, and I
spend a lot of time there. It is the place where I spend my
weekends talking with my family, watching movies, getting
the latest news, and reading. This place makes me feel
warm, cozy, and relaxed, and that is why it is my favorite
place to be in the whole world.
TASK 3: EDIT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES FOR VERB
TENSES:
2. Complaining about faulty goods or bad service are never
easy.
3. Yesterday while they are fighting the enemy, three men
died in the battle. One of their friends was trying to
save them when he was receiving three deadly shots.
He wasn't knowing that the soldiers were behind the
near wall.
3. Yesterday while they were fighting the enemy, three men
died in the battle. One of their friends was trying to
save them when he received three deadly shots. He
didn’t know that the soldiers were behind the near
wall.
PRESENT PERFECT
HAVE/HAS +PP

Indicates an action that has been completed
sometime before now, with a result that
affects the current situation
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We have just finished our activity.
 They have already discussed the test.
 We haven’t finished our class yet.

Have you ever been to France?
 No. I have never been to France.
 I have met many people since I worked here.
 We haven’t talked to each other since
January.

TASK 4: CORRECT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I (visit) ____________ Egypt five times so far.
I (meet) ___________ many people since I worked
here.
Over 26,000 people (die) ________ since the
outbreak of the war in Syria.
We (know) __________ him since my childhood.
We (not talk) __________ to each other since
January.
Israel (confiscate) ___________ about 30,000
dunums of Palestinian farmland since 2007.
Israeli occupation forces (attack) ____________
the resistance in Gaza
PAST PERFECT
HAD +PP

Indicates an action in the past that had been
completed before another action or event in
the past ( Past before past)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
Past Perfect: It is to show an action or situation happened BEFORE
another event in the past.
1.
2.
3.
When I woke up at 8am (1), the sun was shining and the birds
were singing. I had slept (2) really well the night before. I had a
shower (3), ate some breakfast (4) and left for work at 9am. (5)
The car was speeding down the road when the accident happened.
The driver saw what had happened and stopped his car. He
called the police and said that he had witnessed an accident.
I woke up at 7am and left for work after I had had a shower and
eaten some breakfast.
PAST PERFECT (HAD + PP)
She had talked to me before she left.
 She left after she had talked to me.

When Ahmed had arrived, Jane left.
 They were angry because Tom hadn’t invited
them to the party.
 We had waited for him for two hours before he
arrived yesterday.

TASK 5: CORRECT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES:
The storm destroyed the tent that we (build).
 had built
2. We (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up.
 Had slept
3. The President announced his resignation after
he (consult) with his aides.
 Had consulted
4. They (be) very tired in the evening because they
had helped on the farm all day.
 were
1.
5. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum
(make).
 Had made
6. Thousands of people (protest) in the streets
after they had heard about the deadly attack.
 protested
7. They had waited at the station for 90 minutes
when the train finally (arrive).
 arrived
8. The delegation (hold) talks with the prisoners’
families before they met the President.
 Had held
9. When she (go) out to play, she had already
done her homework.
 went
10. We (look for) her missing bag for two hours
and then we found it behind the table.
 had looked
TASK 6: CHANGE THE VERBS IN BRACKETS TO THE PAST TENSE:
SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS, OR PERFECT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
While I _______________________(play) football I_______(hurt)
my leg.
Palestinian PM Ismail Haniya (tour) ___________ in Nuseirat
camp last week.
20 people (die) _________ in the fighting between Egyptian
police and protesters since last month.
Israel (build) ______________ new colonial settlements in the
occupied West Bank.
A statement by the PLO (express) ____________ support for the
Syrian people yesterday.
The Saudi King returned to Saudi Arabia after he (receive)
___________ treatment in Washington.
Egypt (ease) _________________ travel restrictions slightly after
President's Morsi's election victory
FUTURE SIMPLE
WILL + VERB

Indicates an action that will take place after the
current moment, and that has no real
connection with the current time
FUTURE SIMPLE
WILL + VERB
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The President will visit Italy next week.
The voters will go to the polls tomorrow to
elect a new president.
The Minister of Health will resign from post
next month.
Over 10,000 people will gather in Gaza’s main
square.
Israel will build more Jewish settlements in
Jerusalem.