Download Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Cheynet Jean-Claude
Ανδριοπούλου Βέρα
Για παραπομπή :
Cheynet Jean-Claude , "Crusaders in Asia Minor",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=12501>
Περίληψη :
The Byzantines were accustomed to communication with the Latins, having already been confronted with the armies of the First Crusade. Alexios I
took advantage of the Latin victory over the Seljukids of Nicaea in order to recover western Asia Minor. The two following Crusades had a
moderate impact on Asia Minor, mainly highlighting the population’s frustration towards the Crusaders plundering to replenish their supplies. The
fall of Constantinople in 1204 marked the founding of the Latin Empire. The Crusaders managed to rule over part of Bithynia, holding on to the area
only for twenty years.
Χρονολόγηση
1095-13th Century
Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός
Asia Minor
1. Introduction
The Crusade was indirectly linked to the advances of the Turks in Asia Minor after the battle of Mantzikert. Urban II’s appeal to
arms had as a primary aim to liberate Jerusalem, but also to respond to the requests of Alexios Komnenos, who was eager to regain
control of Asia Minor, where more and more newcomers were settling down. His army was not strong enough to recover all the
areas, but the contribution of the Frankish troops compensated for the numbers and aggressiveness of the Turkish warriors. As the
emperor defended with difficulty the key points in Bithynia, he received from Count Robert of Flanders a contingent of 500 knights,
part of whom he placed in Nicomedia.
Despite the testimony of Anna Komnene, who minimizes her father’s responsibilities on the matter, Alexios had requested the help of
the Latins, sending many letters to western sovereigns and pleading the Greek case to the Council of Piacenza in 1095. He had
expected to receive mercenaries, not an army of pilgrims en route to Jerusalem. When the leaders of the crusaders’ armies, including
his former enemy the Norman Bohemond reached Constantinople, Alexios immediately began a series of complex negotiations with
them, because he was not their superior. An agreement was made, according to which the cities and provinces taken from the Turks
would be restored to the Empire in exchange for logistical support, a group of Byzantine guides and the promise of Alexios personally
leading his army. 1
2. The Crusaders’ passage
2.1. The benefits of the First Crusade
The Crusaders arrived in the Byzantine Empire in irregular intervals. Alexios I hastened to transport the first arrivals, led by Peter the
Hermit, to Bithynia. This first wave of Crusaders was called the Crusade ‘of the people’, since its members were unorganised and
undisciplined. They plundered the rich area in the environs of Nicaea and, finally, were ambushed and massacred by the army of the
Seljuk Sultan Kilidj Arslan I, who swiftly defended his capital. When more experienced troops arrived, under the command of
Raymond of Toulouse, Geoffrey of Bouillon and Bohemond, they were able to attack and lay siege to Nicaea, which was restored to
the Empire in 1097; shortly afterward, the Crusaders prevailed against the Turks in two instances, in Dorylaion and Heraclea. Alexios
promptly took advantage of this weakening of the Turks in order to re-establish himself in Asia Minor. Two Byzantine armies, led by
John Doukas and Eumatheios Philokales, recaptured Smyrna, Ephesos, Philadelphia, while Alexios himself freed Bithynia and
marched to Philomelion. The emperor was hoping to regain control of the road network, traditionally transporting the armies from
Constantinople to Antioch. However, he was not able to maintain a strong guard in Ankara, previously obtained by the Crusaders, or
to gain control of Antioch, which passed to the hands of Bohemond and his Normans. Misled by reports of the Crusaders being in a
helpless condition outside Antioch in June 1098, Alexios did not risk leading his army to Anatolia, still under Turkish control, and
departed before joining the Crusaders. In Cilicia the Turkish guards were driven out, but the area also remained outside imperial
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Cheynet Jean-Claude
Ανδριοπούλου Βέρα
Για παραπομπή :
Cheynet Jean-Claude , "Crusaders in Asia Minor",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=12501>
control, passing into the command of the princes of Antioch or the Armenian dynasty of Rupenids.2
The crusading armies that followed were not successful, since they were scattered in the Anatolian plateau. Their main body, led by
Raymond of Toulouse, marched against Paphlagonia, hoping to drive away the Danismendids and to expand the thin coastal strip in
possession of the Byzantines along the Black Sea. The Turks easily dispersed the Latin army and captured many of them. This
episode caused further distress in the relationship between Alexios and part of the Crusaders, who could not comprehend how such a
numerous army could be defeated; they accused the emperor of conspiring with the enemy, in order to avoid the creation of Frankish
states in the Holy Land.
Despite the ‘Antioch issue’, the overall results of the Crusade were positive for the Byzantine Empire: it managed to restore the rich
provinces in the western parts of Asia Minor. However, these areas now needed to be defended and repopulated, since they had
been plundered and destroyed; such as example was the area of Adramyttion, which remained uninhabited until the reign of Manuel
Komnenos.
2.2. The Second Crusade
In 1144, the fall of Edessa, which passed from Latin rule to Zengui, emir of Mosul, presented the cause for the organisation of the socalled Second Crusade, led by two powerful leaders: Louis VII of France and the German emperor Conrad III. The latter’s relations
with the newly appointed Emperor Manuel were friendly, due to their kinship by marriage. The Byzantines, alarmed in the view of
such numerous armies outside the walls of their capital, were relieved when Manuel managed to transport the Crusaders to the
opposite side of the Bosporos. Confident of his army’s strength, Conrad did not wait for the French army, before marching against
Ikonion in the fall of 1147. However, he was ambushed by the Turks in the outskirts of Dorylaion, his army was defeated, and he
returned to Constantinople heavily injured. On Christmas, Manuel received the French king, with a reception that greatly amazed
Louis. Upon their transport to Asia Minor, his Crusaders did not dare follow a direct route to Antioch, due to Conrad’s failure. Louis
VII led his army along the coast instead, via Ephesos, where it was easier to replenish their supplies. His main destination was
Antalya, from where ships would transport the Crusaders to Palestine. Louis’ army was attacked in Upper Meander, just after
leaving Laodikia, and reached Antalya in a weakened state. Many blamed the failure of this Crusade to the bad faith of the
Byzantines. In turn, the Byzantine themselves remained suspicious of the Latins, especially since while the Crusade was passing
through Byzantium, Roger of Sicily attacked the Balkans; what is more, the Crusaders repeatedly plundered the countryside,
whenever they could not replenish their supplies easily.
Manuel Komnenos attempted to approach the Latin states in the Holy Land, promoting his campaign of 1176 against the Seljuks as a
Byzantine Crusade, thus gaining the support from a significant Latin army.3
2.3. The Third Crusade
The main aim of the Third Crusade was the re-conquest of Jerusalem, which had fallen into the hands of Saladin in 1187. Two of the
rulers, Philip Augustus and Richard the Lionheart, opted to travel to the holy lands by sea, which resulted in the loss of Cyprus to the
English. Frederic Barbarossa followed a more traditional route. Isaak II Angelos, concerned about the significant size of the German
army, signed a treaty with Saladin. While crossing the Balkans, the Crusaders fiercely collided with the Byzantine army. Finally, an
agreement was reached and they managed to cross the Byzantine provinces in Asia Minor without much conflict with the local
population. The German emperor chose to follow a route with the direction from north to south, alongside the Turkish borders, via
Philadelphia - where his army was forced to engage in fierce battles with the inhabitants of the city – down to Laodikeia in the
Meander, where he entered the enemy’s territory. In May, Frederic Barbarossa occupied the lower city of Ikonion, temporarily
weakening the expanding Sultanate of the Seljuks and thus taking off the pressure that the Turks applied in the borders with the
Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor.
2.4. The Fourth Crusade
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Cheynet Jean-Claude
Ανδριοπούλου Βέρα
Για παραπομπή :
Cheynet Jean-Claude , "Crusaders in Asia Minor",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=12501>
At the beginning this Crusade was not meant to affect the Byzantine Empire, since the original plan of the Crusaders was to travel
directly to Egypt. The political circumstances that led to the fall of Constantinople to the Latins in 1204 are well known. The Latins
aspired to replace the Byzantine emperors and control the whole region beyond Hellespont («Bras Saint-Georges» in the French
sources). As it is documented in the Partitio Romanie, they divided the area between them in advance, probably basing their plan on
fiscal documents that had survived in the financial services of the capital. Part of the provinces would belong to the emperor, another
part would pass to the Venetians and the last one to the several pilgrims. Asia Minor, not yet conquered, would belong to the
jurisdiction of the Emperor, who, in turn, would divide it in feuds.4 Finally, Louis of Blois would be granted the duchy of Nicaea and
Stephen of Perche that of Philadelphia.
2.5. The Latins in Asia Minor after 1204
Theodore Laskaris, heir of the dynasty of the Angeloi, had fled to Asia Minor before the fall of Constantinople and was holding his
ground against the Latin invaders. At the same time he was struggling to eliminate his rivals, the local archontes, who had taken
advantage of the collapse of government in the area (Sabbas Asidenos in Priene, Theodoros Mangaphas in Philadelphia, Manuel
Mavrozomes in Meander…). He was initially defeated by the Crusaders at Poimanenon in December 1204. The Latins managed to
establish themselves firmly in Bithynia, in the region of the old themes of Boukellarion and Opsikion, but failed to occupy Nicaea.
What is more, they were not able to maintain this advantage, as they were forced to make a hasty return to the Balkans, where the
Bulgarian tsar Kalojan promptly cut off their conquering urge, defeating them in Adrianople. Henry of Hainaut, brother and heir of the
Emperor Baldwin returned to Europe, and Laskaris managed to take advantage of this fact and restore almost all Bithynia to his
lands. However, Henry proved himself to be an important ruler, who managed to defeat his opponents.
After defeating the sultan in 1211 at Antioch in the Meander, Theodore Laskaris aimed to remove all Latins from Asia Minor. Henry
led a campaign against him and defeated him in October 1211, marching deeper into Asia Minor. Laskaris was compelled to
abandon Nikomedeia, Kyzikos, Pegai, Adramyttion, even Achyraous. The most crucial ports of the southern coast of Marmara were
under the rule of the Latin Empire. Henry owed his success both to his own military abilities, but also to the way he treated the large
number of Greeks that he accepted into his army. The Latin emperor died in a young age in 1216. The new emperor, John III
Vatatzes, son in law of Theodore Laskaris, as soon as he felt secure of his own power, managed in only a few years to defeat the
Latins, with his victory in Poimanenon in 1225. The Latins were incapable of holding their lands except Nikomedeia for a short while.
Their counter attack in 1233, under the command of John De Brienne, despite the initial success, did not bring any long term results.
The only land still in the hands of the Latins was a thin strip of land over Bosporos.
Therefore the Latins held part of Bithynia for approximately twenty years that gave them sufficient time to organise a network of
dioceses, which we know about thanks to the Liber censuum, and to offer land to monasteries in Constantinople that had passed to
their control. 5
1. See Shepard, J., When Greek meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemond in 1097-1098, BMGS 12 (1988), pp. 185-277; Idem, Cross-purposes:
Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade', in The First Crusade Origins and Impact, ed. Jonathan Phillips (Manchester University Press; Manchester
1997), pp. 107-129; Magdalino P., The Byzantine Background to the First Crusade, (Canadian Institute of Balkan Studies, Toronto 1996) pp. 3-38.
2. Dédéyan, G., Les Arméniens entre Grecs, Musulmans et Croisés. Étude sur les pouvoirs arméniens dans le Proche-Orient méditerranéen (10681150). 2 vol. (Lisbonne 2003).
3. Lilie, R. J., «Die Schlacht von Myriokephalon (1176): Auswirkungen auf das byzantinische Reich im ausgehenden 12. Jahrhundert», Revue des
Etudes Byzantines 35 (1977), pp. 257-275.
4. Carile, A., «Partitio terrarum imperii Romanie», Studi Veneziani 7 (1965), pp. 217-218.
5. Cheynet, J-Cl., «Les biens de l'Église de Constantinople en Asie Mineure», Byzantinische Forschungen XXIX (2007), pp. 155-173.
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Cheynet Jean-Claude
Ανδριοπούλου Βέρα
Για παραπομπή :
Cheynet Jean-Claude , "Crusaders in Asia Minor",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=12501>
Βιβλιογραφία :
Runciman S., A History of the Crusades 1-3, London 1951-1954
Brand C.M., Byzantium confronts the West, 1180-1204, Cambridge 1968
Longnon J., L’empire latin de Constantinople, Paris 1949
Angold M., The Fourth Crusade. Event and Context, London 2003
Madden Th. F., Queller D.E., The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, 1201-1204, 2nd
ed., Philadelphia 1997
Lilie R.J., Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096-1204, Oxford 1993
Πηγές
Byzantine sources:
Georgii Acropolitae Opera, éd. A. Heisenberg (Leipzig 1903)
B. Leib (ed.), Anne Comnène, Alexiade (Paris 1967 2).
D. R. Reinsch - A. Kambylis (ed.), Annae Comnenae. Alexias. Pars prior. Prolegomena et textus, (CFHB XL/1, Series Berolinensis, Berlin -New
York 2001).
A. Meinike (ed.), Joannis Kinnami Epitome (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1836).
I. A. Van Dieten (ed.), Nicetae Choniatae Orationes et Epistulae (CFHB III, Series Berolinensis, Berlin – New York 1972).
Latin sources:
Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France par M. Guizot,... Histoire des croisades par Foulcher de Chartres. Histoire de la
croisade de Louis VII par Odon de Deuil (Paris 1825)
De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, Odo of Deuil, ed. with an English transl. by V. Gingerick Berry, (New York 1948), (Records of
Civilization, Sources and Studies 42).
Ansbert, Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris, ed. A. Chroust, Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I,
Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum (Berlin 1928)
G. de Villehardouin, La conquête de Constantinople II, éd. É. Faral, Paris 1973
A. Carile, Partitio terrarum imperii Romanie, Studi Veneziani 7 (1965), pp. 125-305.
Χρονολόγιο
March 1095 : Council of Piacenza
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Cheynet Jean-Claude
Ανδριοπούλου Βέρα
Για παραπομπή :
Cheynet Jean-Claude , "Crusaders in Asia Minor",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=12501>
October 1096 : The Crusaders of Peter the Hermit are defeated by the Turks near Nicaea
19 June 1097 : Nicaea is returned to the Byzantines
1101 : Beginning of the later Crusades
September 1147 : Conrad III arrives in Constantinople
October 1147 : Conrad is defeated near Dorylaion
January 1148 : Louis VII is defeated near Laodikeia in the Meander
March - May 1190: The Crusaders of Frederic Barbarossa cross Byzantine Asia Minor
December 1204: Victory of the Latins in Poimanenon
1211-1212 : Successful campaign of Henry against Theodore Laskaris
11 June 1216: Death of the Emperor Henry
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