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Ecological Concepts-1 selfguru.org 1 Outline Ecology Environment Levels of organisation in Ecology Ecosystem Classification of Ecosystem Components of Ecosystem Mineral nutrients in Plants Mineral nutrients in Animals Functions of mineral nutrients selfguru.org 2 Outline Biogeochemical Cycle Hydrological Cycle Carbon Cycle Oxygen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle Sulphur Cycle Questions selfguru.org 3 Ecology Scientific study of relationship of living organisms with each other and with their environment. Ecology from two Greek words= ‘Oikos’ (place to live in) + “Logos” (study) Study of interaction between Biotic and Abiotic component of Ecosystem Study of structure and functioning of Ecosystem selfguru.org 4 Environment Sum total of living, non-living components; influences and events, surrounding an organism. Environment is not static. Both biotic and abiotic factors are in flux and keep changing continuously. selfguru.org 5 Levels of Organisation in Ecology Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual selfguru.org 6 Ecosystem A structural and functional unit of biosphere consisting of community of living beings and physical environment, both interacting materials between them. Ecosystem vary in size and elements but each is functioning unit of nature. When an ecosystem is sustainable, it means all elements live in balance and are capable of reproducing themselves. selfguru.org 7 Classification of Ecosystem Ecosystem Terrestrial Forests Mountains Aquatic Plains Deserts Fresh Waters Marine Waters Hot River Open sea Cold Pond Enclosed sea Marsh land Coral reef selfguru.org Agriculture land 8 Components of Ecosystem Components of Ecosystem Biotic Autotrophs (Primary Producers) Heterotrophs/ Phagotrophs Phototrophs Herbivores Chemotrophs Carnivores Omnivores Abiotic Saprotrophs/ Osmotrophs Detritivores Physical Components Organic Minerals selfguru.org 9 Components of Ecosystem Autotrophs- Primary producers- green plants, bacteria, algae. • In terrestrial ecosystem, producers are herbaceous and woody plants, • while in aquatic ecosystem producers are various species of microscopic algae. Phototrophs- synthesise carbohydrate from simple inorganic material in presence of sun light by process of photosynthesis; i.e. chlorophyll containing green plants, green purple bacteria, blue green algae, phytoplanktons. Chemotrophs- Chemosynthesis- Oxidation of inorganic compound like CO2, H2S, Ammonia i.e. Bacteria living in hostile environment like deep sea, caves. selfguru.org 10 Components of Ecosystem Heterotrophs/ Phagotrophs- Consumers- depend on organic food derived from plants/ animals or both. • Herbivores are primary consumers which feed mainly on plants; • Carnivores are secondary consumers which feed on primary consumers; • Omnivores are which consumes both plants and animals. Saprotrophs/ Osmotrophs- Decomposers• Mainly bacteria or fungi which obtain energy and nutrients by decomposing dead organic substance of plants and animals. Detritivores- Decomposers- Earth worm and soil organisms (nematodes and arthropods) are detritus feeder and help in decomposition of organic matter. selfguru.org 11 Mineral Nutrients in Plants Micro nutrients Macro nutrients 1. 2. 3. C-Carbon, H-Hydrogen, OOxygen N-Nitrogen, P-Phosphorous, KPotassium Secondary elements: Ca-Calcium, S-Sulphur, Mg-Magnesium 1. Fe-Iron 2. Mn-Manganese 3. Zn-Zinc 4. Cu-Copper 5. B-Boron 6. Mo-Molybdenum 7. Cl-Chlorine selfguru.org 12 Mineral Nutrients in Animals Macro nutrients 1. Organically bound: • C-Carbon, • H-Hydrogen, • O-Oxygen, • N-Nitrogen 2. Inorganic principal cations: • Ca-Calcium, • Mg-Magnesium, • Na-Sodium, • K-Potassium 3. Inorganic principal anions: • P-Phosphorous, • S-Sulphur, • Cl-Chlorine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. selfguru.org Micro nutrients Fe-Iron Mn-Manganese Zn-Zinc Cu-Copper I-Iodine Co-Cobalt Ni-Nickel Fl-Fluorine Cr-Chromium Sn-Tin Mo-Molybdenum Si-Silicon 13 Functions of Mineral Nutrients in Plants Nitrogen- is one of major constituents of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, hormones. Phosphorus1. constituent of cell membranes, certain proteins, all nucleic acids and nucleotides and 2. required for all phosphorylation reactions. Potassium1. maintain an anion-cation balance in cells 2. involved in protein synthesis, 3. opening and closing of stomata, 4. activation of enzymes 5. maintenance of turgidity of cells Calcium1. Synthesis of cell wall, formation of mitotic spindle, normal functioning of cell membranes. 2. activates certain enzymes 3. regulate metabolic activities. selfguru.org 14 Functions of Mineral Nutrients in Plants 1. 2. 3. 4. Magnesiumactivates enzymes of respiration, photosynthesis involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of ring structure of chlorophyll maintains ribosome structure. Sulphur- main constituent of several coenzymes, vitamins Iron1. constituent of proteins involved in transfer of electrons, 2. activates catalase enzymes 3. essential for formation of chlorophyll. Manganese1. activates many enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism; 2. splitting of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis. selfguru.org 15 Functions of Mineral Nutrients in Plants Zinc1. activates various enzymes, especially carboxylases 2. synthesis of auxin Copper1. essential for overall metabolism in plants; 2. Like iron, it is associated with certain enzymes involved in redox reactions. Boron1. required for uptake and utilisation of Ca2+; 2. membrane functioning, pollen germination; 3. cell elongation, cell differentiation and carbohydrate translocation. Chlorine1. along with Na+ and K+, it helps in determining solute concentration and anion cation balance in cells; 2. essential for water-splitting reaction in photosynthesis, a reaction that leads to oxygen evolution Molybdenum- component of several enzymes selfguru.org 16 Functions of Mineral Nutrients in Animals Sodium 1. Muscle contraction 2. Nerve impulse transmission 3. Maintenance of +ve electrolyte balance in body Potassium 1. Many chemical activities inside cell 2. Muscle contraction 3. Nerve impulse transmission 4. Maintenance of +ve electrolyte balance in body Calcium 1. Teeth and bone hardening 2. Blood coagulation 3. Muscle contraction selfguru.org Phosphorous 1. Teeth and bone hardening 2. Constant composition of body fluids Iron 1. Hemoglobin 2. Tissue oxidation 17 Biogeochemical Cycle Cyclic / Bidirectional selfguru.org 18 Biogeochemical Cycle Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus as elements and compounds make up 97% of mass of our bodies and more than 95% of mass of all living organisms. These mineral nutrients are always in circulation moving from non-living to living and then back to non-living components of ecosystem in more or less circular fashion. Based on nature of reservoir, there are two types of cycles namely 1. Gaseous cycle- where reservoir is atmosphere or hydrosphere i.e. Hydrologic cycle, Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Oxygen cycle. 2. Sedimentary cycle where reservoir is earth’s crust i.e. Phosphorus cycle, Sulphur cycle. selfguru.org 19 Hydrologic/ Water Cycle Hydrological cycle is continuous circular of water in Earth-atmosphere system which is driven by solar energy. 100% water available in Biosphere Out of which 5% is utilisable 97.2%- stored in oceans 2.15%- polar ice caps 0.62%- Ground water 0.03%- Streams, Lakes, Inland oceans Out of which 95% is non-utilisable as locked in rocks of earth crust selfguru.org 20 Hydrologic/ Water Cycle selfguru.org 21 Modification in Hydrologic/ Water Cycle 1. Cloud seeding 2. Pollution 3. Deforestation 4. Urban heat island 5. Pollution dome selfguru.org 22 Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein and basic building block of living tissue. There is an inexhaustible supply of nitrogen in atmosphere but nitrogen can’t be used directly by most living organism. Nitrogen needs to be ‘fixed’ that is converted to ammonia, nitrites or nitrates, before it can be taken up by plants. Nitrogen fixation- 3 different ways 1. By free living symbiotic microorganisms 1. Azotobacter- Aerobic 2. Clostridium- Anaerobic 3. Rhizobium- Legumes 4. Cyanobacteria, Blue green algae, Nostac, Anabema- Rice field 2. Energy discharging during lightning or solar UV radiation 3. Man using industrial processes like fertilizer factories selfguru.org 23 Nitrogen Cycle selfguru.org 24 Nitrogen Cycle selfguru.org 25 Carbon Cycle Take carbon from atmosphere 1. 2. Releases carbon to atmosphere Photosynthesis • Land- plants • Sea- phytoplanktons-- Carbonate rocks (CaCO3) Organic storage in plant– fossil formation– coal, mineral oil and gas 1. Respiration 2. Decomposition 3. Combustion 4. Weathering 5. Volcanic Eruption selfguru.org 26 Carbon Cycle selfguru.org 27 Oxygen Cycle Releases oxygen to atmosphere Take oxygen from atmosphere 1. Photosynthesis 1. Respiration 2. Reduction of metal oxides 2. Combustion 3. Volcano 3. Oxides in drainage water selfguru.org 28 Oxygen Cycle selfguru.org 29 Phosphorus Cycle selfguru.org 30 Sulphur Cycle selfguru.org 31 Questions selfguru.org 32