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Transcript
Biology A&P / Ecology Unit Organization of Life • Life is organized from the simplest form to very complex • Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biome and biosphere Tissues • A group of cells working together to perform a function. Organs • A group of tissues, working together to perform a function. Organ Systems • A group of organs working together to perform a function. Organisms • A group of organ systems working together to maintain a creature capable of performing all seven characteristics of life. Population • All of the members of a species in a specific area. • A species is a group of organisms that look similar and can produce fertile offspring. Community • All of the organisms in a specific area. Ecosystem • All of the living and non-living things in an area. • Biotic – the living part of an ecosystem • Abiotic – the nonliving part of an ecosystem Biome • An area of earth with similar climate and geography and organisms adapted to live there. Biosphere • The part of the earth where life is found. Organism Relationships • Organisms often have a variety of ways they can interact with one another in their particular ecosystem. Predation • One organism eats another. One organism benefits, the other is harmed. Competition • Two organisms compete for a limited resource. Both organisms are adversely affected. Parasitism • One organism benefits, while the other is adversely affected. Mutualism • Two organisms live together and both benefit. Commensalism • Two organisms live together, one benefits while the other is not affected. Nutrient Cycles • Several nutrients need to be cycled through ecosystems. • These include water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Ecosystem Response • Changes in climate, the introduction of non-native species, pollution and fires can cause changes to ecosystems. • Some changes are positive, while others are negative. Limiting Factors • Anything that limits the size of a population. • Examples are food, water, shelter or specific habitat requirements. Carrying Capacity • The maximum population of a species an ecosystem can support for a long period of time. Limiting Factors Potential Effects • If a limiting factor becomes scarce on a global level, the end result could be extinction. Symmetry • When parts of something are roughly mirror images of themselves. • You can draw a line of symmetry showing where this occurs. Bilateral Symmetry • Only one line of symmetry can be drawn. Radial Symmetry • Many lines of symmetry can be drawn in only one plane. Spherical Symmetry • Many lines of symmetry can be drawn in many planes. Asymmetry • No lines of symmetry can be drawn. Asexual Reproduction • Organisms that reproduce without exchanging genes. • They are clones of the original organism. • EX: binary fission in bacteria or budding in some animals Sexual Reproduction • When organisms exchange genes during reproduction. • It creates a new combination of genes. • EX: most plants and animals Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – the study of the structures of something. • Physiology – the study of the functions of structures. • Different organisms have different structures for surviving in their ecosystem. Earthworms Sea Star Fish (Perch) Frog