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Topic B4. Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
Richard MacKenzie and Matthew Warren
Topic B4. Slide 2 of 32
Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
 Introduction
• Extent of global wetland coverage
• Definition of ecosystem service
 Ecosystem services of wetlands
•
•
•
•
Supporting
Biological
Provisioning
Regulating
• Cultural
 Conclusion
Topic B4. Slide 3 of 32
• Wetlands and mangroves cover 6-9% of global land area
• Despite their small area, wetlands provide many
benefits for human populations
• These benefits are called “ecosystem services”
Topic B4. Slide 4 of 32
Topic B4. Slide 5 of 32
Topic B4. Slide 6 of 32
Topic B4. Slide 7 of 32
Ecosystem Services
 Resources and processes supplied by natural
ecosystems that benefit humans
Topic B4. Slide 8 of 32
Tropical Wetlands Ecosystem Services
1. Supporting
3. Provisioning
5. Cultural
2. Biological
(Ewel et al., 1998, Duke et al. 2007)
4. Regulating
Topic B4. Slide 9 of 32
1. Supporting
Natural processes that support all other tropical wetland ecosystem
services
• tree growth
• nutrient cycling
• water cycle
Source: Bioinformatics Centre (1998)
Topic B4. Slide 10 of 32
2. Biological: plant
Sonneratia mangroves trees can grow
in very salty water
Nypa palm mangroves trees
cannot growin salty water, they
like freshwater
Wetlands have many kinds or SPECIES of
plants, fish, and animals (Tomlinson 1986;
Nagelkerken et al, 2008)
Topic B4. Slide 11 of 32
Prop roots
Mangrove tree species: Rhizophora apiculata
Topic B4. Slide 12 of 32
2. Biological: fish, shrimp, crabs
The roots, trunks, and other plant structures within
tropical wetlands and mangroves provide areas that
can used by many species of fish, shrimp, and crabs
when the wetlands are flooded with water
(Primavera 1998; MacKenzie and Dionne, 2008).
Topic B4. Slide 13 of 32
2. Biological: fish
pneumatophores
knee roots
prop roots
Photo: R. MacKenzie
Different types of roots provide different levels of protection. Smaller spaces within
pneumatophores and knee roots provide excellent hiding places for small fish. Prop roots also
provide hiding places, but can also allow larger fish to access (MacKenzie and Cormier, 2012.
Topic B4. Slide 14 of 32
2.
Biological: fish
More fish are usually found in ocean areas that are next to mangroves compared to ocean areas
where there are no mangroves or where mangroves have been cut down.
Topic B4. Slide 15 of 32
2.
Biological: fish
Leaf litter from wetland plants and
mangrove trees are an important food
source for crabs and shrimp.
Topic B4. Slide 16 of 32
2. Biological: fish
These crabs and shrimp are also important food
for many species of birds and other animals.
Topic B4. Slide 17 of 32
2. Biological: wildlife
Topic B4. Slide 18 of 32
3. Provisioning
A product that people can
collect from forested wetlands
(Bennett et al, 2009)
•
•
•
•
Food
Wood/Thatch
Fuel
Medicine
Topic B4. Slide 19 of 32
3. Provisioning
Firewood $270K
Economic Value of mangrove
forests in Kosrae FSM:
$1,000,000/yr (Naylor and
Drew 1998)
Fish $170K
Mangrove Crab $550K
Topic B4. Slide 20 of 32
4.
Regulating
Services provided by wetlands that make
it possible for humans to survive
(Carpenter et al, 2012)
Topic B4. Slide 21 of 32
4. Regulating
STORM/FLOOD PROTECTION (McIvor et al, 2012)
Topic B4. Slide 22 of 32
4. Regulating
WATER QUALITY
Topic B4. Slide 23 of 32
4. Regulating
WATER QUALITY
CARBON STORAGE
(Kauffman ad Donato 2012)
CO2
Aboveground C stocks
Belowground C stocks
Topic B4. Slide 24 of 32
4. Regulating
CARBON STORAGE
Topic B4. Slide 25 of 32
4.
Regulating
CARBON STOCKS
(Tomlinson 1986)
sediment
roots
C
C
C
C
C
C
Topic B4. Slide 26 of 32
5. Cultural
Service that benefit the cultural advancement,
mind, and spirit
of human beings (Carpenter et al., 2009)
• Aesthetic
• Spiritual
• Recreational
• Educational
• Ecotourism
• Inspiration for music & art
Topic B4. Slide 27 of 32
5. Cultural
Non-material benefit that contributes to the
development and cultural advancement of people
• Aesthetic
• Spiritual
• Recreational
• Educational
• Ecotourism
• Inspiration for music & art
Topic B4. Slide 28 of 32
Conclusion
Wetlands are important ecosystems that
provide a variety of valuable ecosystems
services to the human populations that rely on
them. These services include many different
kinds of supporting, biological, provisioning,
regulatory, and cultural services. This
underscores the importance of wetlands and
the need to protectand conserve wetlands
around the globe. While wetland restoration is
also a much needed and important approach to
wetland conservation, prevention of wetland
loss is the best strategy to protect wetlands and
maintain the many services that they provide.
Topic B4. Slide 29 of 32
References
Bennett EM, Peterson GD, and Gordon LJ. 2009. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem
services. Ecology Letters 12:1394-1404.
Benstead JP, March JG, Fry B, Ewel KC, and Pringle CM. 2006. Testing IsoSource: stable isotope analysis of a
tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources. Ecology 87:326-333.
Carpenter SR, Mooney HA, Agard J, Capistranod D, DeFriese RS, Díaz S, Dietzg T, Duraiappah AK, OtengYeboah A, et al. 2009. Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:1305-1312.
Duke NC, Meynecke J–O, Dittman S, Ellison AM, Anger K, Berger U, Cannicci S, Diele K, Ewel KC, Field CD, et al.
2007. A world without mangroves? Science 317:41-42.
Ewel KC, Twilley RR, and Ong JE. 1998. Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and
services. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7:83-94.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 1994. Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper
No. 117. Rome.
Topic B4. Slide 30 of 32
References
Gosselink JG and Turner RE. 1978. The role of hydrology in freshwater wetland ecosystems. In Good RE,
Whigham DF, and Simpson RL, eds. Freshwater wetlands. London: Academic Press, Inc. 63-78.
Kauffman J B and Donato D C. 2012. Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure,
biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests. Working Paper 86. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR
Lee SY. 1998. Ecological role of grapsid crabs in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Marine & Freshwater Research
49:335-343.
MacKenzie RA and Dionne M. 2008. Habitat heterogeneity: the importance of salt marsh pools and high marsh
surfaces to fish production in two Gulf of Maine salt marshes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 368:217230.
MacKenzie RA. and Cormier N. 2012. Stand structure influences nekton community composition and provides
protection from natural disturbance in Micronesian mangroves. Hydrobiologia 685:155-171.
McIvor AL, Spencer T, Möller I, and Spalding M. 2012. Storm surge reduction by mangroves. Natural Coastal
Protection Series Report 2. Cambridge Coastal Research Unit Working Paper 41. The Nature Conservancy
and Wetlands International.
Topic B4. Slide 31 of 32
References
Mumby PJ, Edwards AJ, Arias-Gonzalez JE, Lindeman KC, Blackwell PG, Gall A, Gorczynska MI, Harborne AR,
Pescod CL, Renken H, at al. 2004. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the
Caribbean. Nature 427:533-536.
Nagelkerken I, Blaber SJM, Bouillon S, Green P, Haywood M, Kirton LG, Meynecke J-O, Pawlik J, Penrose HM,
Sasekumar A, et al. 2008. The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review.
Aquatic Botany 89:155-185.
Primavera JH. 1997. Fish predation on mangrove-associated penaids: the role of structure and substrate. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 215:205-216.
Primavera JH. 1998. Mangroves as nurseries: Shrimp populations in mangrove and non-mangrove habitats.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46:457-464.
Tomlinson PB. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thank you
The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the
Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this file
MacKenzie R and Warren M. 2015. Wetlands and ecosystem services [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme B section B4
Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo credit
Foodimentary, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Jim Child Photoraphy, Leony Aurora/CIFOR, P. Collins, Richard MacKenzie/USFS, R. Hauff, Sigit
Deni Sasmito/CIFOR, Tim Laman.