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Earthquakes, Volcanoes & Plate Tectonics Surface Waves • Most destructive seismic waves Composite • Type of volcano; occur at convergent boundaries; may have multiple vents Compression • Force that occurs at convergent boundaries; reverse faults Shear • Forces along strike-slip faults Geothermal Energy • Created by the heat of magma; can be used to heat water creating steam that turns turbines and generates electricity. Caldera • Formed when the crater of a volcano collapses into the vent after an eruption. Crater • Steep-walled depression at the top of a volcano. Kilauea • Most active volcano on Earth Primary Waves • Fastest seismic waves Tension • Forces that occur at divergent plate boundaries; normal faults Solar energy • Energy from the sun Fusion • Process of creating nuclear energy by joining the nuclei of atoms Hydroelectric • Electrical energy created when water is used to turn turbines. Fault • Surfaces along which rocks break and move Shield • Type of volcano; non-explosive eruptions; occur at divergent boundaries Tephra • Lava that is blasted into the air by volcanic eruptions and solidifies as it falls to the ground as ash, cinders, etc. Rift Valleys • Forms in an area where two plates are pulling apart (divergent boundary) Cinder Cone • Type of volcano; single vent; can occur near the two other types of volcanoes. Trenches • Created at convergent boundaries at subduction zones where one plate dives beneath another. Continental Drift • Wegner’s hypothesis that all continents were once connected and slowly drifted to current positions. Pangea • Large ancient landmass composed of all the continents joined together. Seafloor Spreading Hess’ theory that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge. Plate Tectonics Theory that Earth’s crust and mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plasticlike layer of the mantle. Divergent Boundaries • Boundary where two plates are moving apart (divide). Convergent Boundary • Boundary where two plates are moving together. Transform Boundary Where two plates slide past each other without converging or diverging; can create a strike-slip fault.