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Chapter 4 Study Guide
Athens – focused on government and education
Age of Pericles – age of great creativity and learning in Athens
Satraps – “defenders of the kingdom” and Persian States
Tyrant – rules with total authority
Cyrus the Great – King of Persia
Hoplites – ordinary citizens in the army
Parthenon – Workers hauled 20,000 tons of marble and took 15 years to build this
Peninsula – a body of land with ocean on three sides
Upper-class Athenian women – could not leave home without a male relative
Strait – narrow body of water with land on both sides
Athenian soldiers - group that promised to pass on their fatherland in a better condition
Herodotus – wrote The History of the Persian Wars
Mycenaeans- came to Greece from Central Asia
Direct Democracy – all the people decide government matters
When the Spartans needed room for expansion they conquered neighboring land
Minoans – made their living as traders
Xerxes – king of Persia
The Greeks won the Battle of Salamis because their ships could move around quickly
Mycenaeans could pay their taxes in wheat, livestock, or honey
The Delian League began as an alliance to protect the Greeks from the Persians
Spartans – focused on military service
Agora – open area used for a meeting place and market
Pericles – made Athens more democratic
Dorians – brought iron weapons to the Greeks
Philosophers – thinkers who ponder questions about life
Polis – like a tiny, independent country
Oligarchy – form of government used by the Spartans
20 – age at which Spartan men entered the regular army
Ephors – enforced laws and collected taxes in Sparta
Athenian soldiers promised to protect the constitution in their oath
Peisistratus – became popular by giving land to landless farmers
Xerxes – wanted to conquer Greece to increase his country’s wealth, to win glory, and for
revenge
The Mycenaeans learned navigation by the sun and stars from the Minoans
Spartan men could return to their homes when they were 30 years old
The time around 600 BC is called the Dark Age because people forgot how to read and write
Early Greeks lived by fishing, trade, and herding goat and sheep
The Athenian assembly appointed 10 generals who carried out the assembly’s laws
Citizens of Greek city-states had to be free, native-born, land owning men
The Greek alphabet was based on the Phoenician alphabet
Compare the lives of Spartan women and girls to the lives of Athenian women and girls
Why was the Peloponnesian War bad for the winners as well as the losers?
Why did the Spartans place so much stress on military service?
How did geography affect the way Greeks made their livings?