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Period 5 1750-1900 Industrial Revolution Greatest change in world history since the Neolithic Revolution Effects felt in the following areas: Family life, communication, transportation, technology, environment, growth of cities, populations, social classes, science, art. Leads to: Imperialism, war, migration, political philosophies Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Why was Great Britain the first? James Watt and his steam engine Textile industry first Transportation impacted (steamboat, locomotive) 1st Industrial Revolution was steam, coal and iron (1750 CE) 2nd Industrial Revolution was oil, electricity, chemicals and steel (1850 CE) Spread of Industrial Revolution from Great Britain to western Europe, America, Russia and Japan US and Russia both build transcontinental railroads US most powerful industrial nation at the end of this time period State sponsored Industrialization Japan: Meiji Restoration Egypt: Muhammed Ali Russia: Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad Other regions in the world become suppliers of goods and raw materials for the industrialized Latin America (sugar, coffee, bananas, meat) Africa (palm oil, rubber, diamonds) Result of Industrial Revolution Financial (stock market, gold standard) Transnational businesses (United Fruit company) Social Effects (gap between rich and poor dramatically increases, family life altered, child labor, less kids than rural areas, cities become crowded and unsanitary) Unions, reforms, and mandatory schooling is initiated New Philosophies Grow Adam Smith and Capitalism (Wealth of Nations 1776) Karl Marx and Communism (Communist Manifesto 1848) Feminism (Wollstonecraft, Stanton and Seneca Falls Convention) Transportation and communication developments Steamships and railroads Telegraph to telephone Canals (Suez) Advances in medicine like smallpox and sterilization made for longer life expectancy in industrialized world Nationalism becomes a strong force Napoleon, unification of Italy and Germany all contributed to intense pride Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires all very culturally diverse British empire largest empire of all time Causes of imperialism Search for raw materials and markets from the Industrial Revolution Nationalism and competition Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden Cecil Rhodes Imperialism in India India the crown jewel of British empire Sepoy Rebellion (1857) a reaction to British imperialism in India British occupied the highest position in Indian society but brought railway and telegraph lines to India Eventually an educated class of Indians start the Indian National Congress (1885) to rid India of British control Imperialism in China China was amassing silver in exchange for their goods of silk, porcelain and especially tea Britain tried to reverse this imbalance of trade by selling opium to China which caused the Opium war Opium war was lost by China which resulted in unequal treaties and China being divided into spheres of influence by Europeans Reaction to Imperialism White Lotus Rebellion, Taiping rebellion, Self-Strengthening Movement and Boxer Rebellion Eventually foreign intervention will bring about the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 Imperialism in Japan 1853 Commodore Perry arrives Japan decides to westernize with the Meiji Restoration Rapid state sponsored Industrialization Railways, western education, samurais abolished Differing response compared to China Japan becomes an imperial power at the end of this time period Imperialism in Africa Prior time period, Europeans stayed on the coast of Africa Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference (1884-85) set up the rules for European countries to claim African lands Only nations to keep independence were Ethiopia and Liberia Belgians under Leopold claim the Congo European made boundaries ignorant of ethnic boundaries create future conflicts in Africa Imperialism in Southeast Asia French take over Indo China (Vietnam) Siam remains independent US becomes an imperialist power Haitian revolution allows Louisiana to be sold to US Spanish American war makes US an overseas empire Russia tries to gain land in the Crimean War and loses Russia loses to more industrialized Japan in Russo Japanese war (1904-05) Enlightenment thought led to revolutions and the eventual elimination of slavery. Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu American Revolution (elites still in power) French Revolution Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen similar to Declaration Independence Much bloodier revolution than American Led to rise of Napoleon Napoleonic code Haitian Revolution Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture Only successful slave revolt in the history of the world 1804: a free republic with a constitution was established Latin American Independence (Spain and Portugal lose their empires) Social pyramid consisted of peninsulares at the top, then creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, indigenous and finally slaves Latin American Revolutions replaced the peninsulares with the creoles Simon Bolivar Educated on enlightened ideas Used military to free Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela) from Spanish rule Saw himself as the George Washington of South America Jose San Martin (Creole liberator of Argentina) Pedro II Declared Brazilian independence from Portugal Mexican independence from Spanish in 1821 Migrations Reasons for migrations: high population regions (China, India, Japan) to less populated regions Revolutions, persecutions, famine (Irish potato), need for agricultural workers after elimination of slavery (Sugar plantations in Caribbean), gold rushes (Australia and Alaska) Seasonal workers Italians in Argentina and Japanese in the Pacific Effects of migrations: America as a melting pot, Chinese culture in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Italian culture in Argentina Chinese Exclusion Act in America and White Australian Act of 1901 Spain and Portugal lose their empires Ottoman Empire is “the sick man of Europe” Reforms: Tanzimat reforms (movement towards constitutional government, banks, railroad) ended in 1876 Young Turks (western educated, sought nationalistic reform) Qing dynasty resists change and falls (1911) Africa and its resources are controlled, the West is aggressive, majority of the world is still rural, elites remain in power