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A Unit Exploring the Hometown Heroes of Bellefontaine Cemetery Created By: Lauren Schoellhorn with an introduction from Carol Ferring Shepley “It would almost be possible to retell the history of the Civil War in Missouri simply by moving from gravesite to gravesite within [Bellefontaine] Cemetery.” 1821: Missouri enters the Union as a Slave-State under the Missouri Compromise. 1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act allows Missouri and Kansas to determine slavery status. Fighting emerges between Free-State Kansas citizens and Pro-Slavery Missourians. 1857: The Dred Scott Case enrages abolitionists in Missouri. 1860’s: Many German and Irish antislavery immigrants begin to lean Missouri towards being a free state. 1860: Outgoing Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart declares Missouri neutral in the slavery-issue. Missouri would not help either side Troops would fight any side that entered the state. Missouri would remain part of the Union. Incoming Governor Claiborne Jackson agrees but states that Missouri would support her “southern sister states” if necessary. April 12, 1861: The Civil War begins with shots fired at Fort Sumter. Sterling Price led a constitutional convention in Jefferson City to debate the status of Missouri in the war. Governor Jackson was replaced by provisional Governor Hamilton Gamble, a pro-union supporter. Supported Missouri’s position to stay in the Union, with the help of some of the finest St. Louis citizens. 1. Appoints two of seven cabinet members from St. Louis. Edward Bates and Montgomery Blair 2. Understands whoever controls St. Louis controls the inland waterway. To deploy troops and fight naval battles 3. Great Rail Center Increasing importance. 4. Industrial might Manufactures arms and supplies, as well as new innovations in weaponry like ironclad boats. 5. Great wealth Support for the cause 6. Manpower The state provides: 100,000 Union soldiers, 90,000 state militia troops and 40,000 Confederate soldiers. A class discussion of what defines a hero Brother-in-Law, Brother in War Born in Virgina, 1793 Served in the War of 1812 Followed brother Frederick to St. Louis, 1814 Loved St. Louis so much, he celebrated the anniversary of his arrival on April 29th each year. Married Julia Coulter in 1823 Fathered 17 children! Became a lawyer in 1816 District Attorney in 1818 Considered principle author of Missouri Constitution First State Attorney General Elected to State Legislature 1822 Elected Congressman 1827 Missouri Presidential nominee in 1860. Strongly supported the campaign of President Lincoln. Freed his own slaves, aligning him with the Republican party. Felt the country was in “trouble and danger” during the Civil War. Wanted to keep peace and preserve Missouri’s place in the Union. In 1861, President Lincoln appointed Edward Bates United States Attorney General. Accepted reluctantly, “Only…as a military draft into service…. And I go into that service willingly putting to hazard all that I have and all that I am in a strenuous effort to preserve the Union.” First cabinet member west of the Mississippi Proposed a plan to President Lincoln to keep Missouri from falling to the Confederates. Supported his brother-in-law, Hamilton Gamble, Provisional Governor of Missouri during the war . Born in Virginia Moved to St. Louis at the age of 20 Married to Caroline Coulter, sister of Julia Coulter, wife of Edward Bates. Worked as an attorney with Brother-in-Law, Bates. Became Chief Justice of the Missouri Supreme Court in 1852. 1852- Hamilton Gamble served as Chief Justice during the Missouri Supreme Court Case in which Dred Scott sued for his freedom. Dred Scott was originally the slave of Peter Blow who moved to Missouri, a slave state. 1830- Scott was sold to Dr. John Emerson who took him to Illinois and Wisconsin, free states. 1846- Scott sued for his freedom, assisted by Henry and Taylor Blow, claiming that living in a free state made him free. In St. Louis, Scott won his suit in 1850. 1852, the Missouri Supreme Court reversed the decision. Hamilton Gamble was the only judge to vote in favor of Scott’s freedom. The Blow family is also buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery. Susan Blow later founded the first American Kindergarten in Carondelet. Dred Scott is buried in Calvary Cemetery near by to Bellefontaine. The U.S. Supreme Court refused to grant freedom to Dred Scott. The case placed many pro-slavery citizens in fear of losing their right to own slaves. Hamilton Gamble walked both lines of the issue: Wanted Missouri to abolish slavery. Assured slave owner he would protect their property rights. 1861: Missouri called a state convention to decide whether to side with the Union or Confederacy. Gamble organized a committee, finding no reason for Missouri to secede. Governor Claiborne Jackson left his position to go with the South. Gamble was elected the new governor of the Provisional State Government. Attorney General Edward Bates and Missouri Provisional Governor Edward Bates worked together across the country to preserve Missouri as part of the Union. June 1863: Gamble gained approval for Missouri to gradually emancipate slaves. Both brothers-in-law are buried in Bellefontaine with their wives. In this lesson you will be examining two letters: One from Edward Bates to his brotherin-law, Hamilton Gamble. One from Edward Bates to President Lincoln Analyze these two letters in order to learn how Attorney General Edward Bates worked from his post in Washington D.C. to preserve his home state of Missouri as part of the Union. From Boats to Bridges What were the original five points that Attorney General Edward Bates pointed out in his letter to President Lincoln. Why would Edward Bates place such much importance on the Mississippi River during the Civil War? What knowledge or skills would a person need to have in order to build a bridge like this? How might these skills be helpful in the strategy of Edward Bates? Only bridge to be named for its engineer, James Buchannan Eads. Built in a cold river with a fast current. First bridge to use a large amount of steel. Also the first bridge with… A ribbed arch structure Piers 100 feet below the surface. Longest and largest bridge of its time. Born in 1820 in Indiana Grew up very poor, dropped out of school at 13 to support his mother and sisters. Self-educated himself in the library of his boss. Age 22: Designed a salvage boat to recover boats wrecked on the river. Invented a diving bell to go deep underwater to search wreckage.. Gained great knowledge of the river from Iowa to the Gulf of Mexico. The Eads Bridge still stands, crossing the Mississippi River today. Port Eads in Louisiana is named for Eads after he developed jetties to open the Mississippi River to the Gulf. The government paid $10 million for the project. Eads died a very wealthy man. Donated $1,000 to the War Department for Union and Confederate soldiers during the Civil War. Called the war “an accursed war between brothers.” Although James Eads did view the war as a terrible thing, his skills came in very useful to the Union during the Civil War. For this lesson, analyze the letters you have been given that were written to James Eads from Union leaders during the war. Evaluate how the skills of Eads assisted the Union in their victory. Use the information you have gained to design a monument that you feel is representing of Eads actions during the course of his life. February 1862: The ironclad gunboats built by James Eads lead the Union to the first major Union victories of the war at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. July 4, 1863: Ironclads aid General Grant in the Siege of Vicksburg, giving control of the Mississippi to the Union and splitting the Confederacy. The victories allow for General Sherman to begin his march towards Atlanta and towards the Union victory in the war. Exploring the Experiences of Soldier James P. Love What do you think life is like for a soldier away at war? Try to think of all soldiers, both past and present. For example… What difficulties did they face? What did they do in their spare time? What parts of battle would be the hardest for them? James P. Love Born in 1830 in Ireland Arrived in St. Louis in 1850 1854-1858-Worked in Australia 1861- Secretly became engaged to immigrant, Eliza Wilson, whom he called Molly. Enlisted in Union Reserve Corps in 1861, and left for active duty on June 15, 1861. Wrote letters to his sweetheart, Eliza during the war. Photos courtesy of Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis, Mo. Using the online “Love Letters” resource of the Missouri History Museum, read and analyze the letters written from James P. Love to his love, Eliza Wilson, in St. Louis. Use the letters to uncover what life was like for a Civil War Soldier while he was serving country away from his home and loved ones. NOTE: Some of the letters may contain language from the era which may be seen as offensive to some readers. Please note that this language was characteristic of the period. Exploring the Actions of Francis Minor, War Claims Agent Do you think a person has to serve on the battlefield to be a hero? What help might soldiers need after they return home from war? Are soldiers the only ones who need help during a war? How do we help soldiers and their families today while they are away at war? Married to Virginia Minor Both he and she had Southern roots from Virgina. Worked to support the Union Troops during the war. Francis: St. Louis Attorney, never enlisted in the armed forces during the Civil War, became a War Claims Agent during the Civil War in St. Louis. Virgina: Became a charter member of the St. Louis Union Aid Society, sending food and supplies to the troops. 1867: Virginia Minor starts a petition for women to be given the right to vote as well as blacks. Founded the Woman Suffrage Association of Missouri Francis Minor supported his wife in her effort, filing suit for her when she was denied the right to vote in 1872. Read and examine the entries from the logs of Francis Minor during his time as a St. Louis War Claims agent. Evaluate how Francis Minors actions in helping soldiers and their families during the war qualifies him as a hometown hero. The Amazing Actions of James Yeatman and William Greenleaf Eliot What does the word “Sanitation” mean to you? How would sanitation be important during a war? In 1861, five members of the St. Louis community organized the Western Sanitary Commission to aid the soldiers of the Civil War. Two of these members were buried with honor in Bellefontaine Cemetery: James Yeatman William Greenleaf Eliot Each of these men left a legacy for St. Louis long after their passing. Arrived in St. Louis at the age of 24 Established as a businessman in the city. Became President of Merchant’s National Bank. Donated large amounts of money to charity and helped found many institutions. Washington University Missouri Botanical Garden Mercantile Library Annie Malone’s Children’s home. Became the first president of Bellefontaine Cemetery Association Hired the architect who designed the cemetery. Arrived in St. Louis in 1834 Became pastor of the St. Louis Unitarian Church. Had fourteen children with wife, Abby Grandfather of poet T.S. Eliot. Founded Washington University, never taking a salary Helped establish St. Louis Public Schools and MICDS Proposed and funded the Western Sanitary Commission to help soldiers. Believed Missouri was important to keep in the Union. Answer the question, “How did Sanitation Save Soldiers and Citizens During the Civil War,” by analyzing eight primary source documents from activity of the Western Sanitary Commission during the Civil War. Use the information you gain from your document analysis to construct a five paragraph essay that answers the document based question using evidence from your reading. Analyzing the Actions of Adaline Couzins How has the role of women in warfare changed since the Civil War? What actions make a person heroic in the course of war? • Margaret “Mother” McLure provided care for Confederate soldiers ,widows and orphans. • In 1893, she funded the Confederate Home for aged and impoverished veterans. Adaline Couzins and her husband John were public servants during the Civil War. John: Pro-Union Police Chief, U.S. Marshal Adaline: Worked for the Western Sanitary Commission Helped to found the Union Aid Society Wounded in the leg while serving at Vicksburg Successfully petitioned the government to Receive a military pension for her service. Adeline’s actions were so inspiring that her daughter, Phoebe followed in her ambitious footsteps. Gained admission to Washington University Law School with the help of James Yeatman. Referred to as the first female lawyer in the United States. Worked with Susan B. Anthony for women’s rights. Evaluate the heroism displayed by Adaline Couzins and other women like her during the Civil War by analyzing primary source documents regarding her service to the Union. Use the sources to consider the dangers that faced women during the war and the risks they faced to serve their country. Evaluating the Service of the Cemetery to Civil War Soldiers An analytical assessment of the heroism shown by St. Louis citizens during the Civil War Seeing the Civil War Through a Trip to the Cemetery. “Movers and Shakers, Scalawags and Suffragettes: Tales from Bellefontaine Cemetery” by Carol Ferring Shepley “The Civil War in St. Louis” by William C. Winter Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis, Missouri “Secrets of a Master Builder,” PBS Online, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eads/timel ine/index.html “Lion of the Valley” by James Neil Primm Began life as a farmer 1833: Elected to the Missouri General Assembly 1840: Named Speaker of the House 1846: Led Missouri volunteers in the Mexican War, became Brigadier General, returned a hero. Walked both sides of the slave issue. Was a “union man” Owned slaves 1861: Price attends the Missouri Convention. Votes in minority to support “southern brethren” June 1861: Takes leadership of the Missouri Militia after Federal troops under Frank Blair and Nathaniel Lyon attacked Camp Jackson outside St. Louis. Won early battles at Wilson’s Creek and Lexington, Missouri. Became a beloved General of the South. March 1862: Sterling loses at Pea Ridge, Confederates are pushed out of Missouri. Fall 1862: Loses at Iuka and Corinth July 4, 1864: Defeated in Helena, Arkansas, same day as losses at Vicksburg and Gettysburg. September 2, 1864: Suffers humiliating loss at Pilot Knob, losing 1,000 men to only 28 Federal deaths, and preventing him from capturing St. Louis. 1864: Raided and destroyed Western Missouri trying to recapture the state for the Confederacy, lost more than 1,000 men. Left for Mexico at the end of the war Returned to St. Louis in 1867 and died of cholera. In your opinion, how should Sterling Price be remembered? What kind of monument do you think he should have? Take a visit to the cemetery to evaluate how well the markers and monuments of the men and women you have studied in this unit represent the lives they led before, during or after the Civil War. Come visit our cemetery to learn more about the many other men and women who played a part in the Civil War. Frank Blair Rebecca Naylor Hazard General Nathaniel Pope Don Carlos Buell