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Unit 7 Causes of World Wars The Great War The Interwar Years Unit 7 Vocab. words Total war propaganda Genocide Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin* mandates Anti-Comintern Pact Manchurian Incident Fascism Totalitarianism Anti-Semitism Gulag Nuremberg Laws Map: Europe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Austria Belarus Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Italy Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Map Quiz: Europe Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain Ukraine Essential Questions 1. What are the causes of World War I? 2. How was the fighting of World War I different than that of previous wars? Essential Questions 3. What major developments of 1917 influenced the outcome of World War I? 4. What were the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution? 5. What impact did the Treaty of Versailles have on post World War I Europe? Essential Questions 6. What conflicts emerged after WWI that would lead to WWII? 7. What factors lead to the rise of fascism and dictatorship in Europe? Notebook Check Unit 6 vocab. Advances in Technology Q&A Age of Imperialism Q&A Unit 7 vocab. Video Questions: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand New Kind of War Q&A Russian Revolution Q&A The Interwar Years Q&A Causes of WWI World War I began in Europe in 1914; there are 4 causes to WWI 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Created competition for limited territory and resources between European nations Militarism 4. Created conflict between European countries Would lead to a political assassination that would start the war European countries built up their militaries to expand and prepare for war Alliance system Was not a cause for war, but escalated the war to be bigger than it otherwise would have been Causes of WWI Nationalism is a pride or devotion to one’s country or culture Can sometimes be an ‘extreme’ pride Nationalism led to ethnic groups struggling for freedom or independence Especially in Eastern Europe Causes of WWI Imperialism In the late 1800s and early 1900s European nations competed to build empires(imperialism) that would span the globe By the early 1900s European nations controlled territory on nearly every continent They would compete over limited land and resources Causes of WWI Imperialism would lead to militarism In order to conquer, and protect, overseas territories European countries built up strong armies and navies Industrialization led to the mass production of weapons and ammunition Causes of WWI New technological advancements would create a new kind of war Tanks Airplanes Artillery Machine guns The more powerful a military the more likely they will use it Militarism Causes of WWI For protection, European countries formed defensive alliances Central Powers The goal was to maintain peace by mutual fear Would turn a small conflict into a global war Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Allied Powers Great Britain, France, Russia Causes of WWI World War I would begin when a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand Nationalism also led to a competition for power between countries Led to increased imperialism Causes of WWI Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary Germany declared war on Russia and France Great Britain declares war on Germany Italy breaks alliance with Germany, declares war on Austria-Hungary World War I Germany’s wanted to avoid a war on 2 sides Their plan for a quick war failed The Allies were able to stop them from reaching Paris War turned into one of ‘trench warfare’ Led to stalemate in the war Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Trench Warfare World War I Soldiers in trenches experienced: Raids across “no man’s land” Gunfire, barbed wire, poison gas, explosions Crowded, wet & muddy conditions with no shade Boring, hopeless days Trench foot, trench fever, lice, skin disease Trench Warfare Assignment: Write a historical fiction story or letter about a soldiers experiences in WWI 1 to 1 ½ pages in length Use information from your book (reading), from pictures, from lecture to make your story as historical as you can and to support you with the details you need Due Wednesday World War I World War I The enormous scope of the Great War resulted in a new type of war, total war The nation that could most efficiently and most effectively use all of its resources would win Governments began to take more control of their citizens, industries, and economy Factories changed to produce military equipment Civilians conserved food and other supplies To encourage support for the war, governments created propaganda Propaganda World War I saw the first major of propaganda Propaganda would be used even more extensively in World War II Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. Propaganda is not impartial, it is biased Selectively uses facts, omits info that is not supportive Able to influence an audience’s emotions Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda World War I Women, especially, saw an increasing role in society and the war effort Were on the front lines of the ‘home front’ Worked in factories and served as nurses World War I World War I After nearly three years of fighting, little progress had been made in Europe by 1917 1. 2. Two developments in 1917 would influence the outcome of the war The Russian Revolution The United States enters the war World War I In 1917 Russia experienced a communist revolution Czar Nicholas was overthrown The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, came to power The Bolsheviks pulled Russia out of the war Allowed Germany to focus its attention on France in the west World War I The United States had remained ‘neutral’ during most of the war Had a long history of ‘isolationism’ American public supported the Allies German aggression forced the U.S. to enter the war on the side of the Allies World War I Germany practiced ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’ Tried to block goods going to Britain U-Boats sunk merchant vessels, Americans died Sinking of the Lusitania was especially upsetting World War I In 1917 Germany sent the ‘Zimmerman Note’ to Mexico A secret telegram decoded by Britain Proposed an alliance with Mexico and asked them to attack the U.S. U.S. declared war 2 months later World War I Germany felt they needed to win before the U.S. got involved Russia’s absence allowed them to launch a massive attack against France Germany gained a lot of ground, but U.S. soldiers arrived in time to stop the attack Within months the allies were pushing Germany back and forcing them to sign a cease-fire in November 1918 Ending the War Following the armistice, leaders of Allied countries tried to work out a peace agreement Leaders of the nations had differing goals France: Punish Germany, make them pay for war Britain: Punish Germany, but not weaken them U.S.: Reduce weapons, install democracy, create League of Nations Italy was largely ignored Germany and Russia were not invited to the peace talks Assignment With a partner attempt to create a peace treaty that will address the many issues created by WWI and which will maintain peace following the war One of you will represent the Allied powers, the other will represent the Central powers Ending the War Causes for War Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances Other considerations People in colonized lands and former empires sought independence Economic chaos and misery spread Effects of War 8.5 million soldiers died 13 million civilians died War cost estimated at $332 billion Communist revolution in Russia U.S. emerges as world power European infrastructure destroyed Ending the War Treaty of Versailles ended the war Created new nations and mandates Colonies changed hands, but independence was not granted A League of Nations was established Ending the War The Treaty severely punished Germany Blamed Germany for the war Decreased German borders, gave colonies away Limited German military Forced Germany to pay billions in damages Treaty of Versailles did not solve the underlying problems that caused war Russian Revolution Causes of Revolution Social and political inequality Most Russians were poor peasants who lived and worked on land owned by aristocrats Peasants were poorly educated, could be drafted into military service, and paid taxes to aristocrats Could not serve in many government positions Russian Revolution Poor leadership of Czar Nicholas II Russia had not industrialized like other European nations Nicholas did not ease the suffering of peasants Nicholas had fallen under the influence of a “holy man” and healer, Grigory Rasputin The nation was unprepared for war Russian Revolution World War I brought even greater suffering to Russian people Shortages of food, fuel, and housing Millions of soldiers died and Russia lost most battles Inexperienced and untrained officers Poor transportation systems Russian Revolution In March, 1917, Russian citizens protested food & fuel shortages and the war Soldiers, refusing to obey orders to shoot the crowds, joined the protesters instead Russian aristocrats and legislators sided with the revolution Nicholas II was forced to abdicate, or resign, as Czar Russian Revolution Promising peace, bread, and land, the Bolsheviks came to power Their leader, Vladimir Lenin, established communism in Russia Withdrew Russia from the war Russian Revolution Communism in Russia Abolished ‘private property’ Gave land to peasants Seized control of factories and put them in the control of factory workers Quiz #1 1. 2. 3. 4. List the 4 causes of World War I For each of the causes of World War I, briefly describe how each contributed to World War I What event sparked the beginning of World War I? Which countries represented the Central Powers? Which represented the Allied Powers? Quiz #1 5. 6. 7. 8. What type of fighting/warfare was most common during World War I? What is ‘total war’ and how did nations get support for war from all of their population? What events in 1917 determined the outcome of World War I? What was one significant cause and one significant effect of the Russian Revolution? The Interwar Years Italy Soviet Union United States Japan Germany … … … … The Interwar Years Italy 1922 – Benito Mussolini comes to power and establishes Fascism Italy built up their military, and Mussolini removed political opposition Mussolini used propaganda and made festivals and holidays to promote Italian nationalism 1935 – Italy invades and conquers Ethiopia The Interwar Years Soviet Union 1924 – Joseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union and established totalitarianism Stalin used 5-Year Plans and ‘collectivization’ to improve Soviet economy Those who resisted Stalin, or his plans, were executed or sent to the ‘gulag’ The Interwar Years United States Emerged from WWI as a world power Experienced rapid economic growth in the 1920s 1929 stock-market crash began the Great Depression, which became a global depression Continued to follow a policy of ‘isolationism’ The Interwar Years Japan 1929 - Economic depression leads to military control of the government, led by Hideki Tojo Military leaders instilled a strong sense of nationalism, and the ‘fighting spirit,’ in Japanese citizens The Interwar Years Japan 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria 1935 – Japan begins massive shipbuilding projects 1936 – Japan and Germany sign anti-comintern pact 1937 – Japan invades China again The Interwar Years Germany 1933 – Adolf Hitler, and the Nazi Party, come to power in response to political and economic turmoil Nazis promoted a strong military and a racial superiority Germans Hitler used his position to create a totalitarian state Hitler improved the German economy and violated the Treaty of Versailles The Interwar Years Germany 1938 – Germany annexes Austria 1939 – Germany invades Czechoslovakia unopposed 1939 – Germany & Italy create the ‘pact of steel’ – a military alliance 1939 – Hitler and Stalin agree to a ‘non-aggression pact’ – a pledge not to attack each other American Neutrality It is February of 1917 Russia is soon to withdraw from the war, leaving Germany with a 1-sided war they can win Germany has announced they will resume unrestricted submarine warfare Despite this President Wilson refuses to get the United States involved Without U.S. assistance Germany will probably win the war American Neutrality You are a member of ‘room 40,’ a secret group of the British Naval Intelligence code breakers British intelligence has just intercepted an encrypted telegram sent from Berlin with a destination of somewhere in North America We believe the telegram can be decrypted using two ciphers that were uncovered earlier this month It is your job to decrypt this coded message as quickly as possible. We believe the contents will be enough to get the U.S. to join the war against the Germans (Some normal class rules do not apply for today) Zimmerman Note Ending the War The war had several major effects: Many new nations were created Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia 8.5 million soldiers killed, 21 million wounded 13 million civilians killed European economies were devastated Treaty of Versailles did not solve the underlying problems that caused war Quiz #2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What did Germany want to avoid by quickly attacking and conquering France early in the war? Were they successful? What was the purpose of propaganda in World War I? After the first three years of war, which side was winning in World War I? Why did Russia have to stop fighting in World War I? What impact did this have on the war? Who was the leader of the Russian Revolution? Quiz #2 6. 7. 8. Why did the United States join the fighting in World War I (2 reasons)? What impact did U.S. entrance in WWI have on its outcome? Why was it difficult to create the Treaty of Versailles? Why might the Treaty of Versailles not be successful in maintaining peace in Europe? The Interwar Years U.S.A. and Japan emerged from WWI as industrialized world powers U.S. tried to remain isolated, but Japan began to imperialize in East Asia Takes control of areas in China & Pacific islands Signed agreements with Germany (trade / anticommunism) Increases military (despite limitations placed) The Interwar Years In 1929 the U.S. stock market crashed, causing a Great Depression Many foreign nations relied on American industries for their own economy The Depression spread from the U.S. to become a worldwide depression The Interwar Years The political and economic unrest following WWI allowed totalitarian* dictators to rise to power in Europe and Japan Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union In 1922, Russia joined with several Eastern European countries The new country became the Soviet Union AKA: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Soviet Union was still very much controlled by communist Russia In 1924 Lenin died, and Joseph Stain became dictator Benito Mussolini - Italy In 1922 the National Fascist Party came to power in Italy Led by Benito Mussolini Strongly emphasized nationalism and imperialism Had visions of a powerful and glorious Italian Empire Adolf Hitler - Germany Following WWI, Hitler became a leader of Germany’s Nazi Part (Nationalist Socialist Party) Led a failed revolution attempt in 1923 Wrote Mein Kampf, describing his political ideas, nationalism, antiSemitism, and the superiority of the German race Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 Totalitarian Dictator’s in Europe Political Nation is more important than individuals Government controlled by single party Dictator unites people and is symbol of government Social Government controls all aspects of daily life Secret police use terror to enforce government policies Citizens denied basic rights and liberties Economic Government controls businesses and directs national economy Labor and business are used to fulfill the objectives of the state Unit 8 World War II The Holocaust The Cold War Starting WWII Hitler promised he would restore Germany to greatness, and had complete power by 1933 Rebuilt the Germany military Controlled the economy Germany needed ‘lebensraum’ Annexed Austria (1938) Invaded Czechoslovakia (1938) Starting WWII European powers followed a policy of appeasement* Gave in to Hitler’s demands and aggression in an attempt to avoid war Winston Churchill*, of Great Britain, opposed this policy Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact* Both leaders agreed not to attack the other Why would Hitler and Stalin (who hated each other) agree to this pact? The War Begins On September 1st, 1939, Hitler’s Germany invaded Poland Used a tactic called Blitzkrieg, or ‘lightning war’ Combination of air attacks, then tanks/artillery, then ground troops Poland offered little resistance The War Begins Britain and France declared war on Germany September 3rd 1939 Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allies: Britain, France France prepared to be invaded The War Begins German forces invaded the North and Center of France Italian forces invaded the South The combined strength of Italy & Germany overwhelmed the French, who surrendered on June 22nd, 1940 The War Begins Some French Leaders escaped to Britain, where they would organize a resistance Charles De Gaulle Now only Great Britain stood in the way of Hitler Battle for Britain Hitler planned to destroy the British Royal Air Force So he could invade Britain Britain used new radar technology to aid them For the first time in the war Germany was stopped Battle for Britain Hitler used the ‘London Blitz’ to terrorize and break the spirit of the British people They did not surrender Hitler was forced to call off his plans of invading Britain Invasion of the Soviet Union June 1941 – Hitler broke his nonaggression pact with Stalin: invaded the Soviet Union Soviet soldiers not prepared for the invasion Germany invaded deep into Soviet territory Invasion of the Soviet Union German soldiers, however, were not prepared for the freezing Russian winter German progress slowed, and then stopped, and they briefly withdrew until Winter was over Gave the Soviet army time to re-build Japan Attacks Meanwhile as the Germans and Soviets were fighting in the cold winter of 1941… Japanese aggression in the Pacific forced the U.S. to stop the sale of oil to Japan This was a serious threat For months Japanese General Hideki Tojo had been secretly planning an attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor Japan Attacks The Japanese fleet sailed for nearly two weeks undetected towards Hawaii Surprise attack began morning of December 7th, 1941 Base was lightly defended, many planes never had the chance to take off Japan Attacks Attack was less than 2 hours, but 2,400 killed. Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed, and all 8 battleships damaged or sunk Luckily, the 3 aircraft carriers were not in the harbor Pearl Harbor “When the attack began, …the explosion of bombs, the whine of bullets, the roar of planes, the belching guns of aroused defenders, the acrid smell of fire and smoke—all belched into a nerve-racking cacophony of chaos…Bombardiers still dropped their torpedoes, while dive bombers pounced like hawks” -Eyewitness account “I fear we have awaken a sleeping giant.” -Hideki Tojo The American Response The United States had wanted to stay out of the war The attack at Pearl Harbor eliminated this feeling of isolationism December 8th, 1941, congress declared war on Japan 2 days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States Allies Axis 1939 France Britain 1941 Britain Soviet Union USA French resistance 1939 Germany Italy Japan 1941 Germany Italy Japan American Home Front American Home Front American Home Front American Home Front Quiz #3 1. 2. 3. 4. Which two countries emerged from WWI as world powers? What allowed for totalitarian dictators to rise to power in Europe and Japan leading up to WWII? What was the anti-Comintern pact? Who were the leaders of the following countries leading up to (or during) WWII: a) b) c) d) Germany Soviet Union Italy Great Britain Quiz #3 5. 6. 7. 8. Leading up to WWII, Italy invaded Ethiopia and Germany took over Austria and Czechoslovakia. Why didn’t the rest of the world do anything to stop this? What event officially began WWII? What was most significant about the Battle of Britain? What event forced the United States to join WWII? Turning the Tide of War After achieving victory at Stalingrad, the Soviets slowly pushed back the Germans from 19431945 January 1945, 40 miles from Berlin Turning the Tide of War In Western Europe the Allies were planning DDay A massive land, air, and sea invasion Largest invasion in history General Dwight Eisenhower was supreme commander Goal was to re-capture France from Axis control War Ends in Europe D-Day was a success and France was liberated within months Germany was in retreat Battle of the Bulge In December 1944 Hitler launched a massive and desperate counterattack Created a ‘bulge’ in the defense lines War Ends in Europe By April, 1945, American and Soviet troops were in Germany Soviets surrounded Berlin first, May 2nd Also found the body of Hitler, who committed suicide Germany surrendered on May 7th, 1945 V-E Day (victory in Europe) War Ends in the Pacific The allies continued their strategy of ‘island hopping’ Moving closer to mainland Japan Began bombing Japanese cities, including Tokyo The War in the Pacific Iwo Jima and Okinawa Islands close to Japan Rough terrain, filled with holes and tunnels Japanese refused to surrender 7k Americans and 20k Japanese died in the fighting for Iwo Jima 12k Americans and 110k Japanese died in the fighting for Okinawa Ending the War On August 6th, 1945 the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 70,000 died immediately 2/3 of the city destroyed August 9th a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki Japan surrendered on August 15th, ending World War II The Holocaust Hitler blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems Suffering of WWI Treaty of Versailles Economic Crisis A long history of antiSemitism in Europe made Jews an easy scapegoat The Holocaust Nazis passed the ‘Nuremberg Laws’ in 1935 Allowed legal discrimination of Jews All Jews had to wear Star of David to be identified Many Jews were deported or moved away, but many more were not able to leave The Holocaust By 1941, Hitler controlled most of Europe Many European Jews came under Nazi control To deal with Jewish people, Nazi’s adopted a policy called the Final Solution The Holocaust Jewish people were killed by several methods throughout Europe Concentration camps and labor camps Ghettos Death squads and mobile killing units Extermination camps Gas chambers and crematoriums The Holocaust The Holocaust The Holocaust Quiz #4 1. 2. 3. 4. How did Hitler try to avoid a war on 2-sides? Why was having control of the Atlantic Ocean important for the countries involved in WWII? What happened in May of 1943 in North Africa; where did the allies attack after North Africa What battle was a turning point in the fighting in the Soviet Union? Quiz #4 5. 6. 7. 8. What was the goal of the allied D-Day invasion? Was it successful? What was the allies strategy in the war in the Pacific region of the war? What did the U.S. do to end the war in the Pacific? How many Jewish people lived in Europe leading up to the Holocaust? What is the ‘final solution’?