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Unit 7
Causes
of World Wars
The Great War
The Interwar Years
Unit 7 Vocab. words
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Total war
propaganda
Genocide
Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin*
mandates
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Anti-Comintern Pact
Manchurian Incident
Fascism
Totalitarianism
Anti-Semitism
Gulag
Nuremberg Laws
Map: Europe
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Italy
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Map Quiz: Europe
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Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
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Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Serbia
Spain
Ukraine
Essential Questions
1.
What are the causes of World War I?
2.
How was the fighting of World War I
different than that of previous wars?
Essential Questions
3.
What major developments of 1917
influenced the outcome of World War I?
4.
What were the causes and consequences of
the Russian Revolution?
5.
What impact did the Treaty of Versailles
have on post World War I Europe?
Essential Questions
6.
What conflicts emerged after WWI that
would lead to WWII?
7.
What factors lead to the rise of fascism and
dictatorship in Europe?
Notebook Check
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Unit 6 vocab.
Advances in Technology Q&A
Age of Imperialism Q&A
Unit 7 vocab.
Video Questions: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
New Kind of War Q&A
Russian Revolution Q&A
The Interwar Years Q&A
Causes of WWI

World War I began in Europe in 1914; there are 4
causes to WWI
1.
Nationalism


2.
Imperialism

3.
Created competition for limited territory and resources between
European nations
Militarism

4.
Created conflict between European countries
Would lead to a political assassination that would start the war
European countries built up their militaries to expand and
prepare for war
Alliance system

Was not a cause for war, but escalated the war to be bigger than
it otherwise would have been
Causes of WWI

Nationalism is a pride
or devotion to one’s
country or culture


Can sometimes be an
‘extreme’ pride
Nationalism led to
ethnic groups
struggling for freedom
or independence

Especially in Eastern
Europe
Causes of WWI

Imperialism

In the late 1800s and early 1900s European nations
competed to build empires(imperialism) that would
span the globe

By the early 1900s European nations controlled
territory on nearly every continent
They would compete over limited land and resources

Causes of WWI


Imperialism would lead to militarism
In order to conquer, and protect, overseas
territories European countries built up
strong armies and navies

Industrialization led to the mass production of
weapons and ammunition
Causes of WWI

New technological
advancements would
create a new kind of war

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Tanks
Airplanes
Artillery
Machine guns
The more powerful a
military the more likely
they will use it
Militarism
Causes of WWI

For protection, European countries formed
defensive alliances
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Central Powers

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The goal was to maintain peace by mutual fear
Would turn a small conflict into a global war
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia
Causes of WWI

World War I would begin when a Serbian
nationalist assassinated the Archduke of
Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand

Nationalism also led to a competition for
power between countries

Led to increased imperialism
Causes of WWI

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
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Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary
Germany declared war on Russia and France
Great Britain declares war on Germany
Italy breaks alliance with Germany, declares
war on Austria-Hungary
World War I

Germany’s wanted to
avoid a war on 2 sides
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Their plan for a quick
war failed
The Allies were able to
stop them from reaching
Paris
War turned into one of
‘trench warfare’

Led to stalemate in the
war
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
World War I

Soldiers in trenches experienced:
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Raids across “no man’s land”
Gunfire, barbed wire, poison gas, explosions
Crowded, wet & muddy conditions with no
shade
Boring, hopeless days
Trench foot, trench fever, lice, skin disease
Trench Warfare
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Assignment:

Write a historical fiction story or letter about a
soldiers experiences in WWI
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1 to 1 ½ pages in length
Use information from your book (reading), from
pictures, from lecture to make your story as
historical as you can and to support you with the
details you need
Due Wednesday
World War I
World War I
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The enormous scope of the Great War resulted in
a new type of war, total war
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The nation that could most efficiently and most
effectively use all of its resources would win
Governments began to take more control of their
citizens, industries, and economy
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Factories changed to produce military equipment
Civilians conserved food and other supplies
To encourage support for the war, governments
created propaganda
Propaganda

World War I saw the first major of propaganda
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Propaganda would be used even more extensively in
World War II
Propaganda is a form of communication that is
aimed at influencing the attitude of a community
toward some cause or position.
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Propaganda is not impartial, it is biased
Selectively uses facts, omits info that is not supportive
Able to influence an audience’s emotions
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
World War I
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Women, especially, saw an
increasing role in society
and the war effort
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Were on the front lines of
the ‘home front’
Worked in factories and
served as nurses
World War I
World War I

After nearly three years of fighting, little
progress had been made in Europe by
1917
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1.
2.
Two developments in 1917 would influence
the outcome of the war
The Russian Revolution
The United States enters the war
World War I
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In 1917 Russia experienced a
communist revolution
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Czar Nicholas was overthrown
The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir
Lenin, came to power
The Bolsheviks pulled Russia
out of the war
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Allowed Germany to focus its
attention on France in the west
World War I
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The United States had
remained ‘neutral’
during most of the war
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Had a long history of
‘isolationism’
American public
supported the Allies
German aggression
forced the U.S. to enter
the war on the side of the
Allies
World War I

Germany practiced
‘unrestricted submarine
warfare’
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Tried to block goods
going to Britain
U-Boats sunk merchant
vessels, Americans died
Sinking of the Lusitania
was especially upsetting
World War I
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In 1917 Germany sent
the ‘Zimmerman Note’
to Mexico
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A secret telegram
decoded by Britain
Proposed an alliance
with Mexico and asked
them to attack the U.S.
U.S. declared war 2
months later
World War I

Germany felt they needed to win before the
U.S. got involved
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Russia’s absence allowed them to launch a
massive attack against France
Germany gained a lot of ground, but U.S.
soldiers arrived in time to stop the attack
Within months the allies were pushing
Germany back and forcing them to sign a
cease-fire in November 1918
Ending the War

Following the armistice, leaders of Allied countries
tried to work out a peace agreement
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Leaders of the nations had differing goals
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France: Punish Germany, make them pay for war
Britain: Punish Germany, but not weaken them
U.S.: Reduce weapons, install democracy, create League of
Nations
Italy was largely ignored
Germany and Russia were not invited to the peace talks
Assignment

With a partner attempt to create a peace
treaty that will address the many issues
created by WWI and which will maintain
peace following the war

One of you will represent the Allied powers,
the other will represent the Central powers
Ending the War
Causes for War
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Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Alliances
Other considerations
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People in colonized lands
and former empires
sought independence
Economic chaos and
misery spread
Effects of War
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8.5 million soldiers died
13 million civilians died
War cost estimated at
$332 billion
Communist revolution in
Russia
U.S. emerges as world
power
European infrastructure
destroyed
Ending the War

Treaty of Versailles ended the war
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Created new nations and mandates
Colonies changed hands, but independence
was not granted
A League of Nations was established
Ending the War
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The Treaty severely punished Germany
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Blamed Germany for the war
Decreased German borders, gave colonies
away
Limited German military
Forced Germany to pay billions in damages
Treaty of Versailles did not solve the
underlying problems that caused war
Russian Revolution
Causes of Revolution
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Social and political inequality
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Most Russians were poor
peasants who lived and worked
on land owned by aristocrats
Peasants were poorly educated,
could be drafted into military
service, and paid taxes to
aristocrats
Could not serve in many
government positions
Russian Revolution
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Poor leadership of Czar
Nicholas II
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Russia had not industrialized like
other European nations
Nicholas did not ease the
suffering of peasants
Nicholas had fallen under the
influence of a “holy man” and
healer, Grigory Rasputin
The nation was unprepared for
war
Russian Revolution

World War I brought even
greater suffering to Russian
people
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Shortages of food, fuel, and
housing
Millions of soldiers died and
Russia lost most battles
Inexperienced and
untrained officers
Poor transportation systems
Russian Revolution
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In March, 1917, Russian
citizens protested food & fuel
shortages and the war
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Soldiers, refusing to obey orders
to shoot the crowds, joined the
protesters instead
Russian aristocrats and
legislators sided with the
revolution
Nicholas II was forced to
abdicate, or resign, as Czar
Russian Revolution

Promising peace, bread, and land,
the Bolsheviks came to power

Their leader, Vladimir Lenin,
established communism in Russia

Withdrew Russia from the war
Russian Revolution
Communism in Russia
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Abolished ‘private property’
Gave land to peasants
Seized control of factories and
put them in the control of
factory workers
Quiz #1
1.
2.
3.
4.
List the 4 causes of World War I
For each of the causes of World War I, briefly
describe how each contributed to World War I
What event sparked the beginning of World
War I?
Which countries represented the Central
Powers? Which represented the Allied Powers?
Quiz #1
5.
6.
7.
8.
What type of fighting/warfare was most common
during World War I?
What is ‘total war’ and how did nations get
support for war from all of their population?
What events in 1917 determined the outcome of
World War I?
What was one significant cause and one
significant effect of the Russian Revolution?
The Interwar Years
Italy Soviet Union United States Japan Germany
 …
 …
 …
 …
The Interwar Years
Italy
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1922 – Benito Mussolini comes to
power and establishes Fascism
Italy built up their military, and
Mussolini removed political
opposition
Mussolini used propaganda and
made festivals and holidays to
promote Italian nationalism
1935 – Italy invades and conquers
Ethiopia
The Interwar Years
Soviet Union
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1924 – Joseph Stalin became
dictator of the Soviet Union and
established totalitarianism
Stalin used 5-Year Plans and
‘collectivization’ to improve Soviet
economy
Those who resisted Stalin, or his
plans, were executed or sent to the
‘gulag’
The Interwar Years

United States

Emerged from WWI as a world
power
Experienced rapid economic
growth in the 1920s
1929 stock-market crash began
the Great Depression, which
became a global depression
Continued to follow a policy of
‘isolationism’
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The Interwar Years
Japan
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1929 - Economic depression leads to
military control of the government,
led by Hideki Tojo
Military leaders instilled a strong
sense of nationalism, and the
‘fighting spirit,’ in Japanese citizens
The Interwar Years
Japan
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1931 – Japan invades
Manchuria
1935 – Japan begins
massive shipbuilding
projects
1936 – Japan and Germany
sign anti-comintern pact
1937 – Japan invades China
again
The Interwar Years
Germany
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1933 – Adolf Hitler, and the Nazi
Party, come to power in response
to political and economic turmoil
Nazis promoted a strong military
and a racial superiority Germans
Hitler used his position to create
a totalitarian state
Hitler improved the German
economy and violated the Treaty
of Versailles
The Interwar Years
Germany
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1938 – Germany annexes
Austria
1939 – Germany invades
Czechoslovakia unopposed
1939 – Germany & Italy
create the ‘pact of steel’ – a
military alliance
1939 – Hitler and Stalin
agree to a ‘non-aggression
pact’ – a pledge not to
attack each other
American Neutrality

It is February of 1917
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Russia is soon to withdraw from the war, leaving
Germany with a 1-sided war they can win
Germany has announced they will resume
unrestricted submarine warfare

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Despite this President Wilson refuses to get the
United States involved
Without U.S. assistance Germany will probably
win the war
American Neutrality

You are a member of ‘room 40,’ a secret group of
the British Naval Intelligence code breakers
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

British intelligence has just intercepted an encrypted
telegram sent from Berlin with a destination of
somewhere in North America
We believe the telegram can be decrypted using two
ciphers that were uncovered earlier this month
It is your job to decrypt this coded message as quickly
as possible. We believe the contents will be enough to
get the U.S. to join the war against the Germans
(Some normal class rules do not apply for today)
Zimmerman Note
Ending the War

The war had several major effects:
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Many new nations were created
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Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey,
Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia
8.5 million soldiers killed, 21 million wounded
13 million civilians killed
European economies were devastated
Treaty of Versailles did not solve the underlying
problems that caused war
Quiz #2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What did Germany want to avoid by quickly
attacking and conquering France early in the
war? Were they successful?
What was the purpose of propaganda in World
War I?
After the first three years of war, which side was
winning in World War I?
Why did Russia have to stop fighting in World
War I? What impact did this have on the war?
Who was the leader of the Russian Revolution?
Quiz #2
6.
7.
8.
Why did the United States join the fighting
in World War I (2 reasons)?
What impact did U.S. entrance in WWI
have on its outcome?
Why was it difficult to create the Treaty of
Versailles? Why might the Treaty of
Versailles not be successful in maintaining
peace in Europe?
The Interwar Years

U.S.A. and Japan emerged from WWI as
industrialized world powers

U.S. tried to remain isolated, but Japan
began to imperialize in East Asia
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Takes control of areas in China & Pacific islands
Signed agreements with Germany (trade / anticommunism)
Increases military (despite limitations placed)
The Interwar Years
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
In 1929 the U.S. stock market crashed,
causing a Great Depression
Many foreign nations relied on American
industries for their own economy

The Depression spread from the U.S. to
become a worldwide depression
The Interwar Years

The political and economic unrest following
WWI allowed totalitarian* dictators to rise
to power in Europe and Japan
Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
In 1922, Russia joined with
several Eastern European
countries
 The new country became
the Soviet Union
AKA: Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR)



Soviet Union was still very
much controlled by
communist Russia
In 1924 Lenin died, and
Joseph Stain became
dictator
Benito Mussolini - Italy

In 1922 the National
Fascist Party came to
power in Italy



Led by Benito
Mussolini
Strongly emphasized
nationalism and
imperialism
Had visions of a
powerful and glorious
Italian Empire
Adolf Hitler - Germany

Following WWI, Hitler
became a leader of
Germany’s Nazi Part
(Nationalist Socialist
Party)
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

Led a failed revolution
attempt in 1923
Wrote Mein Kampf,
describing his political
ideas, nationalism, antiSemitism, and the
superiority of the German
race
Hitler became chancellor
of Germany in 1933
Totalitarian Dictator’s in Europe
Political

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
Nation is more
important than
individuals
Government
controlled by
single party
Dictator unites
people and is
symbol of
government
Social



Government
controls all
aspects of daily
life
Secret police use
terror to enforce
government
policies
Citizens denied
basic rights and
liberties
Economic
Government
controls
businesses and directs
national economy
Labor and business
are used to fulfill the
objectives of the state
Unit 8
World War II
The Holocaust
The Cold War
Starting WWII

Hitler promised he would restore Germany
to greatness, and had complete power by
1933
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

Rebuilt the Germany military
Controlled the economy
Germany needed ‘lebensraum’


Annexed Austria (1938)
Invaded Czechoslovakia (1938)
Starting WWII

European powers followed a
policy of appeasement*



Gave in to Hitler’s demands and
aggression in an attempt to avoid
war
Winston Churchill*, of Great
Britain, opposed this policy
Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact*


Both leaders agreed not to attack the
other
Why would Hitler and Stalin (who
hated each other) agree to this pact?
The War Begins

On September 1st,
1939, Hitler’s Germany
invaded Poland



Used a tactic called
Blitzkrieg, or ‘lightning
war’
Combination of air
attacks, then
tanks/artillery, then
ground troops
Poland offered little
resistance
The War Begins

Britain and France
declared war on
Germany September
3rd 1939



Axis Powers:
Germany, Italy, Japan
Allies: Britain, France
France prepared to
be invaded
The War Begins

German forces invaded
the North and Center of
France


Italian forces invaded the
South
The combined strength of
Italy & Germany
overwhelmed the French,
who surrendered on June
22nd, 1940
The War Begins

Some French Leaders escaped to Britain,
where they would organize a resistance


Charles De Gaulle
Now only Great Britain stood in the way of
Hitler
Battle for Britain

Hitler planned to
destroy the British
Royal Air Force



So he could invade
Britain
Britain used new
radar technology to
aid them
For the first time in
the war Germany was
stopped
Battle for Britain

Hitler used the
‘London Blitz’ to
terrorize and break
the spirit of the
British people


They did not
surrender
Hitler was forced to
call off his plans of
invading Britain
Invasion of the Soviet Union

June 1941 – Hitler
broke his nonaggression pact with
Stalin: invaded the
Soviet Union


Soviet soldiers not
prepared for the
invasion
Germany invaded
deep into Soviet
territory
Invasion of the Soviet Union

German soldiers,
however, were not
prepared for the
freezing Russian
winter


German progress
slowed, and then
stopped, and they
briefly withdrew until
Winter was over
Gave the Soviet army
time to re-build
Japan Attacks




Meanwhile as the
Germans and Soviets were
fighting in the cold winter
of 1941…
Japanese aggression in the
Pacific forced the U.S. to
stop the sale of oil to Japan
This was a serious threat
For months Japanese
General Hideki Tojo had
been secretly planning an
attack on the U.S. naval
base at Pearl Harbor
Japan Attacks


The Japanese fleet
sailed for nearly two
weeks undetected
towards Hawaii
Surprise attack began
morning of December
7th, 1941

Base was lightly
defended, many
planes never had the
chance to take off
Japan Attacks

Attack was less than 2
hours, but 2,400
killed.


Nearly 200 aircraft
were destroyed, and
all 8 battleships
damaged or sunk
Luckily, the 3 aircraft
carriers were not in
the harbor
Pearl Harbor

“When the attack began, …the explosion of bombs,
the whine of bullets, the roar of planes, the
belching guns of aroused defenders, the acrid smell
of fire and smoke—all belched into a nerve-racking
cacophony of chaos…Bombardiers still dropped
their torpedoes, while dive bombers pounced like
hawks”
-Eyewitness account

“I fear we have awaken a sleeping giant.”
-Hideki Tojo
The American Response



The United States had wanted to stay out of
the war
The attack at Pearl Harbor eliminated this
feeling of isolationism
December 8th, 1941, congress declared war
on Japan

2 days later Germany and Italy declared war
on the United States
Allies
Axis
1939


France
Britain
1941




Britain
Soviet Union
USA
French resistance






1939
Germany
Italy
Japan
1941
Germany
Italy
Japan
American Home Front
American Home Front
American Home Front
American Home Front
Quiz #3
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which two countries emerged from WWI as
world powers?
What allowed for totalitarian dictators to rise to
power in Europe and Japan leading up to WWII?
What was the anti-Comintern pact?
Who were the leaders of the following countries
leading up to (or during) WWII:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Germany
Soviet Union
Italy
Great Britain
Quiz #3
5.
6.
7.
8.
Leading up to WWII, Italy invaded Ethiopia and
Germany took over Austria and Czechoslovakia.
Why didn’t the rest of the world do anything to
stop this?
What event officially began WWII?
What was most significant about the Battle of
Britain?
What event forced the United States to join
WWII?
Turning the Tide of War

After achieving
victory at Stalingrad,
the Soviets slowly
pushed back the
Germans from 19431945

January 1945, 40
miles from Berlin
Turning the Tide of War

In Western Europe the
Allies were planning DDay




A massive land, air, and
sea invasion
Largest invasion in
history
General Dwight
Eisenhower was supreme
commander
Goal was to re-capture
France from Axis control
War Ends in Europe

D-Day was a success
and France was
liberated within months


Germany was in retreat
Battle of the Bulge


In December 1944 Hitler
launched a massive and
desperate counterattack
Created a ‘bulge’ in the
defense lines
War Ends in Europe

By April, 1945, American
and Soviet troops were in
Germany




Soviets surrounded Berlin
first, May 2nd
Also found the body of Hitler,
who committed suicide
Germany surrendered on
May 7th, 1945
V-E Day (victory in Europe)
War Ends in the Pacific

The allies continued
their strategy of
‘island hopping’


Moving closer to
mainland Japan
Began bombing
Japanese cities,
including Tokyo
The War in the Pacific

Iwo Jima and Okinawa





Islands close to Japan
Rough terrain, filled
with holes and tunnels
Japanese refused to
surrender
7k Americans and 20k
Japanese died in the
fighting for Iwo Jima
12k Americans and
110k Japanese died in
the fighting for
Okinawa
Ending the War

On August 6th, 1945 the
U.S. dropped an atomic
bomb on Hiroshima




70,000 died immediately
2/3 of the city destroyed
August 9th a 2nd atomic
bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki
Japan surrendered on
August 15th, ending
World War II
The Holocaust

Hitler blamed the
Jews for many of
Germany’s problems




Suffering of WWI
Treaty of Versailles
Economic Crisis
A long history of antiSemitism in Europe
made Jews an easy
scapegoat
The Holocaust

Nazis passed the
‘Nuremberg Laws’ in
1935



Allowed legal
discrimination of Jews
All Jews had to wear
Star of David to be
identified
Many Jews were
deported or moved
away, but many more
were not able to leave
The Holocaust

By 1941, Hitler controlled most of Europe


Many European Jews came under Nazi control
To deal with Jewish people, Nazi’s adopted a policy
called the Final Solution
The Holocaust

Jewish people were
killed by several
methods throughout
Europe




Concentration camps
and labor camps
Ghettos
Death squads and
mobile killing units
Extermination camps

Gas chambers and
crematoriums
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
Quiz #4
1.
2.
3.
4.
How did Hitler try to avoid a war on 2-sides?
Why was having control of the Atlantic Ocean
important for the countries involved in WWII?
What happened in May of 1943 in North Africa;
where did the allies attack after North Africa
What battle was a turning point in the fighting
in the Soviet Union?
Quiz #4
5.
6.
7.
8.
What was the goal of the allied D-Day invasion?
Was it successful?
What was the allies strategy in the war in the
Pacific region of the war?
What did the U.S. do to end the war in the
Pacific?
How many Jewish people lived in Europe
leading up to the Holocaust? What is the ‘final
solution’?