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The Cold War
 Objective: Provided Notes and an Activity SWBAT Analyze
ideological differences and other factors that contributed to the Cold
War and to the United States involvement in conflicts intended to
contain communism, in addition SWBAT evaluate the effectiveness
of the Marshall Plan and regional alliances in the rebuilding of
European nations in the post WWII period
 Agenda:
 Do Now
 Notes
 Activity
AN
OVERVIEW
OF THE
COLD WAR
Cold War  The tension and rivalry between the USA and
the USSR was described as the Cold War
(1945-1990).
 There was never a real war between the two
sides between 1945 and 1990, but they were
often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides
got involved in other conflicts in the world to
either stop the spread of communism (USA) or
help it spread (USSR).
Beginnings:
 US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World
War II
 Tensions submerged until close of war
 Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945)
 Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt
 Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting
up of International Military Tribunal
 Free elections for Eastern Europe
 Truman drops A-Bomb hint to Stalin…
 Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern
European countries
 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends.
“Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin working together to save
the world”
The Big Three Disagreed…
But in fact the Allies had disagreed openly
about:
 The details of how to divide Germany.
 The size of reparations Germany had to
pay.
 Soviet influence over the countries of
eastern Europe.
Western Reactions to Soviet Threat
The Truman Doctrine (1947)
World divided into free and enslaved states
 US to support all movements for democracy
 “containment” of Communism “domino theory”
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the
Warsaw Pact established
The Marshall Plan (1947)
Named for George C. Marshall (1880-1989), US
Secretary of State
Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western
Europe
The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve
international disputes
Division of Germany
 Germany was
divided into four
zones
 West Germany
free
 East Germany
communist
controlled
Soviet blockade:
East Berlin
West
Germany
East
Germany
West Berlin
· In June of 1948, the
French, British and
American zones were
joined into the nation
of West Germany after
the Soviets refused to
end their occupation of
Germany.
· In response, the
Soviets cut off West
Berlin from the rest of
the world with a
blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall
The Berlin Airlift:
· President Truman
decided to avoid the
blockade by flying in
food and other supplies
to the needy people of
West Berlin.
· At times, over 5,000
tons of supplies arrived
daily.
The Berlin Airlift, 1948
Stalin blockaded the city and the U.S. came to the rescue with “Operation Vittles”
Germany remains divided:
· In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended
the blockade.
· The Soviet zone of Germany, including
East Berlin, became known as the nation
of East Germany.
The Berlin Wall 1961
•Between 1949-1961 3.5 million East Germans fled
•1961: Barrier built, barbed wire, watchtowers, guards, “shoot to kill”
The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict
Soviet
Expansion:
· The Soviet
Union
occupied
most of
Eastern
Europe by
the end of
World War
II.
• In 1946,
Winston
Churchill
correctly
warned that
the Soviets
were creating
an “iron
curtain” in
Eastern
Europe.
Winston Churchill giving the “Iron
Curtain” address at Westminster College
on March 5, 1946
· By 1948, every Eastern European country was under
communist control.
American Response:
· Truman Doctrine – statement of President Truman that
promised military and economic support to nations
threatened by communism
Aid for Europe:
· Secretary of State George Marshall toured Western
Europe and witnessed widespread homelessness and
famine.
•Marshall, fearing that communist revolts could occur in
such an atmosphere, proposed that the U.S. help to rebuild
the European economy in what became known as the
Marshall Plan.
Cold War Alliances
 NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 Free nations pledged support to each other if attacked by
communism
 SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
 Stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, following
Korean War
 Warsaw Pact
 Included Soviet Union and it’s seven satellite nations
Cold War Heats Up
 1940’s-50’s Hungarian and Czechoslovakian
anti-communist revolts forcefully repressed
by USSR
 Beginning of Atomic Age
 1949 Soviet Detonation of Nuclear Bomb
 U.S. begins work on hydrogen bomb
 Next 50 years arms race between two
The Space Race
 Competition for space
 1957 Soviet’s launch




Sputnik
U.S. starts NASA
Use of Spy satellite
equipment
1958- U.S. sent Explorer
1969- Man lands on
Moon
The Korean War
The Chinese Communist
Revolution
The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
The Vietnam War
Cuba
 Fidel Castro (1926-2016), 1959 revolution
 Cancels promised elections and kills or
exiles political enemies
 US imposes trade embargo- US will not
trade with a communist nation
 Soviets step in with massive aid, gain
foothold off US shores (very close to the
coast of Florida)
2
8
The Bay of Pigs
 Castro declares undying allegiance to Soviet
foreign policy, 1960
 Kennedy and CIA send 1,500 Cubans into
Bay of Pigs to spur revolution
 American Air support does not appear, force
destroyed in 3 days
 US embarrassment
2
9
Cuban Missile Crisis
 October 1962 Soviets begin assembling missiles in
Cuba
 Kennedy publicly challenges USSR
 Quarantines CUBA
 Soviets concede, but US guarantees noninterference with Castro regime
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The Cold War: 1945-1960
The Cold War: 1960-1991
The Cold War in Africa and Asia
· The United States and Soviet Union supported their
allies worldwide, turning small conflicts into international
wars.
Examples:
- In Africa, the U.S. supported Somalia while the Soviets
supported Ethiopia.
- In Asia, Pakistan became an ally of the U.S., while
India accepted assistance from both the U.S. and the
Soviets. Also, the U.S. supported democratic forces in
Indochina while the Soviets supported the communists.
- Today, Indochina consists of the nations of Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam.)
End of the Cold War
 President Ronald Reagan (in office 1981-
1989) deeply opposes USSR

The “evil empire”
 Promotes massive military spending,
beyond Soviet economy to keep up

Strategic Defense Initiative (“star wars”)
 Forces Soviet Mikhail S. Gorbachev
(1931- ) to implement reforms, ultimately
brings down the USSR
34
Revolutions in Eastern and Central
Europe
 Polish trade union Solidarity movement
opposes Polish Communist Party rule,
forces multiparty elections, 1989
 Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Romania follow
 East Germany decides to open the Berlin
Wall

East and West Germany reunite (1990)
35
Collapse of the Soviet Union
 Reforms under Gorbachev
 Economic
 Social
 Perestroika: “restructuring”
 Glasnost: “openness”
 Several non-Russian republics secede, August
1991
 Attempted hardliner takeover in Moscow fails,
Soviet Union collapses by end of the year
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