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Transcript
Origins of the Cold War Former Allies Clash in Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union had very different ambitions for the future after World War II o Soviet Communism State controlled property Totalitarian Government No opposing political parties o American Capitalism Citizens control economy and private property Voting by the people electing a president and congress Competing political parties The United States was furious that Stalin had been an ally with Hitler for a time Stalin had resented the United States for not invading Europe to draw part of the German army away from Russia Cold War- A conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in which neither nation directly confronted the other on the battlefield but fought by policy and influence The United Nations In spite of these problems, hopes for world peace were high at the end of the war The most visible sign was the United Nations United Nations- 50 nations that allied together to establish a peacekeeping body After two months of debate, on June 26, 1945, the delegates signed the charter Ironically, the UN became an arena in which the Soviet Union and the U.S. would try to promote their influence The Potsdam Conference The Big Three met in Potsdam for a final wartime conference (Much like the Yalta Conference) United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union At Yalta, Stalin had promised Roosevelt that he would allow free elections in Eastern Europe (Poland) Free Elections-A vote by secret ballot in a multiparty system Stalin went back on his word and prevented free elections in Poland and banned democratic parties They also agreed that each country would take reparations from their occupation zones in Germany even though the United States wanted to trade with Eastern Europe Soviets Control Eastern Europe The Soviets had suffered heavy devastation on their own soil Soviet deaths during the war totaled 20 million, most of which were civilians The Soviets felt justified in taking over Eastern Europe and by dominating this region, they felt they could stop future invasions from the west Satellite Nations-Countries dominated by the Soviet Union where they established communist governments (Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland) Policy of Containment Faced with a Soviet threat, American officials decided it was time to stop “babying the Soviets” George F. Kennan- American diplomat in Moscow, Russia that proposed the policy of Containment Containment- Taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries Europe was now divided into two political regions, a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe Winston Churchill traveled to the United States to give a speech that described the situation in Europe Iron Curtain- The symbolic division of Europe by an “iron curtain” that separated communism and democracy The Truman Doctrine (1947) The United States first tried to stop Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey by sending them aid and supplies from Great Britain Britain was badly hurt by the war and their economy was down, so the United States had to start sending aid Truman Doctrine-A policy by the United States to support free peoples who are resisting communism by giving them aid and supplies The Marshall Plan (1947) Not only countries threatened by communism needed aid, European countries ravaged by war also were in ruins Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that the United States provide aid to all nations who needed it Marshall Plan- United States aid to countries in Europe not directed to stop communism, but to fight hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos Superpowers Struggle over Germany The United States believed that Germany should be unified, combining Great Britain and France’s occupation zones into one The western part of Berlin was surrounded by Soviet controlled Germany Seeing opportunity to control Berlin, Stalin cut off United States access to Western Berlin in a blockade Berlin Airlift (1949)- American and British flew in food and supplies into West Berlin to alleviate trapped Germans East Germany and West Germany became two new nations in 1949 The NATO Alliance The Berlin blockade increased Western European fear of Soviet aggression North Atlantic Treaty Organization- Ten Western European nations that formed a defensive military alliance and pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked by the soviets NATO kept a standing military force of more than 500,000 troops as well as thousands of planes, tanks, and other equipment