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Compare and Contrast the Following: Biology: the science that deals with the life processes and characteristics of plants and animal Botany: the branch of biology that deals with plants Zoology: the branch of biology that deals with animals (growth, structure or anatomy, nutrition, reproduction, and classification of animal species) Classification of Animals: 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species _Kingdom_: 1st and broadest classification -usually have many cells, move about, and get food by ingestion (eating) Divisions: 1. Anamalia 2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Protista _Phyllum_: 2nd division 3 most __important__ to wildlife: 1. _Chordata_: have internal skeletons and back bones (deer, fish, snakes, and birds) 2. _Anthropoda_: external skeletons and bodies divided into segments. Legs are jointed (ticks, insects, crawfish, shrimp, and lobster) 3. _Molluska__: hard outer shells; bodies not divided into segments (snails, octopuses, squid, abalone, oysters, clams, and mussels) Class: 3rd division: mammalia, reptiles, aves Order: based on feeding characteristics: carnivores, omnivores, herbivores Family: anatomically similar animals Genus: do not naturally _breed_with others Species: similar species within a Genus; breed with each other Scientific Names: -used world wide -combination of the animal’s _genus__and _species_ -written in _italics_ (or underlined – each word separately) -first letter of genus capital EXAMPLE: Odocolius virginianus – whitetail deer Canus lupus – gray wolf Mitosis and Meiosis: Meiosis Is the form of cell division which results reducing the chromosome number from the diploid # to the haploid #. Occurs only in the sex cells, sperm and ovum. Mitosis Is the form of cell division which results in the formation of identical daughter cells, keeps the chromosome number constant. Tissue growth and repair. Occurs throughout the body except in the sex cells. Mitosis: Interphase: Prophase: 1st stage in cell reproduction -the membrane around the nucleus disappears, and the chromosomes appear Chromatid: each half of the replicated chromosome Centromere: point where the chromatids are attached together Metaphase: chromosomes pulled to the center by the centrioles -Spindles: fibers attached at the centromeres that connect the pairs of chromosomes together -Centrioles: where the spindle fibers attached to cell structures; these pull chromosomes to the center of the cell Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart by the spindles as the cell elongates -full set of chromosomes become evident Telophase: last phase of mitosis -Cell becomes constricted with a new cell membrane forming -the two share the cytoplasm equally Draw the phases of Mitosis: Gametes: reproductive cells Fertilization: process by which the male and female gametes join together in a single cell Zygote: first cell that is formed in the creation of a new individual Draw the phases of Meiosis: Anatomy and Physiology: _Anatomy_: study of the form, shape, and appearance of the animal _Physiology_: study of the functions of parts of the anatomy Skeletal system: -bony framework that gives the body shape and protects the animal _vertebrates_: animals with a backbone and classified as chordata phylum _invertebrates_: without backbones and have outer skeletons (exoskeleton) Digestive system: -prepares food for use by the body -parts: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and the anus 1. _Ruminants_: stomach divided into 4 compartments -eat food high in fiber and low nutritional value -microorganisms in the stomach convert into nutritious forms EXP: deer, cows, sheep, goats 2. _Non-ruminants_: (monogastrics) have one simple stomach EXP: human 3. _Rodents_: small gnawing and nibbling monogastrics EXP: mice, rats, capybara 4. _Aves_: birds Respiratory system: -all animals require _oxygen_ -release _carbon dioxide_ -fish use _gills_ to do this Muscular system: -creates bodily _movement_ and _support_ -attached to the skeleton by __tendons -contractions of the _tissue_ in muscles cause body movements _Circulatory_ system: -network of vessels that move blood throughout the body of an organism -major organ –_Heart_ -pumping action causes the blood to flow Excretory system: -rids the body of _waste_ -major wastes: water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, undigested solid foods -released as _perspiration_ through the skin by some animals -water, nitrogen, and other substances are removed from the blood by the _kidneys_ and excreted as _urine_ Nervous system: -conducts impulses from the _brain_ to the _muscles_ and from the muscles back to the brain -_Spinal cord_ is the major part of this system; if damaged, may cause _paralysis_ of parts of their bodies Integumentary system: -the _skin_ -protects the internal organs and gives shape to the body -provides a place for hair, scales, or fur to grow -keeps body fluids from being lost -helps regulate _temperature_ Reproductive system: _Sexual_ Reproduction: union of sperm and egg gestation: period of development parturition: act of giving birth -fertilization may occur internally or externally _internally_: most mammals _externally_: fish, reptiles, and amphibians lay eggs that are then fertilized by the male’s release of sperm _Asexual_ Reproduction: production new organisms without the sexual union of male and female cells -common in _plants_ only -cloning cells is the only method in animals Wildlife Biome Biome: a large area with a distinct combination of plants and animals -influenced by climate precipitation, soil, etc… -can be aquatic or terrestrial 5 kinds of terrestrial biomes found in the US: 1. Tropical: near both sides of the equator Two seasons – wet and dry Forest: 90inches of rain or more per year -birds, frogs, insects – mostly animals that live in tree tops Grassland: low rainfall -good for grazing animals 2. Temperate: -most of the _Southern US_ -moderate or heavy _precipitation_ -valuable _tree_ growth examples: pine, oak, cedar, mesquite -major food sources are: acorns, cones, berries, fruit common wildlife: squirrel, deer, quail, rabbit 3. Tundra & Taiga Tundra: arctic area or high elevation - low temperatures and permafrost - short growing season - lichens, mosses, and few shrubs and grasses (_permafrost_: permanently frozen ground) Taiga: cold climates where large confers grow 4. Grassland and Savannas -food source: grass -low precipitation -western US and Canada -good for grazing: cattle, goats, sheep, bison -predatory animals found here: coyotes, wolves, cougars Savanna: similar to grassland, but soil fertility is too low to support major growth of grass -none in North America -Examples: Africa, India, Brazil, Australia 5. Desert: little or no rain Examples: California, Nevada, Arizona Aquatic biomes: 1. Lakes and ponds: Natural or artificial reservoirs -most are freshwater and temperature varies Food sources: algae, insects, and other small creatures Used to improve habitat: treetops, limbs, debris 2. Streams: -flowing water moves from _high_ to _low elevation_ Small Streams: creeks Large Streams: rivers 3. Oceans and Seas Typically _salt water_ At places, freshwater and saltwater mix to form a habitat: estuaries 4. Wetlands and Estuaries: Swamp: a land area where water stands on the surface during wet times of the year Marsh: low-lying land area covered with water during the wet times of the year Habitat Evaluation Habitat: an animal’s home Consists of what four things: 1. food 2. cover 3. water 4. space Basic Habitat Needs: Food: Key component of food is _Energy__. Source of energy for all living things is the __sun__. Biotic pyramid – AKA – graphical _food chain_. Inorganic: non-living matter Examples: minerals, air, water Organic: animal by products or decaying matter Example:humus Producers: plants Consumers: animals, humans Decomposers: bacteria, larva, worms The internal process by which an organism gets energy from food is: __metabolism__ Physical = search for food and ingesting it Chemical = digestion ** The __greater__ the variety of foods in an animal’s diet, the better chance they have for survival** Forbs: low growing broad leaf plants Water: _siltation__ (entry of silt into the water), _sewage_, and other pollutants damage aquatic life _terrestrial_ species are also affected by pollutants because their food can’t grow and they need clean water to drink. Not all species need a body of water to survive!! Examples: quail, dove, javelina Vertical strata in an aquatic habitat are influenced by other physical conditions such as: 1. depth 2. light 3. carbon dioxide 4. temperature 5. pressure 6. salinity 7. oxygen Cover: Vegetation or other material that provides safety in a habitat is considered __cover__. Used for: 1. nesting 2. resting 3. escape 4. protection 5. mating _vertical stratification_: the physical nature of a community organized into layers. -based on: habitat Habitat (cover and vegetation) stages or layers: 1. bare ground 2. grass (annual forbs) 3. tall grass (annual forbs) 4. shrubs 5. young trees 6. mature trees Edge: the area where two habitats meet -greater contrast has more species of animal wildlife than those with less contrast Interspersion: mixing a lot of different stages with in an area -supports a greater variety of wildlife _AerialPhotos_: identify and count the number of times a habitat changes. The _greater_ the number, the _bettter_ the habitat for species. ** _soil__ and _climate_ may restrict habitat to fewer stages** ** One stage may require __weeks_, __months__, and _years_ to grow. Space: Space provides: 1. air 2. food 3. cover _Home_Range_: the space an animal normally uses for living _Territory__: an area smaller than the home range. -helps overcrowding Dominance: one or more species control habitat conditions that influence other species _predator_: species that hunts and uses other animals for food _prey_: the animal used for food. The term used to describe the number of organisms in an area: _population_ A measure of how crowded or sparse organisms are in an area: _population density_ The number of births or deaths per 1,000 population:_birth rate_ and _death rate_ How do animal populations change? 1. Birth rate 2. death rate 3.immigration – move in area 4. emigration – move out of an area Featured Species: one species that will be promoted through improved habitat Species Richness: the number of different species found in an area Biological Surplus: extra number of animals _renewable_resources_: living, natural resources that can be replenished. ____indicator species___: those animals unique to a particular community Community: plants and animals living together in dependence or relationships that constantly change __climax________ community: last stage in succession; can’t change any farther Habitat Evaluation and Management _Land_Steward: a caretaker of the soil _Wildlife_Steward: a caretaker of animals in the wild Wildlife Stewards ask themselves the following questions about animals: 1. Do they have a good habitat? 2. Do they have future? 3. Are there too many animals for the habitat to support? Ways man can disrupt natural food processes: 1. Construction 2. Farming 3. Overgrazing 4. Pollution 5. Over-harvesting 6. Under-harvesting 7. Habit destruction - car Natural disruption of habitat can be from: 1. Fire 8. Mud slide 2. Flood 9. Freeze 3. Drought 10. Volcano 4. Tornado 11. Earth quake 5. Snow 6. Hurricane 7. Avalanche What factors limit production of wildlife species? 1. Hunting 2. Disease 3. Starvation 4. Over harvesting 5. Predators 6. Accidents 7. Old Age 8. Over population Management Practices: 1.Animal Damage: Control of pests that are causing extensive damage to target species. Common pests: Blackbirds and starlings – damage quail and waterfowl food plots Hawks and owls – quail, turkey, pheasant Eagles – fawns Coyotes, bobcats, and dogs – all species Fox – waterfowl, turkeys, and quail Mountain lion – deer Feral Hog – destruction of habitat Skunks and raccoons – eat eggs and animal foods 2.Brush Management: Maintenance and creation of diverse habitat types. Methods: Tree doze, grub, chain, root plow, rake, disc, roller chop, herbicides, goats Advantages/Uses: Restore natural plant community balance Create a desired plant community Reduce competition for space, moisture, sunlight, and nutrients between desirable and undesirable plants Manage noxious woody plants Restore desired vegetation cover to protect soils, control erosion, reduce sediment, improve water quality, and enhance stream flow. Maintain or enhance wildlife habitat Improve forage accessibility, quality, and quantity for livestock and wildlife Protect life and property from wildlife hazards Improve visibility and access for handling livestock Manipulate woody species Create a diversity of habitat types Ability to create a desired landscape for management, aesthetics, hunting Ability to improve the types, quality, and productivity of food producing plants Negative: Goats degrade deer, turkey, quail, and javelina Goating, burning, and herbicides are nonselective Mechanical produces major ground disturbances which retards succession and causes temporary erosion Can change plants from one undesirable species to another undesirable Benefits some species at the expense of others 3.Cropland Management: manages cropland to provide food and/or shelter Basic ways cropland can be managed to favor wildlife: -Choices of crops grown -Harvesting of crops -Plowing of crop stubble -Intensity of weed control, -Growth of weeds and brush along field edges 4.Food Plots: provide quality supplemental food supplies to ensure an adequate diet and to decrease nutritional deficiencies during stress periods for wildlife Advantages/Uses: -Improve inferior habitat for deer and all birds -Carry birds through weather emergencies -Supply essential nutrients at specific times -Concentrate birds for hunting Negative: expense 5. Grazing Management: the manipulation of grazing and browsing animals to accomplish a desired result on rangeland, pastureland, grazed forest land, native pasture, hayland, and grazed cropland Grazing management decisions that affect wildlife are: -stocking rate, kinds of livestock, pasture rest, and livestock exclusion 6. Prescribed Burning: fire applied to a specific area, for a specific purpose, under exacting weather conditions to achieve specific management objectives. Advantages/Uses: Maintain and improve wildlife habitat Improve plant diversity Control some undesirable woody plants Removal of grass “rough” Improve browse production Remove dense growth Suppress woody plant invasion Effective and economical means of managing wildlife habitat Create openings or edge Improve palatability and nutrient content of browse and forbs Keep juniper stands open Keep prickly pear from invading Improve insects Maintain suitable nesting habitat Negatives: Injury to mast producing trees (oaks) Conversion of browse to grass Possible elimination of highly preferred species Destruction of nesting habitat for some species Temporary reduction of cover 7. Provide and Manage Water: provide water for both drinking and habitat as needed by target species. -Waterfowl need constant management -Refer to species notes for species specific requirements 8. Range Planting: provides diversity of plants and replaces plants that have been removed. Factors to consider: -Select adapted plant species -Select plant species with high value to wildlife -Implementation costs -Proper planting technique -Proper management of area 9. Disking: disturbing the soil surface with disk, plow, or harrow to expose mineral soil. Produces heavy-seeded foods in the winter Favors greenery plants that attract bugs Keeps food plants from becoming crowded out by less desirable vegetation Helps prevent erosion 10. Overseed Legumes: interseed existing vegetation with a legume by means of seed distribution with a cyclone type seeder or drill. Overseed monoculture grass areas. Legume pastures have excellent conditions for bugs (birds)