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Circulation and Immunity QUESTIONS? - color of blood - what does the septum do? - blood pressure - path of blood flow - why mmHg? - ECG - why oxygen poor blood? - how big is the heart? - Bundle of His, Purkinjie fibres - bubbles in the blood? - blood type? - heart attack - pacemaker - heart transplant - heart murmurs - blood transfusion - blood thinning 3 main roles of the circulatory system: 1. Transports gases, nutrients, and waste materials throughout the body 2. Regulates internal temperature and distribution of hormones 3. Protects the body against disease Major Components Blood vessels The heart Blood Part 1: The Heart What do you notice? Organization o Composed of 4 chambers: two atria (top chambers) and two ventricles (bottom chambers) o Right atrium and ventricle handle deoxygenated blood o Left atrium and ventricle handle oxygenated blood 1.Once depleted of oxygen, blood returns to the right atrium of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava Path of blood flow through the body: 2.Blood moves through the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is then pumped out of the heart via pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Here, CO2 will be exchanged for O2. 3.Oxygenated blood travels back to the heart where it enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins. 4.Blood flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out of the heart via the aorta, where it then travels to other areas of the body. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Rj_qD0SEGGk Other important characteristics o Valves ensure that blood flows only in one direction o What if you had a “leaky” valve? Other important characteristics o Left and right atria/ventricles are separated by a wall of tissue known as the septum o Why is the muscle surrounding the left ventricle so much thicker than the muscle surrounding the right ventricle? Other important characteristics In general, arteries contain oxygenated blood, while veins contain deoxygenated blood. However, there are two exceptions… o The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood (from the right ventricle to the lungs) o The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood (from the lungs to the left atrium) The Beating Heart Although heart rate is mediated by the nervous system, the stimulus that triggers the heart beat is located within the heart itself… The Beating Heart Which component is most likely dysfunctional if someone is in need of a pacemaker? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMXBR_YFocs An electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used to record the electrical activity of the heart: o P = contraction of atria o QRS = contraction of ventricles o T = recovery of ventricles * Note: Because ventricular recovery occurs at the same time as atrial recovery, recovery of the atria cannot be detected If this represents a normal ECG… Then what is happening within the heart to cause this? What would the ECG of a person who is exercising look like? Part 2: Blood Vessels Arteries o Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart o Highly elastic walls to keep blood flowing in right direction (allows arteries to contract) o Composed of three layers o Part of the systemic pathway, which is responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood to body tissues Veins o Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart o Thin, rigid walls (do not contract on their own) o One-way valves (important to counteract the force of gravity) o Composed of three layers o Part of the pulmonary pathway, which is responsible for transporting oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Varicose veins occur when the leaflets of valves fail to close properly, causing blood to flow backwards and pool in the veins Common in veins of the legs… WHY? Capillaries o Connect arteries and veins to tissues o Composed of a single layer of cells o Much smaller and more widespread than arteries and veins What supplies the muscle tissue of the heart with oxygen? The coronary pathway Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the heart through capillaries embedded directly in the heart wall. These capillaries are supplied by two small arteries that branch off of the aorta. Deoxygenated blood is carried away in coronary veins. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted against vessel walls as blood is transported throughout the body o Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction = systolic pressure o Minimum pressure before ventricular contraction = diastolic pressure o Normal blood pressure is 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time o Used to indicate extent of oxygen delivery to tissues o Affected by heart rate (beats per minute) and stroke volume (amount of blood forced out of the heart with each beat) What are some variables that might affect heart rate??? Caffeine? Exercise? Lifestyle? Anxiety? Temperature? Illness? Dehydration? Music? Fear? Cardiovascular Disorders Arteriosclerosis o Hardening of the arteries due to a buildup of plaque o Caused by lack of exercise, smoking, and/or a diet high in fat o Leads to decreased blood flow and increased blood pressure o Symptoms include chest pain, blood clots, shortness of breath, and heart failure Treatments: Aspirin o Prevents platelets from sticking together, reducing the formation of blood clots Angioplasty o Surgical procedure wherein a tube is inserted into a clogged artery and inflated, forcing the artery to open Treatments: Coronary Bypass o Segment of a healthy artery/vein is used to create a new pathway from the aorta to an unblocked portion of the blood vessel, thereby “bypassing” the blocked segment o What does a “double” or “triple” bypass refer to? Cardiovascular Disorders Congenital Heart Defects o Structural defects present from birth. May be genetic, or due to drug/alcohol use during pregnancy. o Examples: • Valve defects (leaky valve leads to heart murmur) • Septal defects (hole in septum leads to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) MRI scan can be used to visualize the defect so surgeons can determine a plan of action Heart disease is the leading cause of death in women. Why? Heart attack symptoms in women: o Neck, shoulder, upper back or abdominal discomfort- often triggered by stress or anxiety. More likely to occur during rest. o Shortness of breath o Nausea or vomiting o Sweating o Light-headedness or dizziness o Unusual fatigue Heart attack symptoms in men: o Intense chest pain or pressure that may extend to arms- often triggered by physical activity. Tends to go away with rest. o Shortness of breath o Cold sweat o Pain in left arm Part 3: Blood Consists of two elements 1. Fluid portion o plasma 2. Solid portion o red blood cells o white blood cells o platelets Plasma: Plasma consists of water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products. Plays a role in the transport of carbon dioxide. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Specialized for oxygen transport o lack of a nucleus allows cells to carry hemoglobin molecules o hemoglobin is required to bind oxygen Sickle cell anemia Genetic condition wherein red blood cells do not develop properly. As a result, they can not bind hemoglobin, and are unable to efficiently carry oxygen. Symptoms? White Blood Cells (leucocytes): Part of the immune response o Contain a nucleus o Double when your body is fighting an infection o Three categories: 1) Granulocytes 2) Monocytes 3) Lymphocytes Leukemia Cancer of the bone marrow (where white blood cells are produced). Characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of immature white blood cells, leukemia weakens the immune system. It also prevents blood from clotting normally, leading to frequent nosebleeds and bruising. Platelets: Play an important role in blood clotting o No nucleus o Break down quickly in the blood Stages of blood clotting 1. Injured blood vessel releases chemical messengers which attract platelets to the site 2. Collecting platelets rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called thromboplastin 3. With the help of calcium ions, thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin (a protein secreted by the liver), producing thrombin 4. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a protein found within the plasma) to produce fibrin 5. Fibrin strands act as a sort of mesh, preventing blood cells from escaping and forming a clot Hemophilia A hereditary disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood. This increases the risk of bleeding to death upon injury. How might hemophilia be treated? Functions of the Blood 1. Transport (nutrients, wastes, hormones) 2. Homeostatic Regulation (temperature) o Blood coming to the skin from the body’s interior is usually warmer than the skin itself. Through the process of diffusion, heat is lost from the body as more blood passes by the skin. The greater the heat gradient, the faster heat is lost through the body surface. The nervous system can therefore control the loss of heat by adjusting the amount of blood that flows by the skin’s surface… Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are also influenced by… Blood Pressure o High blood pressure can be reduced through vasodilation o Low blood pressure can be increased through vasoconstriction Exercise o Vasodilation increases blood flow to tissues Alcohol and nicotine o Promotes vasodilation Review: In groups of two, create a Jeopardy-style questionnaire to review the circulatory system up to this point (www.jeopardylabs.com) This should include all three sections we have covered (the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood) Once complete, hand in the link to your review game. You will be marked according to: 1. Appropriateness of categories (5) 2. Questions cover a range of knowledge (5) 3. Questions are sufficiently complex (5) 4. Answers provided are correct (5) More review: jeopardylabs.com/play/the-circulatory-system116 The blood (specifically, white blood cells) also plays an important role in immunity. However, the blood does not work alone in this regard… The lymphatic system acts in conjunction with the circulatory system to protect the body against infection Immunity The lymphatic system o A network of vessels and nodes closely associated with the capillaries of the cardiovascular system o Vessels collect a fluid called lymph, which is similar to the composition of blood plasma (“interstitial fluid”) o Lymph helps to maintain the balance of fluids in the body, bathing cells in interstitial fluid as it mixes with general blood circulation. Immunity The Lymphatic System o Lymph nodes are where white blood cells mature; they also contain macrophages (a type of white blood cell that traps and destroys bacteria). o Infections often lead to an increase in the number of macrophages. As a result, lymph glands may swell when you are sick. Immunity First line of defence: Stomach acid skin cilia Eyelashes & tears Physical and chemical barriers of the body Immunity Second line of defence: Non-specific defences (“cell-mediated immunity”) White blood cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes destroy harmful bacterial through a process known as phagocytosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygkvXT1BmaA Immunity Third line of defence: Specific defences (“antibody-mediated immunity”) Antibodies are proteins that recognize the antigens displayed by foreign particles and trigger a series of events to quickly neutralize or destroy them... o Antibodies specific to different pathogens are generated after white blood cells destroy said pathogens through phagocytosis o Over time, exposure to various foreign substances leads to the development of an immune system unique to each individual. Antibody-Mediated Immunity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQmaPwP0KRI