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Biology is the study of life. Individual living things = organisms Scientists use these life properties to distinguish between life and non-life: -Organisms have cells -Organisms get and use energy -Organisms maintain a stable internal environment= homeostasis -Organisms reproduce -Organisms respond/adjust to the environment -Organisms pass on traits to offspring = heredity -Organisms grow and develop The science of biology has seven recurring themes: Cellular structure and function Reproduction Metabolism Homeostasis Heredity Evolution Interdependence The smallest units of life Some organisms only have 1=unicellular Examples include bacteria, paramecium Some organisms have more than 1= multicellular Examples include rosebush, human being The process by which organisms make more of their own kind Insures continuation of the species All living things must be able to obtain energy and use it for cell processes Energy is needed to grow, move, and process information The sun is the ultimate source of energy Green things, such as some bacteria, algae, and green plants change light energy into food molecules during photosynthesis. The maintenance of a stable, internal environment Homeostasis is maintained despite the external environment. Examples of mechanisms include Body temperature, respiration rates, and heart rate Living things pass traits on to young through genes Genes are the basic unit of heredity Genes are coded in DNA Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring A change in the DNA of an organism is called a mutation—if change occurs in the sex cells, a new trait can be passed on Sickle Cell Anemia is an example Change in the inherited characteristics of a species over time is called evolution A species is a grouping of organisms that can reproduce offspring that can also reproduce Charles Darwin, a British naturalist described a mechanism for evolution called natural selection A group of living things that share the same space is called a community The organisms in a community live and interact with each other Ecology is the branch of Biology that studies these interactions Living things also interact with the nonliving environment Modern biology is concerned with solving some real world problems Preserving the environment Improving the food supply Understanding the human genome Fast food french fries are a great example! Potatoes that are not suitable can be used to feed cattle Leftover potato bits provide methane gas French fry soaking water, rich in nutrients, can be used to water and fertilize agricultural crops A new process, genetically engineered food crops, gives foods new improvements Food crops can be made to be poisonous to insect pests Food crops can be made resistant to herbicides Food crops can be changed to have improved nutrient content In April, 2003 (ahead of schedule) scientists cracked the human DNA code and completely sequenced the human genome A genome is all the genetic information an organism has coded in its DNA AIDS and Cancer are big areas of research AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks the immune system Cancer is caused by a breakdown in the mechanism that controls cell division New diseases, such as West Nile Virus and Mad Cow Disease cause need for more research Gene therapy may help cure diseases such as cystic fibrosis