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Climate Change and Green Cities in South Korea Nautilus-ARI Research Workshop 20 October 2010 Sanghun Lee, Ph. D. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Liberal Arts Hanshin University 1 Contents 01. Background of urban insecurity in South Korea 02. Green Growth – A new growth strategy 03. Green Cities in South Korea 04. Conclusion 2 01 Background of urban insecurity in South Korea 3 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 1) Entrophy and Limits of Growth Environmental Fix (Noel Castree) - In capitalist society, capital and state try to overcome the politico-ecological limits of growth environmental fixes - Environmental fixes nature is produced in various manner according to the dominant mode of production - In general, formal real fictitious subsumption of nature by capital and state Types Environmental fix 1 (capital) Environmental fix 2 (capital) Environmental fix 3 (capital) Environmental fix 4 (state) Logic conserving resources and ecosystems by allowing them to be privatized and martketised (free market environmentalism or fictitious subsumption) extending capital’s formal and/or real subsumption of nature without ‘ecofriendly’ motivation (accumulation by dispossession) actively degrading protected or proscribed nonhuman phenomena yields profits (little or no regard for public or governmental perspective to nature) 1) Off-loading responsibilities to the private sector and/or civil society groups 2) Adopting a minimal state stance in the first place exam ples Wetland mitigation becomes commercial opportunity to firms multinational firms exploited Peruvian mining industry ‘Degrading nature for profit’ strategy by Canadian Methanex Co. (against California regulation on carcinogen products) 1) Water privatization in Britain 2) Contracting out of water testing in Ontario 4 01. Background South Korea of asurban construction insecurity state of South Korea 1) Entrophy and Limits of Growth Material and Energy Use under the process of capitalist society MP M C C’ M+Δ Accumulation of capital LP Increase of entrophy - Capitalism is based on ‘expanded reproduction of value’ and intensive use of fossil fuels like coal & oil at the same time - ‘Fossil fuel capitalism’ can not grow forever (peak oil) to growth politico-ecological limits - Consequences of rapid growth of capitalism is increase of social inequality, environmental degradation, and fossil fuel exhaustion roots of urban insecurity 5 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 2) Neo-developmentalism of the South Korea as ‘Construction State’ Developmentalism and construction state - Developmentalism: ideology which seeks economic, industrial, technological development through exploitation of natural environment and resources - Construction state: construction-project-oriented developmental state - Neo-developmentalism: developmentalism + neo-liberalism (environmental fix) hegemonic domination of construction state through developmentalism -Huge scale construction project at a certain place is the result of state’s spatial selectivity(Bob Jessop & Neil Brenner). territorial politics is proceeded by place-dependent agencies acceptable milieu for construction projects (developmentalist hegemony within the territory) 6 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 2) Neo-developmentalism of the South Korea as ‘Construction State’ Spatial selectivity, territorial politics, and construction coalitions -The material basis of politico-economic regime in South Korea, as construction state, is ‘construction coalitions’(close network of politicians, construction business and media, bureaucrats, and related experts)at local levels. influential to decision making process of policies (main stakeholders) - After IMF crisis(1998), when neoliberal discourse began to dominate, South Korea as construction state, has supported environmental fix strategies of capital large scale wetland reclamation project, low & medium level radioactive waste depository site construction project, 4 major rivers restoration project etc. Period Regime Characterisitcs 1961-1986 Constructionist developmentalism Infrastructure building 1987-1997 Democratization movement Retreat of developmentalism 1998-present Neo-developmentalism Return of developmentalism with guise of free-market (IMF crisis) 7 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’ Polarization and apartment dominant cities Urbanisation Trend Rapid urbanisation followed by industrialisation: 37%(’60) Source: Young A Lee (2009) 90%(’00) 8 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’ Polarization and apartment dominant cities Distribution of Population – Spatial polarisation - Population of the Capital region : 21%(’60) 48%(’05) – Dominance of large cities - No. of million cities: 2(’60) 8(’03) - Population share: 39%(’60) 52% (‘03) Industrial Location Policy • 1960s: Light industries in large cities • 1970s: Heavy/chemical industries in selective growth poles • 1980s: Small/medium complexes in less industrialized regions • 1990s: Create new industrial spaces in west coast region • 2000s: Industrial clusters with RIS and R&D activities Industrial National Complex Regional Complex Free Economic Complex Free Trade Zone Zone FDI Zone Source: Young A Lee (2009) Population >1Milliom 500-1,000 300-500 thousand thousand 100-300 thousand <100 thousand 9 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’ Polarization and apartment dominant cities -The dwelling condition of the poor is more and more deteriorated while apartment flat becomes dominant landscape of cities. National housing construction by dwelling type in South Korea - Roads and roofs of building impervious cover hydrological circulation interruption vulnerability increase (serious damage from heavy rainfall at Seoul in 2010) - Around 105 billion USD was spent for construction of roads (2000-2005) * National revenue is around 250 billion USD in FY 2009 10 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea 3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’ Social dimension of urbanization in South Korea Trend of population of elderly people aged over 65 65+ (%) 1990 2000 2006 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 5.1 7.2 9.5 11.0 15.6 24.3 32.5 38.2 Trend of foreigners registered to stay and work in Korea 90.0 Ten thousand persons 85.4 80.0 76.6 70.0 63.1 60.0 50.0 43.8 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 5.1 5.6 6.7 8.5 11.0 14.9 17.7 14.8 16.9 21.0 23.0 46.9 48.5 25.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: Young A Lee (2009) 11 01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea Social dimension of urbanization in South Korea Trend of unemployment Unemployment (%) Unemployment of secondary school graduates (%) Unemployment of university graduates (%) 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2005 2006 2.4 2.1 7.0 6.3 4.4 3.7 3.5 3.4 2.5 8.3 7.6 5.1 4.6 4.1 4.4 2.8 5.9 5.4 4.2 3.4 3.4 Source: statistics Korea, 2006, Social index of Korea Unemployment rate of young people (aged 15~29) (unit: %) 2008 1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rd Quarter 4th quarter Jan. 2009 Unemployment 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.6 Unemployment of Young people 7.2 7.3 7.4 6.9 7.0 8.2 Source: Young A Lee (2009) 12 02 Green Growth- A new growth strategy 13 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 1) Energy consumption in South Korea More than 94% of GHG comes from energy sector(83.9%) and industrial process(10.9%) as of 2006 14 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 1) Energy consumption in South Korea Electricity Consumption Per Capita(kWh) Source : JEPIC • • Year South Korea Japan France Germany England Italy 1991 2,412 5,476 6,073 5,913 5,045 3,964 1992 2,639 5,510 6,203 5,799 5,024 4,016 1993 2,899 5,535 6,179 5,691 5,072 4,011 1994 3,297 5,919 6,214 5,712 4,997 4,135 1995 3,640 6,028 6,327 5,789 5,157 4,249 1996 4,453 6,154 6,582 5,857 5,345 4,286 1997 4,847 6,273 6,511 5,884 5,380 4,410 1998 4,639 6,317 6,683 5,943 5,511 4,529 1999 5,059 6,448 6,786 5,950 5,581 4,661 2000 5,575 6,602 6,974 6,083 5,694 4,836 2001 5,965 6,474 7,073 6,102 5,736 4,927 2002 6,362 6,614 7,049 ... 5,807 5,062 2003 6,613 6,545 7,463 5,943 5,917 5,204 2004 6,733 6,787 ... 6,396 5,857 5,234 2005 7,403 6,922 7,406 6,496 5,897 5,283 2006 7,702 6,970 7,286 6,551 5,798 5,393 In 2006, 3 times increase comparing with year of 1991 (South Korea) Supply-oriented energy policy, No demand management, low price system Source: Yujin Lee, 2010, “Low carbon green community” 15 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 2) Introduction of Low carbon and green growth strategy - Addressed by president, as a national goal for next 60 years(2008.8.15) - To utilize environment for further growth and to respond to climate change through green technological breakthrough and Green New Deal - Green New Deal includes 4 major rivers restoration(building 16 dams & dredging 4 rivers) & expansion of nuclear power plants (14 more plants by 2030) <Table> Green Growth Vision in Comprehensive National Energy Plan(2008-2030) Vision Index 2006 2030 Transition to energy independent society Independent development rate 3.2% 40% Portion of renewable energy 2.2% 11% Transition to low energy consuming society Energy Intensity 0.347 0.185 Transition to oil free society Oil dependency 43.6 33% Energy welfare Portion of energy poverty 7.8% 0% New growth engine and job creation Level of energy technology 60% of advanced Leading level countries 16 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 2) Introduction of Low carbon and green growth strategy <Source> Website of Presidential Committee on Green Growth (www.greengrowth.go.kr) 17 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 2) Introduction of Low carbon and green growth strategy Scenario of GHG emission reduction (2009.8) (단위: 백만톤 CO2) PCGG, 2009, “Mid-term plan for national GHG emission reduction target(2020)” At cabinet meeting on 17th November 2009, the third option(4% reduction basis of 2005) was adopted 18 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth - Korea Grand Canal Construction Plan (following RMD canal of Germany) - Facing hard dissent from people, the plan was cancelled by the President - Instead, 4 Major river restoration project was presented as crucial project of Green Growth (270 billion USD) 19 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth Pictures of 4 Major Rivers 20 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial one of Green Growth The purposes and tasks of 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project - To enhance the capacity of adapting to climate change - To defend rivers from flood - To provide sufficient and clean water to riparian areas - by constructing 16 dams across the rivers - by dredging sediments of rivers 21 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth (1) Is it a project that achieve flood control? l Mismatch of frequently flood damaged areas and planned areas in the project (blue lines) Source: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlement, “Sustainable land management strategy climate change (II)”, 2009 l Contradictory purposes in the project - Responding water shortage and preventing flood by lowering water level - Lowering water level while promoting various leisure activities in summer time 22 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth (1) Is it a project that achieve flood control? Planned flood level Height of houses Normal operation level Present ground level l Increased risk of inundation owing to the project (Youngsan River) Source: Jung- Wk Kim, 2010, “Crisis of Water” 23 02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy 3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth (2) Is it appropriate for water quality management? l Impact of large-scale dredging of river bottoms to water quality turbid water have been spread to neighboring areas floating matters and Source: Parkjinseop(2009), “Is there no problem in 4 major rivers project if it is not grand canal project?” 24 03 Green Cities in South Korea 25 03. Green Cities in South Korea 1) Low Carbon Green City Projects by Central Government Name Purpose Main Contents Authorities Livable City - Development of Korean model for low carbon green city - Win-win of environment and economy - Establishment of categories like energy, commuting, oasis, recycle, industry, corridor, humanisms Presidential Commission of Green Growth Model city responding climate change - Encouragement of awareness in local governments for responding climate change - Goal of GHG reduction - Main themes - Cooperation with central government Ministry of Environment Green City - Enhancement of environmental management capacity - Subsidy to green cities - Increased support to environment related budget Ministry of Environment Eco-City -Development of region with restriction in land use - Preserving ecological condition of the region - Designation of underdeveloped area with ecologically sensitive and enthusiastic residents Ministry of Environment Source: Wang(2010) 26 03. Green Cities in South Korea 1) Low Carbon Green City Projects by Central Government Name Purpose Main Contents Authorities Low carbon green villages - Meeting renewable energy use target - Green New Deal - Tailored supply of renewable energies - Financial support of model villages Ministry of Interior Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology Ministry of Knowledge and Economy Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Ministry of Agriculture, and Food Ministry of Environment Innovation City - Green infrastructure - Environment friendly buildings - Adoption of renewable energy - Growth poles of green growth Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Source: Wang(2010) 27 03. Green Cities in South Korea 2) Vision of Constructing Low Carbon Green City Climate change Cities Simultaneous exposure to various climate disasters Complementary adaptation tools Limits in preventing disasters Integrated urban planning Unprecedented danger like hot temperature Large scale disasters Limits in structured measures Limits in structured measures Crisis management Mitigation of heat island Eco-friendly prevention of disasters Enhancement of adaptive capacity of cities Source: Wang(2010) 28 03. Green Cities in South Korea 3) Cases of Green City 1 – “Environment Capital Changwon City” - Noobiza Program “Go wherever in Changwon by bicycle” (free public bicycle) - Alternative transportation movement 29 03. Green Cities in South Korea 3) Cases of Green City 2 – “Green Capital Cheongjoo City” - “Forest in apartment complex” - Increasing CNG buses - Recycling of waste (campaign) 30 03. Green Cities in South Korea 3) Cases of Green City 3 – SG FEZ(Saemangeum Free Economy Zone) - Saemangeum Wetland Reclamation Project catch 22 situation of the province - FEZ, Renewable Energy(Wind power) Cluster Successful? 31 03. Green Cities in South Korea 3) Cases of Green City 4 – “Green Apartment movement” Meeting of earth worm grower, inspection of energy consumption, Candle night festival, reduction of energy and food waste 20% in 180 household 32 03. Green Cities in South Korea 3) Cases of Green City 5 – “Collection of used cooking oil” in Kangdong Gu - Transforming used cooking oil into biodiesel - Climate change education in Hansan Middle school, “Making a resource circulation school through recycling of used cooking oil” 33 04 Conclusion 34 04. Conclusion Green Growth or Green Wash? - Green Growth Strategy of South Korea could be interpreted as an environmental fix strategy by construction state - The strategy is far from satisfactory approach in terms of alleviating urban insecurity facing climate change Green Wash! - Because the main content of the strategy is based on construction model of development which aggravates the impact of climate change on cities - However, there are some examples which have affirmative effect on adapting the impact from climate change - We need more initiatives from urban grassroots towards green cities 35 Thank you, for your attention! 36