Download **** 1 - Nautilus Institute

Climate Change and Green Cities in
South Korea
Nautilus-ARI Research Workshop
20 October 2010
Sanghun Lee, Ph. D.
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Liberal Arts
Hanshin University
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Contents
01. Background of urban
insecurity in South Korea
02. Green Growth – A new
growth strategy
03. Green Cities in South Korea
04. Conclusion
2
01
Background of urban
insecurity in South Korea
3
01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
1) Entrophy and Limits of Growth
Environmental Fix (Noel Castree)
- In capitalist society, capital and state try to overcome the politico-ecological limits of
growth environmental fixes
- Environmental fixes nature is produced in various manner according to the dominant
mode of production
- In general, formal real fictitious subsumption of nature by capital and state
Types
Environmental fix 1
(capital)
Environmental fix 2
(capital)
Environmental fix 3
(capital)
Environmental fix 4
(state)
Logic
conserving resources
and ecosystems by
allowing them to be
privatized and
martketised (free
market
environmentalism or
fictitious subsumption)
extending capital’s
formal and/or real
subsumption of
nature without ‘ecofriendly’ motivation
(accumulation by
dispossession)
actively degrading
protected or proscribed
nonhuman phenomena
yields profits (little or no
regard for public or
governmental
perspective to nature)
1) Off-loading
responsibilities to the
private sector and/or
civil society groups
2) Adopting a minimal
state stance in the first
place
exam
ples
Wetland mitigation
becomes commercial
opportunity to firms
multinational firms
exploited Peruvian
mining industry
‘Degrading nature for
profit’ strategy by
Canadian Methanex Co.
(against California
regulation on
carcinogen products)
1) Water privatization in
Britain
2) Contracting out of
water testing in Ontario
4
01. Background
South Korea of
asurban
construction
insecurity
state
of South Korea
1) Entrophy and Limits of Growth
Material and Energy Use under the process of capitalist society
MP
M
C
C’
M+Δ
Accumulation of capital
LP
Increase of entrophy
- Capitalism is based on ‘expanded reproduction of value’ and intensive use of
fossil fuels like coal & oil at the same time
- ‘Fossil fuel capitalism’ can not grow forever (peak oil)
to growth
politico-ecological limits
- Consequences of rapid growth of capitalism is increase of social inequality,
environmental degradation, and fossil fuel exhaustion roots of urban
insecurity
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01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
2) Neo-developmentalism of the South Korea as ‘Construction State’
Developmentalism and construction state
- Developmentalism: ideology which seeks economic, industrial,
technological development through exploitation of natural environment and
resources
- Construction state: construction-project-oriented developmental state
- Neo-developmentalism: developmentalism + neo-liberalism
(environmental fix)
hegemonic domination of construction state through
developmentalism
-Huge scale construction project at a certain place is the result of state’s
spatial selectivity(Bob Jessop & Neil Brenner). territorial politics is
proceeded by place-dependent agencies
acceptable milieu for
construction projects (developmentalist hegemony within the territory)
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01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
2) Neo-developmentalism of the South Korea as ‘Construction State’
Spatial selectivity, territorial politics, and construction coalitions
-The material basis of politico-economic regime in South Korea, as construction
state, is ‘construction coalitions’(close network of politicians, construction
business and media, bureaucrats, and related experts)at local levels. influential
to decision making process of policies (main stakeholders)
- After IMF crisis(1998), when neoliberal discourse began to dominate, South
Korea as construction state, has supported environmental fix strategies of capital
large scale wetland reclamation project, low & medium level radioactive waste
depository site construction project, 4 major rivers restoration project etc.
Period
Regime
Characterisitcs
1961-1986
Constructionist developmentalism
Infrastructure building
1987-1997
Democratization movement
Retreat of developmentalism
1998-present
Neo-developmentalism
Return of developmentalism with
guise of free-market (IMF crisis)
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01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’
Polarization and apartment dominant cities
Urbanisation Trend
Rapid urbanisation followed by industrialisation: 37%(’60)
Source: Young A Lee (2009)
90%(’00)
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01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’
Polarization and apartment dominant cities
Distribution of Population
– Spatial polarisation
- Population of the Capital region
: 21%(’60) 48%(’05)
– Dominance of large cities
- No. of million cities: 2(’60) 8(’03)
- Population share: 39%(’60) 52% (‘03)
Industrial Location Policy
• 1960s: Light industries in large cities
• 1970s: Heavy/chemical industries in
selective growth poles
• 1980s: Small/medium complexes in less
industrialized regions
• 1990s: Create new industrial spaces in
west coast region
• 2000s: Industrial clusters with RIS and
R&D activities
Industrial
National
Complex
Regional
Complex
Free
Economic
Complex
Free Trade Zone
Zone
FDI Zone
Source: Young A Lee (2009)
Population
>1Milliom
500-1,000
300-500 thousand
thousand
100-300 thousand
<100 thousand
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01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’
Polarization and apartment dominant cities
-The dwelling condition of the poor is more and more deteriorated while apartment flat becomes dominant landscape of cities.
National housing
construction
by dwelling type
in South Korea
- Roads and roofs of building impervious cover hydrological circulation
interruption vulnerability increase (serious damage from heavy rainfall at Seoul in 2010)
- Around 105 billion USD was spent for construction of roads (2000-2005)
* National revenue is around 250 billion USD in FY 2009
10
01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
3) Urbanization in ‘Construction State’
Social dimension of urbanization in South Korea
Trend of population of elderly people aged over 65
65+ (%)
1990
2000
2006
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
5.1
7.2
9.5
11.0
15.6
24.3
32.5
38.2
Trend of foreigners registered to stay and work in Korea
90.0
Ten thousand persons
85.4
80.0
76.6
70.0
63.1
60.0
50.0
43.8
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
5.0
5.1
5.6
6.7
8.5
11.0
14.9
17.7
14.8
16.9
21.0
23.0
46.9
48.5
25.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: Young A Lee (2009)
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01. Background of urban insecurity of South Korea
Social dimension of urbanization in South Korea
Trend of unemployment
Unemployment (%)
Unemployment of secondary
school graduates (%)
Unemployment of university
graduates (%)
1990
1995
1998
1999
2000
2005
2006
2.4
2.1
7.0
6.3
4.4
3.7
3.5
3.4
2.5
8.3
7.6
5.1
4.6
4.1
4.4
2.8
5.9
5.4
4.2
3.4
3.4
Source: statistics Korea, 2006, Social index of Korea
Unemployment rate of young people (aged 15~29)
(unit: %)
2008
1st
quarter
2nd
quarter
3rd
Quarter
4th
quarter
Jan.
2009
Unemployment
3.2
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.6
Unemployment of
Young people
7.2
7.3
7.4
6.9
7.0
8.2
Source: Young A Lee (2009)
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02
Green Growth- A new
growth strategy
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
1) Energy consumption in South Korea
More than 94% of GHG comes from energy sector(83.9%) and
industrial process(10.9%) as of 2006
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
1) Energy consumption in South Korea
Electricity Consumption Per Capita(kWh)
Source : JEPIC
•
•
Year
South Korea
Japan
France
Germany
England
Italy
1991
2,412
5,476
6,073
5,913
5,045
3,964
1992
2,639
5,510
6,203
5,799
5,024
4,016
1993
2,899
5,535
6,179
5,691
5,072
4,011
1994
3,297
5,919
6,214
5,712
4,997
4,135
1995
3,640
6,028
6,327
5,789
5,157
4,249
1996
4,453
6,154
6,582
5,857
5,345
4,286
1997
4,847
6,273
6,511
5,884
5,380
4,410
1998
4,639
6,317
6,683
5,943
5,511
4,529
1999
5,059
6,448
6,786
5,950
5,581
4,661
2000
5,575
6,602
6,974
6,083
5,694
4,836
2001
5,965
6,474
7,073
6,102
5,736
4,927
2002
6,362
6,614
7,049
...
5,807
5,062
2003
6,613
6,545
7,463
5,943
5,917
5,204
2004
6,733
6,787
...
6,396
5,857
5,234
2005
7,403
6,922
7,406
6,496
5,897
5,283
2006
7,702
6,970
7,286
6,551
5,798
5,393
In 2006, 3 times increase comparing with year of 1991 (South Korea)
Supply-oriented energy policy, No demand management, low price system
Source: Yujin Lee, 2010, “Low carbon green community”
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
2) Introduction of Low carbon and green growth strategy
- Addressed by president, as a national goal for next 60 years(2008.8.15)
- To utilize environment for further growth and to respond to climate change
through green technological breakthrough and Green New Deal
- Green New Deal includes 4 major rivers restoration(building 16 dams & dredging
4 rivers) & expansion of nuclear power plants (14 more plants by 2030)
<Table> Green Growth Vision in Comprehensive National Energy Plan(2008-2030)
Vision
Index
2006
2030
Transition to energy
independent society
Independent development rate
3.2%
40%
Portion of renewable energy
2.2%
11%
Transition to low energy
consuming society
Energy Intensity
0.347
0.185
Transition to oil free society
Oil dependency
43.6
33%
Energy welfare
Portion of energy poverty
7.8%
0%
New growth engine and
job creation
Level of energy technology
60% of advanced
Leading level
countries
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
2) Introduction of Low carbon and green growth strategy
<Source> Website of Presidential Committee on Green Growth (www.greengrowth.go.kr)
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
2) Introduction of Low carbon and green growth strategy
Scenario of GHG emission reduction (2009.8)
(단위: 백만톤 CO2)
PCGG, 2009, “Mid-term plan for national GHG emission reduction target(2020)”
At cabinet meeting on 17th November 2009, the third option(4%
reduction basis of 2005) was adopted
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth
- Korea Grand Canal Construction Plan
(following RMD canal of Germany)
- Facing hard dissent from people, the
plan was cancelled by the President
- Instead, 4 Major river restoration
project was presented as crucial project
of Green Growth (270 billion USD)
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth
Pictures of 4 Major Rivers
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial one of Green Growth
The purposes and tasks of 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project
- To enhance the capacity of adapting to climate change
- To defend rivers from flood
- To provide sufficient and clean water to riparian areas
- by constructing 16 dams across the rivers
- by dredging sediments of rivers
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth
(1) Is it a project that achieve flood control?
l Mismatch of frequently flood damaged
areas and planned areas in the project
(blue lines)
Source: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlement,
“Sustainable land management strategy climate change (II)”,
2009
l Contradictory purposes in the project
- Responding water shortage and
preventing flood by lowering water level
- Lowering water level while promoting
various leisure activities in summer
time
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth
(1) Is it a project that achieve flood control?
Planned
flood level
Height of
houses
Normal
operation
level
Present
ground level
l Increased risk of inundation owing to the project (Youngsan River)
Source: Jung- Wk Kim, 2010, “Crisis of Water”
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02. Green Growth – A New Growth Strategy
3) 4 Major Rivers Restoration Project as crucial tool of Green Growth
(2) Is it appropriate for water quality management?
l Impact of large-scale dredging of river bottoms to water quality
turbid water have been spread to neighboring areas
floating matters and
Source: Parkjinseop(2009), “Is there no problem in 4 major rivers project if it is not grand canal project?”
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03
Green Cities in South Korea
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
1) Low Carbon Green City Projects by Central Government
Name
Purpose
Main Contents
Authorities
Livable City
- Development of Korean
model for low carbon green
city
- Win-win of environment and
economy
- Establishment of categories
like energy, commuting, oasis,
recycle, industry, corridor,
humanisms
Presidential
Commission of Green
Growth
Model city
responding
climate
change
- Encouragement of
awareness in local
governments for responding
climate change
- Goal of GHG reduction
- Main themes
- Cooperation with central
government
Ministry of
Environment
Green City
- Enhancement of
environmental management
capacity
- Subsidy to green cities
- Increased support to
environment related budget
Ministry of
Environment
Eco-City
-Development of region with
restriction in land use
- Preserving ecological
condition of the region
- Designation of underdeveloped area with ecologically
sensitive and enthusiastic
residents
Ministry of
Environment
Source: Wang(2010)
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
1) Low Carbon Green City Projects by Central Government
Name
Purpose
Main Contents
Authorities
Low carbon
green
villages
- Meeting renewable energy
use target
- Green New Deal
- Tailored supply of
renewable energies
- Financial support of
model villages
Ministry of Interior
Ministry of Education, Science,
and Technology
Ministry of Knowledge and
Economy
Ministry of Land,
Transportation and Maritime
Ministry of Agriculture, and
Food
Ministry of Environment
Innovation
City
- Green infrastructure
- Environment friendly
buildings
- Adoption of renewable
energy
- Growth poles of green
growth
Ministry of Land,
Transportation and Maritime
Source: Wang(2010)
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
2) Vision of Constructing Low Carbon Green City
Climate
change
Cities
Simultaneous exposure to
various climate disasters
Complementary
adaptation tools
Limits in
preventing
disasters
Integrated urban
planning
Unprecedented danger
like hot temperature
Large scale
disasters
Limits in
structured
measures
Limits in
structured
measures
Crisis management
Mitigation
of heat
island
Eco-friendly
prevention
of disasters
Enhancement of adaptive
capacity of cities
Source: Wang(2010)
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
3) Cases of Green City 1 – “Environment Capital Changwon City”
- Noobiza Program
“Go wherever in Changwon by bicycle” (free public bicycle)
- Alternative transportation movement
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
3) Cases of Green City 2 – “Green Capital Cheongjoo City”
- “Forest in apartment complex”
- Increasing CNG buses
- Recycling of waste (campaign)
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
3) Cases of Green City 3 – SG FEZ(Saemangeum Free Economy Zone)
- Saemangeum Wetland Reclamation Project catch 22 situation of the province
- FEZ, Renewable Energy(Wind power) Cluster Successful?
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
3) Cases of Green City 4 – “Green Apartment movement”
Meeting of earth worm grower, inspection of energy consumption,
Candle night festival, reduction of energy and food waste 20% in 180 household
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03. Green Cities in South Korea
3) Cases of Green City 5 – “Collection of used cooking oil” in Kangdong Gu
- Transforming used cooking oil into biodiesel
- Climate change education in Hansan Middle school, “Making a resource
circulation school through recycling of used cooking oil”
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04
Conclusion
34
04. Conclusion
Green Growth or Green Wash?
- Green Growth Strategy of South Korea could be interpreted as an
environmental fix strategy by construction state
- The strategy is far from satisfactory approach in terms of alleviating urban
insecurity facing climate change Green Wash!
- Because the main content of the strategy is based on construction model
of development which aggravates the impact of climate change on cities
- However, there are some examples which have affirmative effect on
adapting the impact from climate change
- We need more initiatives from urban grassroots towards green cities
35
Thank you,
for your attention!
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