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Applications of OrCAD PSpice software in designing, simulation and analysis of various applications of Operational Amplifier Rajender kumar Sudesh Nandal SES,BPSMV Sonipat Haryana [email protected] SES,BPSMV Sonipat Haryana [email protected] Abstract-This paper introduces a generalized method for integrated circuit. The symbol of typical op-amp is simulating the various applications of operational shown in fig.1. amplifier generally termed as op-amps using Orcad PSpice. Now days engineering education is software based. The usefulness of this SPICE software in learning various application of op-amp is enormous than proto typing practical laboratory. This SPICE software’s which are important part of engineering education plays significant role in analyzing and simulating the various applications of op-amp such as adder, substractor, log & antilog amplifier, differentiator, integrator, Fig1. Circuit symbol of op-amps multivibrator, waveform generators and comparator. We will present some specific applications of op-amp It has two input terminal named inverting V- and non using this software’s in detail which plays a vital role in inverting terminal V+ and one output terminal Vout. various field of engineering. Vs+ and Vs- are power supply terminal. The ideal Keywords-operational amplifier, Orcad PSpice, SPICE, operational amplifier characteristics are: software. 1. Infinite input impedance 2. Zero output impedance I. Introduction 3. Voltage gain is infinite Operational amplifier in present-day is the most 4. Bandwidth is also infinite widely used electronics device in field of electronic 5. Slew rate is infinite systems such as communications systems, medical 6. Common mode rejection ratio is infinite electronics, instrumentation, signal processing and 7. input Offset voltage is zero performing many mathematical operations such as But physical op-amp is not ideal. A physical op-amp addition, subtraction, multiplication, integration and has large voltage gain, high input impedance and small differentiations etc. It consists of various stages output impedance. namely input stage, intermediate stage gain, level The block diagram of op-amp is shown in fig 2. shifting stage and output stage and is fabricated as an NonInverting Input Input Stage— Dual Input Balanced Output Amplifier Intermediate Stage— Dual Input Unbalanced Output Amplifier Output Stage— Complementar y Symmetrical push-pull amplifier Level Shifting Stage— Emitter Follower with Constant current source Inverting Input Output Fig.2 Block Diagram of Operational Amplifier The IC 741 is widely used general purpose op-amp frequency-dependent circuits. Characteristics of a whose circuit symbol is shown in fig 1.The Op-amp circuit using an op-amp are set by external can be used in two configurations namely Open loop components with little dependence on temperature configuration and closed loop configuration. The open changes or manufacturing variations in the op-amp loop configuration is one in which no feedback in any itself, which makes op-amps popular building blocks form is fed to the input from the output where as for circuit design. The various applications of op-amp closed loop configuration is in which a fraction of is shown in fig 3. output is fed back to input. A few limitations of open OPERATIONA L AMPLIFIER APPLICATION S loop configurations are: 1. clipping of output waveform may occur if output voltage exceeds saturation voltage of op-amp. 2. Open loop gain is not constant 3. Bandwidth is negligibly small. 4. That why this Configuration is not suitable for AC applications but it finds use in non linear applications such comparators, Linear Application s Non Linear Applicatio nns Waveform generator Voltage regulator square wave generator and astable multivibrator. The closed loop configurations finds its utilization in linear applications such adder, transconductance amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, integrator, differentiator, log and antilog amplifier. II. Various applications of Op-Amp Operational amplifiers which have origins in analog computers, are used in many linear, non-linear and Scale Changer Sign Changer Voltage Follower Transconducata nce Amplifier Summing Amplifier Addersubstractor Instrumentation Amplifier Integrator Differentiator Log & antilog Amplifier Comparator and its applications as Zero crossing detector, Amplitude distribution analyzer, window detector, and pulse time modulator Schmitt Trigger Precision Half and full wave rectifier Sa mple and Hold circuits Cli ppers and Sine wave generator Multivibrat or- Astable, monostable Triangular and saw tooth wave generator Linear regulator Single polarity and dual tracking voltage regulator Active Filter IV. Introduction of OrCAD PSpice Software Fig3. Various Applications of Operational Amplifier III. Simulation of op-amp circuits using OrCAD PSpice Computers can be powerful tools if used properly, especially in the realms of science and engineering. Software exists for the simulation of operational amplifier based circuits by computer, and these programs can be very useful in helping circuit designers test ideas before actually building real circuits, saving much time and money. These same programs can be fantastic aids to the beginning student of electronics, allowing the exploration of ideas quickly and easily with no assembly of real circuits required. Of course, there is no substitute for actually SPICE which stands for “Simulation Program for Integrated Circuit Emphasis” is general purpose circuit program that simulates electronics circuits. It can perform both basic and advanced analysis like DC sweep, AC sweep, Transient analysis, noise analysis and Fourier analysis. It was developed at Berkeley in University of California, USA. There are three platforms shown by figure 4(a-b) for PSpice which depends on SPICE version are as follows: 1. PSpice A/D or OrCAD PSpice A/D (Version 9.1 or above) 2. Pspice Schematics (Version 9.1 and below) 3. OrCAD Capture lite( Version 9.2 & above) building and testing real circuits, but computer simulations certainly assist in the learning process by allowing the student to experiment with changes and see the effects they have on circuits. Throughout the practical session and beyond classroom, we would be incorporating computer printouts from circuit simulation frequently in order to illustrate important concepts. By observing the results of a computer simulation, a student can gain an intuitive grasp of circuit behavior without the intimidation of abstract mathematical analysis. To simulate various circuits involving op-amps on computer, we make use of different spice software’s like Orcad PSpice, Aim Spice, LTSpice and B2Spice.Both LTSpice and PSPICE are used professionally, and are based on the open source SPICE3 engine, which was developed at the University of California, Berkeley and serves as a foundation for electronic simulation. Simulating a circuit involves creating the circuit by placing parts and connecting with wires, running the simulation for the circuit, and then analyzing the results. In this paper we are present three different applications of op-amps which are simulated using OrCAD PSpice software. Fig. 4(a-b) Different platforms for PSpice In PSpice A/D, circuit is described by statements and Analysis descriptions analysis commands which is called a circuit file. The .TRAN 1us 400us ; analysis commands platform for OrCAD Capture lite is similar to Pspice Output descriptions Schematics but with more advance features. In SPICE, .PRINT TRAN V(3) I(R1) ; output commands A circuit is described to a computer by using .PROBE ; Graphical wave analyser CIRCUIT FILE which contains circuit details of .end [end of circuit file] components and elements, sources and commands for After writing the circuit file, it is run on PSpice A/D analysis descriptions and the way in which output is to platform; the simulated output is shown in figure 7. be presented. A circuit file format for RLC circuit 5 Design, analysis and Simulation and Discussion whose pulse response is to be calculated shown by The first circuit which we have design, analyses and figure 5 which can be read by SPICE is as follows: simulated is lossy integrator which is shown in fig. 6(a). The integrator is circuit which provides an output 1 R1 2 2 V1 = -200v V2 = 200v TD = 0 TR = 1ns TF = 1ns PW = 100us PER = 200us voltage proportional to the time integral of the input as 3 L1 50uH V1 given by equation 1. C1 1 10uF Vout =R1Cf Vidt --- Eq. 1 If the input signal is as a square wave, then output will 0 be a triangular wave as shown by fig. 5(b) as per eq.1. Pulse response of RLC Circuit C1 10ns R2 100k V2 2 - OS2 10k OUT 3 Vin + V- V1 = -1 V2 = 1 TD = 0 0 15v 7 U33 V+ R1 OS1 5 R3 6 1 1k R4 4 uA741 TR = 0 TF = 0 PW = 0.1ms PER = 0.2ms V3 1k 0 LOSSY INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT 15v 0 Fig.5 PSpice Schematics for writing circuit file and its simulated Pulse response. Title __ Pulse response of RLC Circuit Circuit Descriptions V1 1 0 pulse (-200 200 0 1ns 1ns 100us 200us) R1 1 2 2 L1 2 3 50uH C1 3 0 10uF Fig. 6(a-b) PSpice Schematics of lossy integrator and its input and output waveform with OrCAD PSpice. The 2nd application of op-amps is waveform generator. performance parameters such as bandwidth, resonant Using op-amps, we can generate square wave and frequency etc. of this filter can be determined by triangular waveform with single circuit shown by 7(a) resistor R1 and two capacitor C2 and C3 using and its output is shown by 7(b). following equations. R2 SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM CIRCUIT 39k Vp 0 B= 7 OS2 12k - V- OUT 2 OS1 5 R 6 1 0 OS2 OUT 2 68k + - V- + OS1 0.1591 ---Eq. 2 RC 5 C3 6 R2 0.015uF 1 uA741 42.42k 4 3 3 V+ U35 V+ U36 R1 7 15v 4 uA741 0 Vp Vn C2 21.21k 0.015uF U37 2 - V+ R1 0 C 7 15v OS2 OUT 3 + V- Vin 1Vac 0Vdc OS1 5 6 1 uA741 4 0.012uF 0 15v Vn 0 15v 0 0 Narrowband band pass filter Fig. 7(a-b) PSpice Schematics of square and triangular and its input and output waveform with OrCAD PSpice Fig. 8(a-b) PSpice Schematics narrowband band pass filter and its input and output waveform with OrCAD PSpice The third and final applications which we will design, Conclusion analyses and simulate using OrCAD PSpice is This paper mainly discusses the various applications narrowband band pass filter. Here we are taking the of 741 operation amplifier and their simulations using case of narrowband band pass filter shown in fig. 8(a) OrCAD PSpice software. We can design, simulate and and its frequency response is by fig 8(b). The verify any of applications with required parameters. Because of graphical facilities of OrCAD PSpice, it is useful in enhancing the understanding of various applications of op-amps. We can also use different spice software like LT spice, Top Spice and Spice Opus for better understanding of various applications and compare the results with theoretically calculated result. REFERENCES: [1] Boylestad R., L. Nashelsky, 1992. Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory, Prentice-Hall Inc. [2] PSPICE A/D online manual [3] National Semiconductor Company, National Operational Amplifier databook, 1995 [4] Rashid M.H. Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design, PWS Publishing Co, 1999 [5] Rashid M.H., Introduction to PSpice Using OrCAD for Circuits and electronics, Pearson Education., 2006 [6] Gayakwad, R.A, Op-amps and Linear integrated circuits, Prentice-Hall India, 2000.