Download Mid Review Notes - PAMS

MAP STUFF
Lines of Latitude: Lines that run parallel to the equator
Lines of Longitude: Lines that run up and down from pole to pole
Earth turns counter-clockwise
24 time zones that are equal to 150 each. The US has 6 time zones
TELLING TIME: traveling EAST you ADD1 hour, west you subtract an hour
DAY TO DAY: crossing the IDL going EAST you subtract a day, going WEST you add a day.
IDL = 180, Equator = 0, Prime Meridian = 0
Largest landmass is Europe and Asia
Map Types
Topographic maps – shows relief
Topography: Shape of earth’s surface
Contour line: connects points of = elevation, close together steep, far apart gentle slope
Contour Interval: Difference in elevation between two side by side lines
Contour Index: Distance between two marked lines
Depression: hachure lines facing inward
Mercator projection – areas are distorted, especially at the poles
Plateaus: 6 m above sea level with a flat surface
Be able to label the continents and oceans
Astronomy!!!
Solar eclipse – the moon moves into position so that it blocks light from the sun to the earth. From here it appears to go in
front of the sun.
Lunar eclipse – the earth moves into position so that it blocks sunlight to the moon.
Umbra – inner part of the shadow
Penumbra –outer part of the shadow
Moon Facts
Apogee – when the moon is at the farthest point in its orbit around the earth.
Perigee – when the moon is at the closest point in its orbit around the earth
Highlands – mountain ranges Rilles– long valleys Maria –dark areas
Spring tides – the highest high tide, when the moon is full or new. (earth, sun, and moon all have to be lined up)
Neap tides – the lowest high tide, when the moon is in its 1 st quarter or last quarter. (moon is at a right angle to the earth) and
the gravitational pull is less.
The first two are Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin They were in the Lunar Module Eagle
Moon Phases
New
Waxing Crescent
Waning Crescent
1st quarter
Last
quarter
Wax on the right
Wane on the left
Waning Gibbous
Full
Waxing
Gibbous
Summer solstice June 21st. It is the day with the longest amount of sunlight during the year.
Vernal equinox March 21/22. There is equal daylight and night time.
Parts of the Sun
Corona-Outermost layer of atmosphere. Second hottest layer. Only seen during solar eclipse
Chromosphere – the middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere. Causes solar flares. .
Photosphere – the innermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere. Around 6,000° K. Portion of the sun we are able to see
Core – the sun’s center. Hottest Layer. This is where fusion occurs fusing hydrogen into helium
What is the sun made of?
74% hydrogen
26% helium
Most of the universe has the same composition
Big Bang Theory: states how the universe formed, universe is expanding as evident in the red shift
Star Stuff:
There are 88 constellations that were named by ancient people
They appear to be moving around the poles. But are they?
They can be seen only during certain times of the year.
Magnitude is how bright a star appears.
Apparent Magnitude – is how bright is appears to be here on earth.
Absolute magnitude – is its true brightness.
The Hertzsprung – Russell diagram shows that as absolute magnitude increases, so does surface temperature.
Distance is measured in light years (distance light travels in 1 year)
How is a star formed?
Formed from solar nebulae and interstellar gas due to the force of gravity all components came together
This protostar (new star)is formed through nuclear fusion.
Protostar – new star; the main factor that shapes the evolution of a star is how much mass it begins with.
Medium sized star becomes a red giant then a white dwarf or it can become a massive star- white dwarfs then become black
dwarfs
Massive star can then become a supernova and blow up, its core can become a neutron star or a BLACK HOLE
The Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Terrestrial means rocky surface: Mercury, Venus, Earth Mars
Gaseous means gas structure: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Dwarf Planets: Ceres in asteroid belt and Pluto
Venus is Earth’s Twin, greenhouse effect on overload and super hot! The second brightest object in nighttime sky (moon is
first), retrograde rotation
Jupiter has great red spot, fastest rotation
Mercury no atmosphere or weather
Mars: red planet, Olympus Mons volcano
Saturn: Detailed ring system, Titan largest satellite
Uranus: Blue and tilted on side
Neptune: Blue, retrograde rotation, Uranus’ twin
Other objects
The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.
Meteoroid – chunk of metal/stone that orbits the sun. (millions enter our atmosphere daily)
Meteor – streak of light that is produced by a burning meteoroid.
Meteorite – a meteor that strikes the Earth’s surface.
Comets: Tail always points away from the sun
Long period comets (Halley’s) come from the Oort cloud, Short period comets come from the Kuiper Belt (outside of
Neptune)
Dark matter accounts for 90% of the mass in the universe
Quasars: Star-like, very bright, extremely distant objects at the edge of the Universe that give off radio waves and x rays
Oldest objects in the universe, formed right after the Big Bang
Science Guys:
Ptolemy (Greek) proposed a theory that planets orbited the earth (geocentric).
Copernicus (Polish) changed the theory to planets orbiting the sun (heliocentric).
Kepler proved that the planets orbited in ellipses counterclockwise and not complete circles.
Newton explained planet motion as a result of inertia and gravity. Gravity keeps them close to the sun and inertia keeps
them moving.
Meteorology!!!
Fujita Scale measures tornado strength
Safir Simpson measures category strength of a hurricane
Atmosphere
Past Atmosphere – mostly methane and ammonia, now mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen. Cyanobacteria in the oceans caused
chemistry change of the atmosphere
Heat Transfer
Conduction – the direct transfer of heat energy from one substance to another. Example: burning your hand on a hot iron.
Convection – the transfer of heat energy in a fluid (gas/liquid). Example: hot air balloon.
Radiation – the transfer of energy by waves through empty space. Example: getting a sun tan from the sun’s rays.
Tools of the Trade…
Thermometer – measure the movement of atoms (temperature). Unit is degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Barometer – measures air pressure. Two types: mercury and aneroid. Unit is millibars or inches.
Anemometer – measures wind speed. Unit is mph.
Wind Vane – measures wind direction. (compass rose)
Psychrometer – uses a wet and dry bulb to measure relative humidity.
Rain gauge – measure how much precipitation has fallen.
Air pressure – the measure of the force of air pressing down on the Earth’s surface. Strongest at sea level. The air pressure at
any particular point on the Earth depends on the density of the air.
As you go up in elevation or altitude air pressure decreases.
High pressure means fair weather (usually). Dry air is always more dense.
Low pressure means rainy, cool weather. Moist air is always less dense.
denser air has more mass so it exerts more air pressure on the Earth
Density is affected by:
1. Temperature: As temperature increases density decreases
2. Water Vapor: As water vapor increases density decreases
3. Elevation: As elevation increases density decreases
Low Pressure: LESS air weight at the surface = LOW and bad weather
High Pressure: More air weight at the surface = High and good weather
GLOBAL WINDS
Winds travel from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
Global winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right as they move. And, in the Southern Hemisphere they curve to
the left. This is called the Coriolis Effect.
Doldrums – at the equator. Surface winds are quite calm.
Trade winds – 0Ί to 30Ί N/S. Warm steady winds.
Horse Latitude – 30Ί N/S. This is where sailors would throw horse’s overboard due to lack of food.
Prevailing Westerlies – 40Ί to 60Ί N/S. These are strong and cooler than the trade winds. This wind pattern controls our
weather.
Polar Easterlies – 50Ί – 90Ί N/S. These winds are weak and cold.
Jet Stream – Narrow belt of strong, high speed, high-pressure air. Path is unpredictable. Located in the stratosphere. Can
reach 180 km/hr in the summer and from 220 to 350 km;hr in the winter.
Airplanes use the jet stream to increase speed and save fuel when traveling from the west to the east.
Moisture in the Air
Moisture enters through evaporation.
Water vapor, or moisture, is called humidity.
Relative humidity – the percentage of moisture the air holds relative to the amount it could hold.
Clouds form when moisture in the air condenses on small particles of dust or other solids in the air. Snow forms when
moisture condenses on calcium carbonate (shells, chalk granules)
Cumulus – look like piles of cotton balls in the sky. Are fluffy and white with flat bottoms. Indicate fair weather.
Cumulonimbus – thunderclouds, when cumulus clouds start to grow vertically and darken.
Stratus – gray clouds that cover the whole sky and block out the sun. Light rain and drizzle are usually associated with these
clouds.
Cirrus – feathery or fibrous clouds. Sometimes called mare’s tails. Indicate that it will rain/snow in the next 24 hours.
FRONTS
A cold front forms when a mass of cold air pushes under a mass of warm air = storms
A warm front forms when a mass of warm air overrides a mass of cooler air = warmer and humid
When a very fast moving cold air mass overtakes a slower moving warmer air mass, an occluded front forms = rain, not
stormy
A stationary front is formed when a cold air mass and a warm air mass meet and do not move = days of rain
Minerals Properties
Cleavage… how it breaks dependent on crystal structure
Color… external color
Streak Test for true color
Luster… metallic or non-metallic
Hardness… Moh’s Scale (Talc & Diamond)
Rock Types
Igneous: from magma or lava cooling… write examples of types
Sedimentary: from sediments…write examples of types
Metamorphic: Any type that has undergone heat and pressure… write examples of types