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1 By the end of Book V you should know all the Latin that is necessary for your GCSE. You will cope well with GCSE Latin provided that you follow three simple rules: Three Rules First rule : learn vocabulary : There is a set vocabulary of about 500 words for GCSE. You have already come across some 400 of these words. If you learn them thoroughly, you will find the course easy and know every word in your GCSE exam. Second rule: understand the endings : In Latin most words –nouns, adjectives, verbs – change their endings to show what they are doing in a sentence. To work out a translation you must notice the ending and work out what it means. Third rule : work out the meaning word by word, but translate sentence by sentence. Some Latin sentences have the same word order as English, but most are different. As you read therefore you should build up the meaning word by word, but only translate into English when you have worked out a group of words that makes sense. Here is a summary of what you have learned already. Use it for revision and reference Five Cases Nouns , adjectives , pronouns have five different cases that tell you what the word is doing in the sentence. Nominative : the subject of the sentence, the person or thing who is doing something or being described. Accusative : the object of a verb, the person or thing who is having something done to it. Also used after some prepositions. Genitive : basic meaning ‘of’. Often the second of two nouns. Dative : basic meaning ‘to’ or ‘for’. Used with some verbs. Ablative : basic meaning ‘by’ ‘with’. Often used with prepositions and passive verbs. Five Declensions declension is the name given to a group of nouns that all have the same endings. once you have learned the endings for one example, you should be able to work out the endings for all similar nouns you come across there are 5 declensions (there are very few nouns in the 4th and 5th declensions) remember them with the endings for nominative and genitive 1. First declension : -A/AE nouns 2. Second declension : -US/I and UM/I nouns 3. Third declension : --/IS nouns 4. Fourth declension : -US/US 5. Fifth declension : -ES/EI SFX Classics 2 Declension 1st: -a 2nd:-us,um 3rd : —puella servus/templum Sing: Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl -a -am -ae -ae -a -us -um -i -o -o Plural: Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl -ae -as -arum -is -is -i -a -os -a -orum -is -is rex 4th; -us 5th : -es / nomen -um ——-um -em —-is -i -e (-i) -es -a -es -a -um, -ium -ibus -ibus manus dies -us -um -us -ui -u -es -em -ei -ei -e -us -us -uum -ibus -ibus -es -es -erum -ebus -ebus the perfect passive participle (having been carried) and adjectives like bonus have the endings of the first and second declensions: Sing: Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl Masculine portat-us portat-um portat-i portat-o portat-o Feminine portat-a portat-am portat-ae portat-ae portat-a Neuter portat-um portat-um portat-i portat-o portat-o Plural: Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl portat-i portat-os portat-orum portat-is portat-is portat-ae portat-as portat-arum portat-is portat-is portat-a portat-a portat-orum portat-is portat-is the present particple (carying) has third declension endings: Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl Masc/Fem portans portant-em portant-is portant-i portant-e Neuter portans Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl portant-es portant-es portant-ium portant-ibus portant-ibus portant-ia portant-ia SFX Classics 3 Reference List for endings Ending -a Nominative singular 1st declension Ablative singular 1st declension Neuter plural nominative or accusative 2nd or 3rd declension -ae Genitive singular 1st declension Dative singular 1st declension Nominative plural 1st declension -am Accusative singular 1st declension -as Accusative plural 1st declension -arum Genitive plural 1st declension -is Dative or ablative plural 1st and 2nd declensions Genitive singular third declension -us Nominative singular 2nd and 4th declensions Nominative and accusative plural fourth declension -um Accusative singular 2nd declension masculine,4th declension Nominative and accusative singular 2nd declension neuter Genitive plural third declension -i Genitive singular 2nd declension Nominative plural 2nd declension Dative singular 3rd declension -o Dative and ablative singular 2nd declension -os Accusative plural 2nd declension -orum Genitive plural 2nd declension -em Accusative singular third declension -e Ablative singular third and fifth declension -es Nominative and accusative plural third declension Nominative singular fifth declension Nominative and accusative plural fifthdeclension -ibus Dative and ablative plural third and fourth declension -ei Genitive and dative singular 5th declension -erum Genitive plural 5th declension -ebus Dative and ablative plural 5th declension -ui Dative singular 4th declension -u Ablative singular 4th declension -uum Genitive plural 4th declension SFX Classics 4 Four Pronouns Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl Who, which, that Masc. Fem. qui quae quem quam cuius cui quo qua Nom Acc qui quos Gen Dat Abl quorum Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl Masc. hic hunc hoc Neuter quod quod illo That Fem. illa illam illius illi illa Nom Acc illi illos illae illas illa illa Gen Dat Abl illorum illarum illis illis illorum quo Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl quae quas quae quae quarum quibus quibus quorum This Fem. haec hanc huius huic hac Masc. ille illum hoc Nom Acc Gen Dat Abl that, him her ,it, them Masc. Fem. is ea eum eam eius ei eo ea Neuter hoc hoc Neuter illud illud illo Neuter id id eo Nom Acc hi hos hae has haec haec Nom Acc ei eos eae eas ea ea Gen Dat Abl horum harum his his horum Gen Dat Abl eorum earum eis eis eorum Six Personal Pronouns Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative I YOU Himself ego me mei mihi me tu te tui tibi te se sui sibi se WE nos nos nostrum nobis nobis SFX Classics YOU vos vos vestrum vobis vobis Themselves se sui sibi se 5 Verbs Six Person Endings, Four Conjugations, Five Tenses in Latin the endings of verbs tell you the person who is doing the action. the basic scheme of the person endings is this: m-o-i -s -t -mus -tis -nt I you (singular) he/she/it we you (plural) they tense refers to the time of the action of a verb : present , past, , future the present tense is used for actions happening now, in the present :I carry, am carrying the present tense is written out in full so that you can see how the person endings work in Latin there are four conjugations - groups of verbs that have the same endings 1 2 3 4 porto doceo traho audio I carry I teach I drag I hear portas doces trahis audis you carry you teach you drag you hear portat docet trahit audit she carries she teaches she drags she hears portamus docemus trahimus audimus we carry we teach we drag we hear portatis docetis trahitis auditis you carry you teach you drag you hear portant docent trahunt audiunt they carry they teach they drag they hear in Latin there are three past tenses o imperfect : I was carrying, I used to carry o perfect : I carried, have carried o pluperfect : I had carried each past tense has distinctive endings summarised in this table: Active I m-o-i YOU -s HE -t WE -mus YOU THEY -tis -nt Imperfect -bam -bas -bat -bamus -batis -bant Perfect -i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt Pluperfect -eram -eras -erat -eramus -eratis -erant SFX Classics 6 the future tense is used for future actions : I shall carry the first and second conjugations have futures with –bo, -bis etc, the third and fourth conjugations have futures with –am, -es etc Future1,2. -bo -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -bunt Future 3,4 -am -es -et -emus -etis -ent Four Tenses of esse the verb esse to be should be known by heart Present sum es est sumus estis sunt Imperfect I am you are he is we are you are they are eram eras erat eramus eratis erant Perfect I was you were she was we were you were they were fui fuisti fuit fuimus fuistis fuerunt Future I have been you have been he has been we have been you have been they have been ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt I shall be you will be she will be we shall be you will be they will be Four Principal Parts you need to know the four principal parts of each verb to be able to work out all the endings Present Infinitive Perfect Perfect Passive Participle port-o port-are port-avi port-atus I carry to carry I carried having been carried doceo docere docui doctus I teach to teach I taught having been taught traho trahere traxi tractus I drag to drag I dragged having been dragged audio audire audivi auditus I hear to hear I heard having been heard Three Participles verbs have three participles in Latin : present, perfect passive and future portans docens trahens audiens carrying teaching dragging hearing portatus-a-um doctus-a-um tractus-a-um auditus-a-um having been carried having been taught having been dragged having been heard portaturus-a-um docturus-a-um tracturus-a-um auditurus-a-um going to carry going to teach going to drag going to hear One Gerundive of Obligation Recognise by the -nd- ending and translate ‘must’. portandus-a-um docendus-a-um trahendus-a-um must be carried must be taught must be dragged SFX Classics audiendus-a-um must be heard 7 Two Subjunctive Tenses you have come across subjunctive verbs in some sentences cum=when; indirect questions; purpose clauses, result clauses, indirect command Recognise the pluperfect subjunctive by -isse- + person endings . portav-issem portav- isses portav- isset portav- issemus portav- issetis portav- issent docu- issem docu- isses docu- isset docu- issemus docu- issetis docu- issent trax- issem trax- isses trax- isset trax- issemus trax- issetis trax- issent audiv- issem audiv- isses audiv- isset audiv- issemus audiv- issetis audiv- issent Recognise the imperfect subjunctive by the infinitive -re + person endings. porta-rem porta- res porta- ret porta- remus porta- retis porta- rent doce- rem doce- res doce- ret doce- remus doce- retis doce- rent trahe- rem trahe- res trahe- ret trahe- remus trahe- retis trahe- rent audi- rem audi- res audi- ret audi- remus audi- retis audi- rent Passive Verbs .Learn the difference between active and passive verbs by studying these examples in English: : Active Passive He is carrying He is being carried They drag They are being dragged He was teaching He was being taught They were carrying They were being carried I heard his shout His shout was heard by me They kill the Romans The Romans are killed by them Metella was eating the dinner The dinner was being eaten by Metella Notice that with passive verbs the action is done to the subject ‘by’ is used for the person (or thing) doing the action Present, Imperfect, Future these tenses correspond to the active tenses you have already learnt all these passive tenses also have the same person endings: SFX Classics 8 -r -ris I you Present Passive porto-r I am being carried porta-ris you are being carried porta-tur she is being carried porta-mur we are being carried porta-mini you are being carried porta-ntur they are being carried Imperfect Passive porta-bar I was being carried porta-baris you were being carried porta-batur she was being carried porta-bamur we were being carried porta-bamini you were being carried porta-bantur they were being carried Future Passive porta-bor I shall be carried porta-beris you will be carried porta-bitur she will be carried porta-bimur we shall be carried porta-bimini you will be carried porta-buntur they will be carried -tur he/she -mur we doceo-r I am being taught doce-ris you are being taught doce-tur she is being taught doce-mur we are being taught doce-mini you are being taught doce-ntur they are being taught doce-bar I was being taught doce-baris you were being taught doce-batur she was being taught doce-bamur we were being taught doce-bamini you were being taught doce-bantur they were being taught doce-bor I shall be taught doce-beris you will be taught doce-bitur she will be taught doce-bimur we shall be taught doce-bimini you will be taught doce-buntur they will be taught -mini you -ntur they traho-r I am being dragged trahe-ris you are being dragged trahi-tur she is being dragged trahi-mur we are being dragged trahi-mini you are being dragged trahu-ntur they are being dragged trahe-bar I was being dragged trahe-baris you were being dragged trahe-batur she was being dragged trahe-bamur we were being dragged trahe-bamini you were being dragged trahe-bantur they were being dragged traha-r I shall be dragged trahe-ris you will be dragged trahe-tur she will be dragged trahe-mur we shall be dragged trahe-mini you will be dragged trahe-ntur they will be dragged SFX Classics audio-r I am being heard audi-ris you are being heard audi-tur she is being heard audi-mur we are being heard audi-mini you are being heard audiu-ntur they are being heard audie-bar I was being heard audie-baris you were being heard audie-batur she was being heard audie-bamur we were being heard audie-bamini you were being heard audie-bantur they were being heard audia-r I shall be heard audie-ris you will be heard audie-tur she will be heard audie-mur we shall be heard audie-mini you will be heard audie-ntur they will be heard 9 Perfect and Pluperfect Passive the perfect passive is formed two things you know already : perfect passive participle + sum, es etc doctus doctus doctus sum es est I was taught, have been taught You were taught, have been taught He was taught, has been taught docti sumus We were taught, have been taught You were taught, have been taught docti estis They were taught, have been taught docti sunt look out for a participle with a part of the veb sum be careful not to translate doctus est as he is taught. note that he she it they can be clearly distinguished because the participle changes endings like an adjective tractus tractus tractus tracta tractum tracti tracti tracti tractae tracta sum es est est est sumus estis sunt sunt sunt I was dragged, have been dragged You were dragged etc He was dragged She was dragged It was dragged We were dragged You were dragged They were dragged Pluperfect Passive This tense follows the same pattern as the perfecct passive but uses perfect passive participle + eram always means ‘had been..’ be careful not to translate docti eramus as we were taught doctus doctus doctus eram eras erat I had been taught You had been taught He had been taught docti docti docti eramus eratis erant We had been taught You had been taught They had been taught The preposition a, tractus tractus tractus tracta tractum tracti tracti tracti tractae tracta ab by is often used with passive verbs: SFX Classics eram eras erat erat erat eramus eratis sunt sunt sunt I had been dragged You had been dragged He had been dragged She had been dragged It had been dragged We had been dragged You had been dragged They had been dragged 10 Deponent Verbs These are verbs which look passive but have active meanings.. They are called deponent because they ‘put aside’ (deponere) their active forms. these are the principal parts of the deponent verbs you need for GCSE 1 conor conari conatus sum I try to try I tried, have tried 1 hortor hortari hortatus sum I encourage to encourage I encouraged, have encouraged 1 precor precari precatus sum I pray (to) to pray I prayed 2 vereor vereri veritus sum I am afraid, fear to fear I fear 2 videor videri visus sum I seem to seem I seemed 3 egredior egredi egressus sum I go out to go out I went out, have gone out 3 ingredior ingredi ingressus sum I enter to enter I entered, have entered 3 progredior progredi progressus sum I advance to advance I advanced, have advanced 3 regredior regredi regressus sum I go back, return to go back I went back 3 loquor loqui locutus sum I speak to speak I spoke, have spoken 3 morior mori mortuus sum I die to die I died 3 patior pati passus sum I suffer to suffer I suffered, have suffered 3 proficiscor proficisci profectus sum I set out to set out I set out, have set out 3 sequor sequi secutus sum I follow to follow I followed 3 utor uti usus sum I use to use I used 4 orior oriri ortus sum I rise, arise to rise I rose you first learned the perfect active participles – these are the only perfect participles in Latin that mean having done.... and not having been..... for GCSE you have to know these deponent past participles: having dared having prayed ausus precatus having tried having set out conatus profectus having gone out egressus progressus having advanced having encouraged regressus having returned hortatus having followed ingressus having entered secutus having spoken having used locutus usus having arisen having feared ortus veritus having suffered having seemed passus visus SFX Classics 11 Present, Imperfect and Future Tenses of Deponent verbs these have the same endings as passive verbs -r -ris -tur -mur -mini I you he/she we you but the meanings are active Present cono-r I try cona-ris you try cona-tur she tries cona-mur we try cona-mini you try cona-ntur they try Imperfect vereba-r I was fearing vereba-ris you were fearing vereba-tur she was fearing vereba-mur we were fearing vereba-mini you were fearing vereba-ntur they were fearingt -ntur they Future sequa--r I shall follow seque-ris you will follow seque-tur he will follow seque-mur we shall follow seque-mini you will follow seque--ntur they will follow Perfect and Pluperfect of Deponent Verbs Like the perfect passive which you have learned these participles are used with sum and eram to form perfect and pluperfect tenses – but note for these verbs the meaning is active : locutus locutus locuta sum es est I spoke, have spoken You spoke etc. She spoke locuti locuti locuti sumus estis sunt We spoke You spoke They spoke secutus secutus secuta eram eras erat I had followed You had followed She had followed secuti secuti secuti sumus estis sunt We had followed You had followed They had followed SFX Classics 12 Irregular Verbs the present tenses of a few common verbs have to be learned separately Present volo nolo possum eo fero I want, wish I do not want, refuse I am able ,can I go bring, carry vis non vis potes is fers you want you do not want you are able you go you carry vult non vult potest it fert she wants he does not want he is able he goes she carries volumus nolumus possumus imus ferimus we want we do not want we are able we go we carry vultis non vultis potestis itis fertis you want you do not want you are able you go you carry volunt nolunt possunt eunt ferunt they want they do not want they are able they go they carry other tenses generally follow the pattern you know Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Infinitives Imperative volebam nolebam poteram ibam ferebam I wanted I did not want I was able I was going I was carrying volam nolam potero ibo feram I shall want I shall not want I shall be able I shall go I shall carry volui nolui potui ii tuli I wanted I did not want I could I went I carried volueram nolueram potueram ieram tuleram I had wanted I had not wanted I had been able I had gone I had carried velle nolle posse ire ferre to want not to want to be able to go to carry - noli, nolite - i, ite fer, ferte go! bring ! don’t.... Infinitives Present active Present passive Perfect active Future active portare docere trahere audire to carry portari to teach doceri to drag trahi to hear audiri to be carried portavisse to have carried portatus esse to have been carried portaturus esse to be going to carry to be taught docuisse to have taught doctus esse to have beeen taught docturus esse to begoing to teach to be dragged traxisse to have dragged tractus esse to have been dragged tracturus esse to be going to drag to be heard audivisse to have heard auditus esse to have been heard auditurus esse to be going to hear SFX Classics 13 Constructions For GCSE you will often need to work out the construction used in a sentence to be sure that you have understood the sentence correctly. Whenever you come across these parts of a verb, make sure you understand how it is being used : subjunctives participles and gerundives infinitives. These words give you clues to the structure of a sentence: always work them out carefully: ut (four possibilities- purpose,result, indirect command, ‘as’+ indicative) ne (three possibilities- negative purpose, negative indirect command, verb of fearing)) cum (two possibilities - +subjunctive=when;+ ablative = with) dum (two possibilities – ‘while’; + subjunctive = until)) quod (two possibilities – because, which) ubi (two possibilities – where, when) si / nisi quamquam Subjunctive Constructions cum + subjunctive cum + pluperfect subjunctive = when......had cum Salvius haec verba dixisset When Salvius had said these verbs... cum + imperfect subjunctive = when....was/were cum Salvius haec verba diceret = When Salvius was saying these words... Indirect question spot the question word in the middle of the sentence and followed by a subjunctive verb. note carefully the tense of the subjunctive verb: mater cognovit cur puer clamavisset The mother found out why the boy had shouted. mater cognovit cur puer clamaret The mother found out why the boy was shouting. these are the question words you need for GCSE: cur num quando qualis quantus quis ,quid ubi why whether when what sort of how big who, what where quo quo modo quot unde utrum..an utrum...necne where to how how many where from whether...or whether ...or not ut + subjunctive: three possibilities never confuse ut and et ! always work out which of the following three constructions is being used purpose clause, result claue, indirect command SFX Classics 14 Purpose clause ut + subjunctive often after a verb of motion translate ‘in order to’ ‘to...’ Quintus ad forum contendit ut patrem videret Quintus hurried to the forum to see his father negative purpose clauses introduced by ne and can be translated in order not to.., to avoid servus fugit ne caperetur The slave fled to avoid being captured Result Clause ‘so’ word in sentence followed by ut + subjunctive translate ‘so......that’ Quintus tam fessus erat ut statim dormiret. Quintus was so tired that he slept at once. these are the ‘so’ words you need for GCSE : so tam tantus-a-um so great so much so many so much tot tantum so often to such an extent, so totiens adeo such, of such a kind ita in such a way talis Indirect Command verb that implies some command followed by ut + subjunctive translate ‘to.....’ not ‘in order to...’ imperator militibus imperavit ut fortiter pugnarent. The emperor ordered the soldiers to fight bravely. here are the verbs followed by indirect command that you must know for GCSE : to order to warn, advise imperare (+ dative) monere to beg persuadere (+ dative) to persuade orare to urge suadere(+ dative) postulare to demand to ask to urge rogare incitare to invite to encourage invitare hortari to ask to pray petere precari negative indirect commands are introduced by ne senex pueris imperavit ne clamarent . The old man ordered the boys not to shout. qui + subjunctive expressing purpose spot the subjunctive verb( infinitive +person endings) get the idea of purpose in the translation. Salvius servos vocavit qui corpus portarent Salvius called for slaves to carry away the body Verbs of Fearing two verbs of fearing timeo and vereor and the noun periculum are followed by ne + subjunctive servus timebat ne dominus haec verba audiret The slave was afraid that his master might hear these words. SFX Classics 15 ‘If’ sentences (conditional clauses) ‘if’ sentences about the future often use the future perfect tense (I shall have done etc) si haec feceris, certe poenas dabis If you do this ,you wull certainly be punished when a subjunctive verb is used the suggestion is that something did not happen or is not likely to happen. pluperfect subjunctive : If…had, ….would have (Unreal past) si hoc fecisses, certe poenas dedisses. If you had done this, you would certainly have been punished . imperfect subjunctive : If …were, …..would…. (Unreal present) si hoc faceres, poenas dares If you were doing this, you would be punished. present subjunctive: If…were to ….,….would…… (Unreal future) si hoc facias, poenas des. If you were to do this,you would be punished. Present Participles Ablative Absolute spot noun/pronoun + participle in ablative literal translation with often you can use when imperatore loquente omnes tacebant When the emperor was speaking, everyone was silent hostibus victis Romani gaudebant When the enemy were conquered, the Romans rejoiced Gerundives of obligation spot –nd- in verb, add idea of ‘must’ to meaning of verb the person who must do something is in the dative corpus servis portandum est The slaves must carry the body. SFX Classics 16 Infinitives / Indirect statement :accusative +infinitive present infinitives are used after certain verbs : volo, possum, debeo, audeo, iubeo, necesse otherwise if you come across an infinitive it will be used in the accusative +infinitive construction of indirect statement. see how this works by studying these examples : dico regem multos cives interficere I say that the king is killing many citizens dico regem multos cives interfecisse I say that the king has killed many citizens dico regem multos cives interfecturum esse I say that the king will kill many citizens dixi regem multos cives interficere I said that the king was killing many citizens dixi regem multos cives interfecisse I said that the king had killed many citizens dixi regem multos cives interfecturum esse I said that the king would kill many citizens dico multos cives a rege interfici I say that many citizens are being killed by the king dico multos cives a rege interfectos esse I say that many citzens have been killed by the king dixi multos cives a rege interfici I said that many citizens were being killed by the king dixi multos cives a rege interfectos esse I said that many citzens were killed by the king notice that a wide variety of verbs can introduce indirect statement : I see that…, I hope that…., I think that…,I believe that, I suspect that…., I realise that, I hear that… the tense of the infinitive depends upon the original words nego I deny is used for …say…..not nego regem multos cives interficere I say that the king is not killing many citizens SFX Classics