Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Circulating tumor cell wikipedia , lookup
Lymphatic system wikipedia , lookup
Body Worlds wikipedia , lookup
Body snatching wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Anatomical terms of location wikipedia , lookup
Human digestive system wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy introduction • Dr Ayman Alserr Dr Naser Radwan LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • CHEMICALS :organic&inorganic . • CELLS: The smallest living units of structure and function. • TISSUES: group of cells with similar structure and function. There are four groups of tissues: 1. Epithelial tissues: cover or line body surfaces, some are capable of producing secretions with specific functions. Cont. 2. Connective tissues:connect and support parts of the body; some transport or store materials.e.g. Blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue . 3. Muscle tissues:specialized for contraction, which brings about movement. Our skeletal muscles and the heart are examples . 4. Nerve tissue:specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions. Cont. .ORGANS: An organ is a group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions. .ORGAN SYSTEMS:An organ system is a group of organs that all contribute to a particular function. .Organism:any living individual. Definition of Anatomy • Is the study of structure and shape of the body, and body parts, and their relation to each other . Organ system review Integumentary system: is the external • • • • covering, of the body It protects the deeper structures. It excretes salt and urea It regulates body temperature It has pain pressure receptors. Skeletal system • • • • • Bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints. It supports the body It protects the body It forms blood cells (hematopoiesis). It is a store house for minerals. Muscular system • To contract, have origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action Respiratory system • Supply oxygen and remove CO2. • Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, • Bronchi and lungs Digestive system. • Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon. Urinary system • Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra Nervous system • It consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and receptors Endocrine system • Produce hormones, directly to the blood,eg thyroid,pituitary,pancreas. Cardiovascular system • Heart and blood vessels Lymphatic system • Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, and tonsils. Fields of anatomical study include: Surface anatomy: The detection of surface marking of a superficial structure OR projection of internal structure on the surface of the body. Applied or clinical anatomy: The application of the anatomical knowledge in the study of medicine Surgical anatomy: deals with the surgical procedures based on anatomical facts e.g. surgical incisions. 4.Radiological anatomy:diagnosis by x-ray findings,US,CT,MRI. 5.Endoscopy:examination of the inside a viscus e.g. gastroscope,cystoscope. 6.Comparative anatomy:helps in solving the problems of variations and abnormalities. . Anatomy Anatomy is derived from Greek roots that means to cut up or dissect . Anatomical Position : The subject is standing erect . All joints are extended. The face is looking forwards. The forearm is supinated . The palm of the hand is facing anterior Anatomical position .All joints are extended. . The eyes are opened . The palm is facing anterior. .The forearm is supinated . .The face is forwards Terms of positions: • Erect anatomical position • :The body is standing upright, eyes are looking horizontally forwards, upper limbs are stretched by the side of the trunk, palms are facing forwards, lower limbs parallel and feet are directed forwards. Patient Positions .Supine position : . Prone position : the body is lying on the back the body is lying flat with the face downwards . .Lithotomy position : gynecological position .Lateral position : on one side of the body . Erect position : standing Anatomical planes and lines • Sagittal plane: longitudinal vertical plane divides the body into right and left similar halves. • Coronal plane: divide in to anterior ventral and posterior dorsal parts. • Transverse plane: horizontal plane divides into upper superior and lower inferior parts Anatomical Planes ( Sections ) Relationship and directions: • • • • • • • Superior (cranial,cephalad):nearer to the head. Inferior (caudal) : nearer to the feet. Anterior (ventral):nearer to the front. Posterior (dorsal): nearer to the back. Medial: nearer to the midline of the body. Lateral: farther away from the midline. Proximal: nearer to trunk or point of origin. • Distal: farther away from trunk or point of origin • Superficial: nearer to the surface(skin). • Deep :farther away from the surface. Anatomical Terms Anatomical Terms Movements Movement Definition Flexion Decrease the angle of that joint , is a bending movement Extension Straightening movement that increase the angle of a joint Adduction Movement near the body Abduction Movement away from the body Rotation Medial Rotation : rotation medially Lateral Rotation : rotation laterally Circumduction Summation of flexion ,adduction ,extension ,abduction Supination Pronation The ulna & radius are parallel The radius crosses over the ulna Body cavities :Dorsal • Cavity Cranial cavity • Formed by cranial bones and contains brain. • Vertebral canal Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal • cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves. • Ventral cavity: • Thoracic cavity* • Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum. Cont. Pleural cavity • Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura. Pericardial cavity. • Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of • the pericardial cavity is the pericardium .mediastinum • Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels. Cont. Abdominopelvic cavity Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum. Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction. Abdominal Regions Abdominal Lines and Planes SUBCOSTAL PLANE • The horizontal subcostal plane joins the lowest point of the costal margin on each side—that is, the tenth costal cartilage. • This plane lies at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Abdominal Lines and Planes INTERCRISTAL PLANE • The intercristal plane passes across the highest points on the iliac crests and lies on the level of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra. • This is commonly used as a surface landmark when performing a lumbar spinal tap. Abdominal Lines and Planes INTERTUBERCULAR PLANE The horizontal intertubercular plane joins the tubercles on the iliac crests and lies at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The Body Regions Right Hypochondrium : Epigastric area : Left Hypochondrium : stomach & Pancreas ( Spleen ,….. ( Liver & Gallbladder ) Right Lumbar : ( Kidney & Adrenal gland ) Right Iliac : fossa Appendix, Cecum ) Umbilical area : Small Intestine Left Lumbar Hypogastric area : Left Iliac fossa : ( Urinary bladder : ( Kidney & Adrenal gland ) ( Pelvic Colon , ……… ) EPITHELIAL TISSUE • 1. Simple squamous—one layer of flat cells; thin and smooth. Sites: alveoli (to permit diffusion of gases); capillaries (to permit exchanges between blood and tissues). • 2. Stratified squamous—many layers of mostly flat cells; mitosis takes place in lowest layer. Sites: epidermis, where surface cells are dead (a barrier to pathogens); lining of mouth; esophagus; and vagina (a barrier to pathogens). • 3. Transitional—stratified, yet surface cells are rounded and flatten when stretched. Site: urinary bladder (to permit expansion without tearing the lining). CONT. • 4. Simple cuboidal—one layer of cube-shaped cells. Sites: thyroid gland (to secrete thyroid hormones); salivary glands (to secrete saliva); kidney tubules (to reabsorb useful materials back to the blood). • 5. Simple columnar—one layer of column-shaped cells. Sites: stomach lining (to secrete gastric juice); small intestinal lining (to secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients—microvilli increase surface area for absorption). • 6. Ciliated—columnar cells with cilia on free surfaces. Sites: trachea (to sweep mucus and bacteria to the pharynx); fallopian tubes (to sweep ovum to uterus). CONT. • 7. Glands—epithelial tissues that produce secretions. • Unicellular—one-celled glands. Goblet cells • secrete mucus in the respiratory and digestive tracts. • • Multicellular—many-celled glands. • Exocrine glands have ducts; salivary glands • secrete saliva into ducts that carry it to the oral cavity. • • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into capillaries (no ducts); thyroid gland secretes thyroxine.