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Anatomy
introduction
• Dr Ayman Alserr
Dr Naser Radwan
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• CHEMICALS :organic&inorganic .
• CELLS: The smallest living units of structure
and function.
• TISSUES: group of cells with similar structure
and function. There are four groups of tissues:
1. Epithelial tissues: cover or line body
surfaces, some are capable of producing
secretions with specific functions.
Cont.
2. Connective tissues:connect and support parts
of the body; some transport or store
materials.e.g. Blood, bone, cartilage, and
adipose tissue .
3. Muscle tissues:specialized for contraction,
which brings about movement. Our skeletal
muscles and the heart are examples .
4. Nerve tissue:specialized to generate and
transmit electrochemical impulses that
regulate body functions.
Cont.
.ORGANS: An organ is a group of tissues precisely
arranged so as to accomplish specific functions.
.ORGAN SYSTEMS:An organ system is a group of
organs that all contribute to a particular function.
.Organism:any living individual.
Definition of Anatomy
• Is the study of structure and shape of the
body, and body parts, and their relation to
each other .
Organ system review
Integumentary system: is the external
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covering, of the body
It protects the deeper structures.
It excretes salt and urea
It regulates body temperature
It has pain pressure receptors.
Skeletal system
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Bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints.
It supports the body
It protects the body
It forms blood cells (hematopoiesis).
It is a store house for minerals.
Muscular system
•
To contract, have origin, insertion, nerve
supply, and action
Respiratory system
• Supply oxygen and remove CO2.
• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
• Bronchi and lungs
Digestive system.
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small
bowel, colon.
Urinary system
• Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and
urethra
Nervous system
• It consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and
receptors
Endocrine system
• Produce hormones, directly to the
blood,eg thyroid,pituitary,pancreas.
Cardiovascular system
•
Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic system
• Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic
vessels, spleen, and tonsils.
Fields of anatomical study
include:

Surface anatomy:
The detection of surface
marking of a superficial structure OR projection of internal
structure on the surface of the body.
 Applied or clinical anatomy: The application of
the anatomical knowledge in the study of medicine
 Surgical anatomy: deals with the surgical
procedures based on anatomical facts e.g. surgical
incisions.
 4.Radiological anatomy:diagnosis by x-ray
findings,US,CT,MRI.
 5.Endoscopy:examination of the inside a viscus
e.g. gastroscope,cystoscope.
 6.Comparative anatomy:helps in solving
the problems of variations and abnormalities.
.
Anatomy
Anatomy is derived from Greek roots that means to cut up
or dissect .
Anatomical Position :
The subject is standing erect .
All joints are extended.
The face is looking forwards.
The forearm is supinated .
The palm of the hand is facing anterior
Anatomical position
.All joints are extended.
. The eyes are opened
. The palm is facing
anterior.
.The forearm is
supinated .
.The face is forwards
Terms of positions:
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Erect anatomical position
•
:The body is standing upright, eyes are looking
horizontally forwards, upper limbs are stretched by the
side of the trunk, palms are facing forwards, lower limbs
parallel and feet are directed forwards.
Patient Positions
.Supine position :
. Prone position :
the body is lying on the back
the body is lying flat with the
face downwards .
.Lithotomy position : gynecological position
.Lateral position : on one side of the body
. Erect position : standing
Anatomical planes and lines
• Sagittal plane: longitudinal vertical plane divides the
body into right and left similar halves.
• Coronal plane: divide in to anterior ventral and
posterior dorsal parts.
• Transverse plane: horizontal plane divides into
upper superior and lower inferior parts
Anatomical Planes ( Sections )
Relationship and directions:
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Superior (cranial,cephalad):nearer to the head.
Inferior (caudal) : nearer to the feet.
Anterior (ventral):nearer to the front.
Posterior (dorsal): nearer to the back.
Medial: nearer to the midline of the body.
Lateral: farther away from the midline.
Proximal: nearer to trunk or point of origin.
• Distal: farther away from trunk or point of origin
• Superficial: nearer to the surface(skin).
• Deep :farther away from the surface.
Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Terms
Movements
Movement
Definition
Flexion
Decrease the angle of that joint , is a
bending movement
Extension
Straightening movement that
increase the angle of a joint
Adduction
Movement near the body
Abduction
Movement away from the body
Rotation
Medial Rotation : rotation medially
Lateral Rotation : rotation laterally
Circumduction
Summation of flexion ,adduction
,extension ,abduction
Supination
Pronation
The ulna & radius are parallel
The radius crosses over the ulna
Body cavities
:Dorsal
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Cavity
Cranial cavity
• Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
• Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal
• cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
• Ventral cavity:
• Thoracic cavity*
• Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities
and mediastinum.
Cont.
Pleural cavity
• Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each
pleural cavity is the pleura.
Pericardial cavity.
• Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of
• the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
.mediastinum
• Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs;
extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first
rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Cont.
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small
intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous
membrane of the abdominal cavity
is the peritoneum.
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and
internal organs of reproduction.
Abdominal Regions
Abdominal Lines and Planes
SUBCOSTAL PLANE
• The horizontal
subcostal plane joins
the lowest point of the
costal margin on each
side—that is, the tenth
costal cartilage.
•
This plane lies at the
level of the third
lumbar vertebra.
Abdominal Lines and Planes
INTERCRISTAL PLANE
• The intercristal plane passes across the
highest points on the iliac crests and lies on
the level of the body of the fourth lumbar
vertebra.
• This is commonly used as a surface landmark
when performing a lumbar spinal tap.
Abdominal Lines and Planes

INTERTUBERCULAR PLANE
The horizontal intertubercular plane joins the tubercles
on the iliac crests and lies at the level of the fifth lumbar
vertebra.
The Body Regions
Right
Hypochondrium :
Epigastric area :
Left
Hypochondrium :
stomach & Pancreas
( Spleen ,…..
( Liver & Gallbladder )
Right Lumbar :
( Kidney & Adrenal
gland )
Right Iliac :
fossa
Appendix,
Cecum
)
Umbilical area
: Small Intestine
Left Lumbar
Hypogastric
area :
Left Iliac fossa :
( Urinary
bladder
:
( Kidney & Adrenal
gland )
( Pelvic Colon ,
……… )
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• 1. Simple squamous—one layer of flat cells; thin and
smooth. Sites: alveoli (to permit diffusion of gases);
capillaries (to permit exchanges between blood and
tissues).
• 2. Stratified squamous—many layers of mostly flat
cells; mitosis takes place in lowest layer. Sites:
epidermis, where surface cells are dead (a barrier to
pathogens); lining of mouth; esophagus; and vagina (a
barrier to pathogens).
• 3. Transitional—stratified, yet surface cells are
rounded and flatten when stretched. Site: urinary
bladder (to permit expansion without tearing the
lining).
CONT.
• 4. Simple cuboidal—one layer of cube-shaped
cells. Sites: thyroid gland (to secrete thyroid
hormones); salivary glands (to secrete saliva);
kidney tubules (to reabsorb useful materials back
to the blood).
• 5. Simple columnar—one layer of column-shaped
cells. Sites: stomach lining (to secrete gastric
juice); small intestinal lining (to secrete digestive
enzymes and absorb nutrients—microvilli
increase surface area for absorption).
• 6. Ciliated—columnar cells with cilia on free
surfaces. Sites: trachea (to sweep mucus and
bacteria to the pharynx); fallopian tubes (to
sweep ovum to uterus).
CONT.
• 7. Glands—epithelial tissues that produce
secretions.
• Unicellular—one-celled glands. Goblet cells
• secrete mucus in the respiratory and digestive
tracts.
• • Multicellular—many-celled glands. • Exocrine
glands have ducts; salivary glands
• secrete saliva into ducts that carry it to the oral
cavity.
• • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly
into capillaries (no ducts); thyroid gland secretes
thyroxine.