Download Exploring Terms of Anatomy

Exploring Terms
of Anatomy
ANATOMICAL
POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL
TERMS
Anatomical Position
Planes of Motion
Skull Sutures
Planes of Motion
 Your body doesn’t move in one dimension.
 If it did, you wouldn’t be able to move your
leg away from you, toward you, in front and
behind you.
 Your body moves in three dimensions, and
training programs should reflect that.
Planes of Motion
 Exercise programs should be designed to
utilize all planes of motion.
 This will help train the body in the same
manner that it moves in real life.
 There are three different planes of motion…
SAGITTAL
 Divides the body into right/left.
 Movements in this plane move
forward and backward.
 For example, bicep curl, dead lift,
push ups, chest press,
or lunges.
FRONTAL or CORONAL
 Divides the body into front/back.
 Movements in this plane
go side to side.
 For example, side raises,
side lunges, or jumping jacks.
TRANSVERSE
 Divides the body in top/bottom.
 Movements in this plane
are rotational.
 For example, standing med ball twist,
torso twist with bands, or wipers.
Anatomical Terms
OF LOCATION
Anatomical Terms of Location
 Superior/Inferior
 Anterior/Posterior
 Medial/Lateral
 Distal/Proximal
Superior & Inferior
 Superior ‘higher’ ‘above’
 Inferior ‘lower’ ‘below’
The head is superior to the neck.
The elbow joint is inferior to the shoulder joint.
The lungs are superior to the liver.
Anterior & Posterior
 Anterior (ventral) refers to the ‘front’
 Posterior (dorsal) refers to the ‘back’
 The heart is posterior to the sternum because it lies
behind it.
 Pectoralis major lies anterior to pectoralis minor.
Medial & Lateral
 Medial means towards the midline.
 Lateral means away from the midline.
 The eye is lateral to the nose.
 The nose is medial to the ears.
Distal & Proximal
 These terms are used in structures that are
considered to have a beginning and an end
(such as the upper limb, lower limb and blood vessels).
 Proximal means closer to its origin.
 Distal means further away.
 The wrist is distal to the elbow.
 The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Anatomical Terms
OF MOVEMENT
Flexion and Extension
 Movements that occur in the
sagittal plane.
 They refer to increasing and decreasing
the angle between two body parts.
Flexion
 A movement that decreases the angle
between two body parts.
 Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between
the ulna and the humerus.
 When the knee flexes, the ankle moves closer to the
buttock, and the angle between the femur and tibia
gets smaller.
Extension
 A movement that increases the angle
between two body parts.
 Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle
between the ulna and the humerus.
 Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb.
Increasing and Decreasing
the angle
Abduction and Adduction
 Abduction and Adduction are two
terms that are used to describe
movements towards or away from
the midline of the body.
Abduction
A B - away
 A movement away from the midline
just as “abducting” someone is - to take them away
 For example, abduction of the shoulder
raises the arms out to the sides of the body.
Adduction
A D D - toward
 A movement towards the midline
 Adduction of the hip
squeezes the legs together.
Abduction and Adduction
 In fingers and toes…
the midline used
is not the midline of the body,
but of the hand and foot respectively.
 Therefore, abducting the fingers
spreads them out.
Abduction and Adduction
Medial and Lateral Rotation
 A movement of the limbs around their long axis.
 Medial Rotation is a rotational movement towards
the midline.
It is sometimes referred to as internal rotation.
 Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from
the midline.
It is sometimes referred to as external rotation.
Medial and Lateral Rotation
 To understand this, we must imagine two scenarios...
 Firstly, with a straight leg, rotate it to point the toes
inward. This is medial rotation of the hip.
 Secondly, imagine you are carrying a tea tray in front of
you, with elbow at 90 degrees. Now rotate the arm,
bringing your hand towards your opposite hip (elbow still
at 90 degrees). This is internal rotation of the shoulder.
 Lateral rotation is movement in the opposite direction of
the movements described above.
Medial and Lateral Rotation
Elevation and Depression
 Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction
 Depression refers to movement in an inferior
direction.
Pronation and Supination
 This is easily confused with medial and lateral
rotation, but the difference is subtle.
 Supination:
 With your hand resting on a table in front of you,
and keeping your shoulder and elbow still, turn your
hand into its back, palm up. This is the supine
position.
When lying flat on the back, the body is supine
Holding “Soup”
Pronation and Supination
 Pronation
 Again, keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your
hand into its front, palm down. This is the prone
position, and so this movement is named pronation.
When lying flat on the front, the body is prone.
Throwing a football like a “Pro”
Pronation and Supination
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
 Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are terms used to
describe movements at the ankle.
 They refer to the two surfaces of the foot;
the dorsum (superior surface)
plantar surface (the sole).
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
 Dorsiflexion refers to flexion at the ankles,
so that the foot points more superiorly.
 Plantarflexion refers extension at the ankle,
so that the foot points inferiorly.
Inversion and Eversion
 Inversion and eversion refer to movements that tilt
the sole of the foot:
away from (eversion) towards (inversion)
the midline of the body.
 Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot away
from the median plane.
 Inversion is the movement of the sole towards the
median plane.
Inversion and Eversion
Exploring Articulations
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