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Year 5/6 SPAG Workshop Mr Fidler & Mr Dourass In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. Aims of the Workshop Overview of coverage of SPAG Understanding of key terminology and techniques Provide you with useful knowledge and skills to support your children Keep you awake! In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. An Overview of SPAG Years 1-6 In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. Key Terminology Years 1-4 In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. Noun A word which names a thing, place, idea or person. Nouns can be classified into four different types: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns. Proper Nouns These are specific nouns which are usually either people, places, days or months. A proper noun needs a capital letter. e.g. Simon, London, Tuesday, November. Pronouns Pronouns are normally used like nouns, but they replace them. We often use them to replace a noun, such as a person. Amanda waved to Michael. - She waved to him. Michael waved at Amanda, Jasmine and Lucy. – He waved at them. Possessive Pronouns When something is owned by a noun and we want to show this ownership, we may use a possessive pronoun instead of using the noun. Juliet lost Juliet’s handbag. This is clumsy and repetitious, so we say: Juliet lost her handbag. Adjective A word that describes a noun. e.g. the cat is very happy Verb A ‘doing’ word. The boy played football. The crowd clapped as One Direction took the stage. or ‘being’ word He is happy. I was upset. Adverb A word that usually describes a verb. It nearly always answers the questions: How? When? Where? or Why? Most adverbs in English end in –ly and come from adjectives. e.g. The cat moved stealthily. Conjunction A conjunction links words or groups of words (we used to refer to them as connectives) Clauses and Phrases A clause is defined as a group of related words that usually contains a subject and verb. e.g. he ran. A phrase is defined as a group of related words that usually does not contain a subject and a verb. e.g. on the table. ◦ He reached school in time. ◦ I was standing near a wall. ◦ They are singing in a loud voice. Fronted Adverbial An adverbial is a group of words which does the same job as an adverb (usually describes a verb). After some time, the scenery changed to denser forests. Slowly and carefully, she took the gun from her pocket. At the top of the garden, he built a shed. Main Clause A group of words in a sentence that can stand alone and be used as a complete sentence. The green bird pecked an apple, which had become mouldy. The green bird, who had a fantastic plumage, pecked an apple. Subordinate Clause A group of words in a sentence that cannot be used as a complete sentence as they don’t make sense on their own. It helps to give more information to the main clause. ◦ The green bird pecked an apple, which had become mouldy. ◦ The green bird, who had a fantastic plumage, pecked an apple. Key Terminology Years 5-6 In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. Modal Verb These are auxiliary verbs which are used to express possibility or wanting, as well as the future. (e.g. can, will, may, might, should, ought to) You ought to do your homework. Many will find the experience exhilarating. Synonym These are words which have the same, or nearly the same meaning as each other. Bad - awful, terrible, horrible Happy - content, joyful, pleased Look - watch, stare, glaze Antonym Words which mean the opposite to each other. The antonym of up is down The antonym of tall is short The antonym of add is subtract Punctuation Years 5-6 In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. Hyphen A hyphen - is used to connect a word or parts of a word to make a new word. E.g. ‘Left-handed’, ‘One-way’ It can often be used to avoid ambiguity. ‘Man eating shark’ suggests a man is eating a shark. ‘Man-eating-shark’ suggests a shark that eats men. Colon A colon is used before a list, summary or quote. It is also used before using bullet points. I have several favorite genres of movies: drama, science fiction and mystery. This was first said by Shakespeare: “To thine own self be true.” A colon is also used to show linkage between two main clauses instead of using a conjunction (it gives more information about the clause that comes before it). We went to the cinema: it was on New Street. SemiSemi -Colon Used in place of a conjunction. It splits two main clauses and shows that thoughts on either side of it are balanced and connected. You need new brakes; you may not be able to stop in time. We had too many fumbles; we lost the game. Dashes Can be used in more informal writing in place of colons or semi-colons (where they are joining two main clauses). Parenthesis The words or phrase inside a set of brackets, commas or dashes. They add extra information. My birthday cake was chocolate (which is my absolute favourite) with chocolate icing and chocolate buttons on top. We catch the bus - the blue one – at 3:15pm at the station. Sentence Structure Years 5-6 In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best. Relative Clause A type of subordinate clause that connects to the main clause by a relative pronoun such as: that, which, who, whom or whose. I enjoyed the film, that we saw last night. We took a ride with Nigel, whose mother was a nuisance. Subject The subject of a verb is normally the noun, noun phrase or pronoun that names the ‘doer’ or ‘be-er’. We might say that it is the person or thing a sentence is about. Sarah plays football. Object An object is normally a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that comes straight after the verb, and shows what the verb is acting upon. Charles kicked the football. Active / Passive The active voice has its usual pattern of subject and object. (The subject carries out the action) Active: The school arranged a visit. The passive voice gives the same information, but it makes the subject less responsible for it. Passive: A visit was arranged by the school. A P Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive is a formal way of writing that is only usually found in speeches and formal letters (often of complaint). If I were Prime Minister, I would abolish all schools. I advise that you reconsider your plans. Thank you for attending. Mr Fidler & Mr Dourass In God’s family, learning, loving, growing to be our very best.