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Welcome to Meteorology – the study of weather and climate What is meteorology (meteorología)? The study of the atmosphere and its conditions (temperature, air movement, moisture content), the study of the weather Atmosphere Cornell Notes (Notebook p. 24) Atmosphere(atmósfera) The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth; the air. Evolution of Earth’s Atmoshpere Look around this room? • Air molecules are moving all around us • about 16,000,000,000,000,000,0 00,000,000,000,000 air molecules are in this room • They are traveling at about 1000 mph in random directions Is there anything really there? • Imagine you lived 400 years ago. • You believe that molecules actually exist in the air even though you can’t see them. • What could you do to prove that air molecules actually exists to other people. • With your partner come up with some methods that you could do to prove that air consisted of tiny molecules floating around in it. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Tried to prove to the ‘Royal Court’ that there was something in the air. 1. Air has Mass (masa) 2. Air takes up space; has volume (volumen) All this weight of the air! Air pressure Imagine….. • Think of yourself on the bottom of the ocean. • What is surrounding you? • Water molecules – Pretty heavy • The same is with the atmosphere – it surrounds like the ocean, yes it is heavy but we are use to it. Air Pressure Air pressure is the weight of air on us . Equilibrium = The air pressure pushing down on an object exactly balances the air pressure pushing up on the object. Most Abundant Gases in Atmosphere Other Gasses 1% (mostly Argon) • Nitrogen (78%) • Oxygen (21%) Oxygen Gas 21% Nitrogen Gas 78% Molecules of Air Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere • The layers of the atmosphere are divided into ____ layers? What factor is the main determinant that divides the layers of the atmosphere? o Exosphere ----------------------- Border with Space The Troposphere (troposfera) Where all weather takes place 0-6 miles above Earth’s surface Temperature decreases with altitude Impacts of Weather 1/5 Figure 1.12 Impacts of Weather 2/5 Figure 1.13 Impacts of Weather 3/5 Figure 1.14 Impacts of Weather 4/5 Figure 1.15 146 people die each year In US from flash floods Impacts of Weather 5/5 Lightning strikes earth 100 times every second Figure 1.16 Our atmosphere is vulnerable • Vulnerable (sensitive) because it is so thin. • So thin that we can change its composition and its effects The Stratosphere (estratósfera) and Ozone Layer (capa de ozono) Stratosphere contains the ozone layer Ozone layer is responsible for absorbing the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun Temperature increases with altitude (because of the thick ozone layer holding heat) 6-30 miles above Earth’s surface The ozone layer is a layer in the stratosphere made of three oxygen molecules bonded together (O3) The ozone is important because it absorbs radiation from the sun. Without the ozone layer, UV penetrates the planet affecting life drastically The Mesosphere (mesosfera) Coldest part of atmosphere This is where we see meteors, "falling stars" fall to the earth and burn up in the atmosphere Temp decreases with altitude 30-50 miles above Earth’s surface Meteor Shower The Thermosphere (termosfera) Air molecules very thin 50 miles above Earth’s surface to outer space; the upper part is the beginning of space Human-made Satellites orbit within this layer Temperature increases with altitude Exosphere (exosfera) Border with space Millions of man-made orbital ruins that make up "space junk” Space junk can be: Hatches blown off space modules Paint fragments from the space shuttle Satellites that no longer work Man-made debris orbits at a speed of roughly 17,500 miles/hour (28,000 km/h)! Think of the damage even a small speck of paint could do if it hit a spacecraft at such a high speed! o Exosphere ----------------------- Border with Space