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4.5 Billion Years ago Millions of meteors colliding form the earth. Temperatures are high as the surface was molten ocean. 4.4 Billion Years Ago Meteors continue to crash into the earth. The gradual cooling of the core turns the surface into a dark volcanic rock crust. Water was forming on the surface. Although there is a controversy as to the origin of water on earth, the latest thinking is that water came from rich (5%) asteroids and comets that peppered the earth. Clouds formed as the water evaporated off the surface, triggering downpours that lasted from 4.4 to 4.0 billion years ago. 4.0 Billion Years Ago The rains that fell to earth formed the oceans. Ninety percent of the surface was ocean. Small volcanoes were visible. The atmosphere was red from carbon dioxide and had such dense pressure that a human would have been crushed flat. The temperatures were over 200 degrees. These conditions lasted for half a billion years. 3.5 Billion Years Ago Renewed volcanic eruptions formed the continents and turned the earth to granite. Upsurges of undersea volcanism cracked the earth's crust that was underneath the oceans allowing the water to plunge into the cracks alongside the molten lava. The mixture of how water and superheated basaltic rock produced granite that rose to form the new continents. Granite is light, buoyant and tough and floated on top of oceanic crust under the ocean. The granite crust appeared to form major land masses. This took one billion years… The next step is the production of oxygen. Single cell organisms appear deep in the water. They lived on the heat from the subsea volcanic fissures. An organism developed on the coastlines that was preparing to transform the planet. Rare bacterial algae found on the slimy film coating on the rock’s surfaces were actually the creator of the rocks themselves. These thin layers of microorganisms used light energy to get their food and produced oxygen as a waste product! These were called stromatolites. These are the ancestors of all living things on earth… 2.5 Billion Years to 1.5 Billion Years Ago Stromatolites were global and filled the atmosphere with oxygen. Algae turned sunlight to oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Twenty million billion tons of oxygen were pumped into the earth during these two billion years. The oxygen was pumped first into the ocean, rusting out the iron in the water and turning the oceans from green to blue. There are still iron rich layers on the bottom of the oceans. The oxygen in the atmosphere turned the sky from red to blue. The earth is now the blue planet… 1.5 Billion Years Ago Continents were on the move. Scientists thought that the continents were fixed and not moveable until 1912 when a meteorologist hypothesized that the continents used to fit together, then drifted apart. The field of plate tectonics was born. Then a map of the ocean floor was commissioned by the Navy during WWII that discovered the fractured networks of submarine mountains and volcanic rifts and trenches that split the ocean into huge plates of crust. The rifts and trenches provided the solution on how the continents drift. The ocean floors are continuously being recycled. Deep below the surface, molten rock is in a circular motion following currents of heat generated deep within the planet. When these currents rise and the rifts form, the plates are pushed apart with new ocean crust created within the gap. When the mantle current sinks back down in to the earth, they drag the old oceanic plate down back into the interior. As the ocean plates move, so do the continents. Scientists can now reconstruct where the continents used to be. They mark the movement of the continents back over one billion years to a time of a huge continental collision. The oceans between were swallowed up. Large land masses came together in what is called a super continent. 1 Billion Years Ago Canada and the United States formed the heart of the super continent called Rosina with the other continents bunched around the center. The land was desolate, lifeless and barren…Primitive life forms were blooming along the side of the stromatolites in oxygenated waters. Rodinia triggered snowball earth…Rodinia was blocking the currents that brought warm water from the equator to the poles. The Polar Regions froze without this heat. The resulting ice reflected sunlight, dropping the temperatures even further to 40 degrees below zero and covering the earth with ice. The ice sheet was a mile deep. The only life was trapped beneath the surface. Only a tiny fraction of organisms survived. The whole planet was dying… 650 Million Years Ago Rodinia was in turmoil beneath the ice sheets, heat splitting it apart into giant fragments. There was a temporary greenhouse effect due to high levels of carbon dioxide. Shallow seas led to primitive organisms evolving into complex, more dangerous creatures. This Cambrian explosions comes from the oxygenation. 500 Million Years Ago This Cambrian era is the most intense for the development of more and different types of life. Life exploded with staggering diversity and complexity. Creatures fed on plants and on each other. Skeletons, eyes, teeth, and hard shells were developing. Modern animals arrive on earth. High levels of oxygen were changing the atmosphere. Oxygen reached today’s high levels over the next 100 million years that was dense enough to allow an ozone layer to form in the upper atmosphere. This ozone layer freed life from the oceans and extended life to land. Ultraviolet light killed any living organism that tried to live on land prior to the ozone layer. This ozone acts as the ultraviolet light shield. 400 Million Years Ago Continents converge again over the next 100 million years. Thanks to the ozone layer, life left the ocean and moved to land. During the carboniferous era, large plants occupied the earth’s surface. This jungle atmosphere dominated for 60 million years. This is where we get coal. Coal is the accumulated plant matter that existed 300 million years ago. It formed due to the unique way that swamps decompose. Fresh water prevents plants from decaying. The soil is the accumulated plant material. We get coal with the pressure and heat. Dead marine organisms that lived in the shallow waters became oil and gas. Our current energy comes from this process. There would have been no industrial revolution without it… 300 Million Years Ago Next came insects, followed by ambitious amphibians, then early reptilians.. 250 Million Years Ago There was a huge cataclysmic event. Volcanic eruptions in Siberia cause a rare mantle plume eruption. These eruptions continue for over 100 million years. One million cubic miles of rock spewed out and buried the USA 1,000 feet deep. Poisonous gases in the sky shrouded the entire globe. More than 95% of species died. This led to a new super continent. Pangaea dominated over the next 200 million years. Oxygen and carbon dioxide were at the highest levels. The animals that survived evolved into the dinosaurs. The Crustaceous Period lasted 125 million years. Dinosaurs grew large because they were lukewarm blooded in an oxygen rich environment. 180 Million to 100 Million Years Ago Volcanic activity split apart the super continent. Continents drifted to where they are today. Each continent had dinosaurs and swamps. Carbon dioxide levels increased 500%. Greenhouse conditions were created and huge tropical forests spread across many of the continents. Temperatures increased. This created enough food for dinosaurs that let them get HUGE! 65 Million to 50 Million Years Ago Dinosaurs dominated the earth. Then, the earth was hit by an enormous meteor 100 miles across. This is a crate in Mexico that was accidentally discovered in 1990. Excavations in Colorado show the sudden astronomical catastrophe. Iridium is a rare element that is mostly found as space rock. Two hundred thousand tons of iridium are in a “tombstone” layer of rock around the earth that is six miles in diameter discovered by the Alvarez family in 1980. Several thousand meters of the earth’s crust were vaporized and were washed around the earth raining back down as dust and debris. Then, there were volcanic eruptions in Western India simultaneous to the meteor clouds of toxic dust that were in the air. This dust kept out the sunlight. The deadly double blow killed the dinosaurs. It took 15 million years to recover from the extinction. 2 Million Years Ago Ancestors of modern humans out of Africa came at the same time as icy glaciers were descending from the North Pole. The earth enters and Ice Age. It was created because North America connected to South America disrupting warm water flow. The ice age lasted tens of thousands of years. Glaciers formed by snow on mountains and once were everywhere. Climate fluctuated. Glaciers move back and forth cutting up the land. This process formed the Great Lakes. 10,000 Years Ago We are between ice ages. All human achievements are in this narrow band of time. 15,000 Years from Now The next ice age is scheduled. Glaciers will come and grind New York into the oceans. 200,000 Years from Now The Mediterranean and the Atlantic will disappear into the new super continent – Ulta Pangaea…Oxygen levels could fluctuate. When the earth cools inside and plate tectonics stop the earth will be over without it’s heat core. 2 Billion Years from Now Our planet will be like Mars. Non-threatening Information: Information that is NOT THREATENING to the brain goes through the following steps: 1) 2) Information enters the through the fives senses of sight, sound, taste, touch and smell. This information is the perception and is met by the doorman of the brain, called the CORPUS STRTUM and the INTERIOR CYNGULATE, or the CYNGULATE GYRUS. The job of the doorman is to determine, Yes, I accept this information or, “No, I reject this information.” 3) If the information is accepted into the system, the information goes to the AMYGDALA. The amygdale is the stop sign or the sentry of the brain. 4) If the information is labeled as not dangerous, the information moves to the HIPPOCAMPUS, the holding tank in the brain that is responsible for the retention of information. We have one amygdale and hippocampus on each side of the brain. If there is no perceived danger, information moves fluidly and spins around like liquid in a soup pot. The job of the hippocampus is to create a thick pathway to the prefrontal cortex. The job is to strengthen a fading road and build new roads. 5) Then the information goes to that THALAMUS, the intersection or the crossing guard of information. The thalamus looks at the information and send it to one of two places, the prefrontal cortex or the hypothalamus. 6) Information that is not dangerous goes to the PREFONTAL CORTEX. The left side of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for language and analysis and deals only in information in the past and future. The right side of the brain deals with emotions and socializing, only in the present time. 7) Body sensations get sent another direction from the thalamus to the HYPOTHALAMUS. 8) The CORPUS COLLOSUM connects the two sides of the brain together, passing information back and forth so that we can manage information and make decisions. Threatening Information Information that IS THREATING goes through different pathways. 1) Information comes into the brain through the five senses. 2) The CORPUS STRATUM and the INTERIOR CYNGULATE give us our perception of events. 3) The AMYGDALA is the stop sign. This time, the amygdale says And grabs a grain of experience to help us remember the experience. 4) The INTERIOR CYNGULATE signals the left PREFRONTAL CORTEX to STOP! We do not need analysis and language of the past and future. Our only mission is to SURVIVE. 5) The right hemisphere manages emotions and socialization. All energy goes to the right brain. We become hyper vigilant. 6) The information rigidly goes to the HIPPOCAMPUS. Imagine a sheet of glass that then shatters into millions of pieces. The brain cannot determine what piece of information from which we must survive in the immediate moment. 7) The THALAMUS says that almost all the information goes to the HYPOTHALAMUS to keep reorienting in order to survive. Then a choice is made. 6) Flight is a rush of adrenaline. Flight is a rush of adrenaline and serotonin. Our breathing slows and temperature drops so we can run a long distance without overheating or getting out of breath. Freeze is a release of opiates so we feel less pain if we do not survive. 9) Protein pathways take time to build, so the pathways burn quickly due to the threat. 10) We have to remember this so we can fight / flight / freeze the next time it happens. 11) Then the HYPOTHALMUS releases dopamine or pleasure and instructs the cerebellum to do something physical. 12)The connection from the HYPOTHALAMSU to the MIDBRAIN to the CEREBELLEM all come from the BASAL GANGLIA, the extension cords of the experience. 13) After the threat is over, the brain is depleted of pleasure, so we have t fuel up with food and intimacy in order to prepare for the next threatening event. 14) This is where addiction and compulsions come from because we need dopamine. We need to process the memory of the thread in order to return the system t normal. 15)After we are out of the trauma, memory is stored in fragment form in the HIPPOCAMPUS and the AMYGDALA. The HIPPOCAMPUS keeps memory protein connected to retain the information. 16) Information that is not threatening has to maneuver through the shards of glass that are kept in original form. The fluid, non-dangerous information picks up these shards of glass during processing, thereby altering the memory. 17)EMDR gets the entire brain working stirring the memories again. The basal ganglia unwinds. As we go through the memories as they were originally stored, we force the proteins to reevaluate themselves and shift into a connection to the PREFRONTAL CORTEX. We are consolidating fragments of memory and having them move forward to the PFC. The BRAIN STEM is all about survival. This structure is the evolutionary holdover from when all there was on earth were single cell organisms. 2) The next level up is the reptilian brain or the LIMBIC SYSTEM. The reptile world is cold-blooded, travels alone and does not nurture their young. 3) The next level up in the mammal brain. The mammal world is warm-blooded, travels in a pack and nurtures their young. Extrication from the heard means death. 1) Attention span Perseverance or following through Judgment Impulse control Organization Self-monitoring and supervision Problem solving Critical thinking Forward thinking Learning from experience Ability to feel and express emotions Influences the limbic system Empathy Talking points 1) One of the basic premises of EMDR is that most psychopathologies are based on early life experiences. The goal of EMDR treatment is to rapidly metabolize the dysfunctional residue from the past and transform it into something useful. Essentially with EMDR the dysfunctional information undergoes a spontaneous change in form and meaning – incorporating insight and affect that are enhancing rather than self-denigrating to the client. 2) Dual attention stimulation is merely once component integrated with procedural aspects synthesized from all the major psychological orientations. 3) As a comprehensive approach, careful attention is given to images, beliefs, emotions, physical responses, increased awareness and interpersonal systems in achieving EMDR’s effects. 4) Clinicians must use different EMDR protocols, depending on the types of pathology, and follow therapeutic procedures customized to the needs of the client. 5) The purpose of the eight-phase EMDR treatment is to help liberate the client from the past into a healthy and productive present. 6) EMDR is used to 1-help the client learn from the negative experiences of the past, 2-desensitize present triggers that are inappropriately distressing, and 3incorporate templates for appropriate future action that allow the client to excel individually and within her interpersonal system. 7) EMDR brings together aspects of many major psychological orientations: The attention to etiological events underscored by psychodynamic therapy, the conditioned responses highlighted by behavior therapy, the beliefs of cognitive therapy, the emotions of experiential therapies, the imagery work of hypnotic therapies and the contextual understanding of system’s theory. 8) Childhood humiliations and disappointments can leave comparable lasting negative effects. 9) The initial goal of EMDR therapy is to process these experiences and help liberate the client into the present. 10) The processing of similarly dysfunctionally stored childhood experiences allows the client to become fully and comprehensively and adult. . 11)Neglect and lack of attachment during early childhood may lead to a lack of the cortical organization needed for self-soothing and self-regulations. 12)Preliminary data indicate that biological changes take place subsequent to EMDR processing. 13)AIP-The model regards most pathologies as derived from earlier life experiences that set in motion a continued pattern of affect, behavior, cognitions and consequent identity structures. The pathological structure is inherent within the static, insufficiently processed information stored at the time of the disturbing event. Pathology is viewed as configured by the impact of earlier experiences that are held in the nervous system in a state specific form. 14) The continued influence of these early experiences is due in a large part to the present day stimuli eliciting the negative affect and beliefs embodied in these memories and causing the client to continue acting in a way consistent with earlier events. Although a client’s memory may be of a actual event and of behavior that may then have been appropriate for the disturbing situation, the lack of adequate assimilation means that the client is still reacting emotionally and behaviorally in ways consistent with the earlier disturbing events. 15) The dysfunctional nature of traumatic memories, including the way in which they are stored, allows the negative affect and beliefs from the past to pervade the client in the present. EMDR processing of such memories allows the more positive and empowering present affect and cognitions to generalize to the associated memories throughout the neurophysiologic network and leads spontaneously to more appropriate behaviors by the client. 16)Clinical pathologies are therefore viewed as amendable to change if the clinician appropriately targets the information that has been stored dysfunctionally in the nervous system. Part of the clinical history-taking process is to identify the memories that have helped form the client’s negative self-concepts and behaviors. 17) KEY FEATURES: 1 – The possibility of direct, nonintrusive, physiological engagements with the stored pathological elements. EMDR focuses on the memory itself, not the reaction. 2 – An information-processing system that is intrinsic and adaptive exists. Pathologies occur because this mechanism is blocked. If the traumatic memory is accessed and the system is active, the information is taken to an adaptive resolution. 3 – A change in identity constructs as the embedded information shifts. As the disturbing information is transformed, there is a concomitant shift in cognitive structure, behavior, affect sensation and so forth. 4 – A release from previously accepted temporal limitations. EMDR has the ability to facilitate profound therapeutic change in much less time than has been traditionally assumed to be necessary. 18)Memory networks refers to patterns of associated memories, neuron networks also refers to the neurobiological configurations of an individual memory. 19)Adaptive resolutions means that the connections to appropriate associates are made and that the experience is used constructively by the individual and is integrated into a positive emotional and cognitive schema. What is useful is learned and stored with the appropriate affect and is available for future use. 20) When someone experiences a severe psychological trauma, it appears that an imbalance may occur in the nervous system, caused perhaps by changes in neurotransmitters, adrenaline and so forth. Due to this imbalance, the information processing system is unable to function optimally and the information acquired at the time of the event, including images, sounds, affect and physical sensations is maintained neurologically in its disturbing state. With each set of stimulation, we moved the disturbing information at an accelerated rate further along the appropriate neurophysiologic pathways until it is adaptively resolved. 21) Inherent in the model is the concept of self-healing; a construct based on the body’s healing response to physical injury. The natural tendency of the brain’s information-processing system is to move toward a state of mental health. 22)A memory network represents an associated system of information. EMDR progresses through memory networks. It is necessary to clean out each channel by reprocessing all the dysfunctionally stored material connected to that mode. 23)The clinician’s job is to stay of the tracks… 24) The model suggests that the moment of insight and integration comes when the two neuron networks link up with each other. 25) At the end of an EMDR treatment, the clinician asks the client to access the original target; after a successful session that memory will emerge spontaneously in a more positive form and will be integrated with appropriate affect and self-attribution. 26)The tendency to self-blame may be also caused by evolutionary processes that encode the submission to authority as a necessary adjunct to survival. The affect, perhaps intense feelings of worthlessness and powerlessness, and the images, sounds, and the pain of the blow are stored in the child’s nervous system. This experience becomes a touchstone, a primary self-defining event in her life; in the AIP model we call it a node. 27) Negative information is held dysfuntionally in an excitatory form and as a consequence, is more likely to be stimulated than are other associations. Thus, although many kinds of information are stored in the associative memory network, access to all but the highly charged negative material is blocked. When the disturbing events have been processed, they resolve adaptively into a more neutral form, with cognitions that verbalize a more appropriate affect. Summary The AIP model states that there is an innate physiological system that is designed to transform disturbing input into an adaptive resolution and a psychologically healthy integration. A trauma may disturb the information processing system, causing perceptions to be stored in state-dependent form manifested by pronounced symptoms of PTSD. The blocked information-processing system is thought to be stimulated through a variety of physiological factors, including: 1. reconditioning caused by a compelled relaxation response 2. a shift in brain state enhancing the activation and strengthening of weak associations. 3. some other function of a dual-focus information processing mechanism Alternative dual attention cues such as auditory and tactile stimuli have been found to have a clinical effect similar to that of the eye movements. The targeted information metabolized and transmuted along associated memory channels through the progressive stages of self-healing. Transmutation is seen in all elements of the information – images, emotions, sensations and beliefs. As the information moves from dysfunctional to functional form, the negative manifestations of the target dissipate and the positive manifestations become more vivid. In addition, there is a comparatively high incidence of emergence of previously dissociated material as disparate neuron networks progressively associate with one another until an adaptive resolution is achieved. L. Bartholomew and L. Horowitz Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four Category Model Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61,226-244 “It is easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. I don’t worry about being alone or having others not accept me.” “ I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but often I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but sometimes worry that others don’t value me as much as I value them. “ I am uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but I find it difficult to trust others completely or to depend on them. I worry that I will be hurt if I allow myself to become to close to others.” “ I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is very important to me to feel independent and self –sufficient, and I prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me.” I don’t deserve love I am worthless (inadequate) I am not good enough. I am ugly (my body is hateful) I am insignificant (unimportant) I deserve to be miserable I am a bad person I am shameful I deserve only bad things I do not deserve… I am a disappointment I am different (don’t belong) I am terrible I am not loveable I am permanently damaged I am stupid (not smart enough) I deserve to die I should have done something I did something wrong I should have known better What does this say about you? (e.g. does it make you feel: I am shameful / I am stupid / I am a bad person). I cannot be trusted I cannot trust anyone It’s not OK to feel (show) my emotions I cannot trust myself I cannot protect myself I cannot standup for myself I cannot trust my judgment I am in danger I cannot let it out I have to be perfect (please everyone) / I cannot stand it / I am inadequate / I cannot trust anyone I am not in control I cannot get what I want I am powerless (helpless) I am a failure (will fail) I am weak I cannot succeed