Download 4.5 Billion Years ago

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4.5 Billion Years ago
Millions of meteors colliding form the earth.
Temperatures are high as the surface was
molten ocean.
4.4 Billion Years Ago
Meteors continue to crash into the earth. The gradual cooling of
the core turns the surface into a dark volcanic rock crust. Water
was forming on the surface. Although there is a controversy as to
the origin of water on earth, the latest thinking is that water came
from rich (5%) asteroids and comets that peppered the earth.
Clouds formed as the water evaporated off the surface, triggering
downpours that lasted from 4.4 to 4.0 billion years ago.
4.0 Billion Years Ago
The rains that fell to earth formed the oceans. Ninety
percent of the surface was ocean. Small volcanoes were
visible. The atmosphere was red from carbon dioxide and
had such dense pressure that a human would have been
crushed flat. The temperatures were over 200 degrees.
These conditions lasted for half a billion years.
3.5 Billion Years Ago
Renewed volcanic eruptions formed the continents and turned the
earth to granite. Upsurges of undersea volcanism cracked the earth's
crust that was underneath the oceans allowing the water to plunge
into the cracks alongside the molten lava. The mixture of how water
and superheated basaltic rock produced granite that rose to form the
new continents. Granite is light, buoyant and tough and floated on
top of oceanic crust under the ocean. The granite crust appeared to
form major land masses. This took one billion years…
The next step is the production of oxygen. Single cell organisms
appear deep in the water. They lived on the heat from the subsea
volcanic fissures. An organism developed on the coastlines that was
preparing to transform the planet. Rare bacterial algae found on the
slimy film coating on the rock’s surfaces were actually the creator of
the rocks themselves. These thin layers of microorganisms used light
energy to get their food and produced oxygen as a waste product!
These were called stromatolites. These are the ancestors of all living
things on earth…
2.5 Billion Years to 1.5 Billion Years Ago
Stromatolites were global and filled the atmosphere with oxygen.
Algae turned sunlight to oxygen through the process of
photosynthesis. Twenty million billion tons of oxygen were pumped
into the earth during these two billion years. The oxygen was
pumped first into the ocean, rusting out the iron in the water and
turning the oceans from green to blue. There are still iron rich layers
on the bottom of the oceans. The oxygen in the atmosphere turned
the sky from red to blue. The earth is now the blue planet…
1.5 Billion Years Ago
Continents were on the move. Scientists thought that the continents were
fixed and not moveable until 1912 when a meteorologist hypothesized
that the continents used to fit together, then drifted apart. The field of
plate tectonics was born.
Then a map of the ocean floor was
commissioned by the Navy during WWII that discovered the fractured
networks of submarine mountains and volcanic rifts and trenches that split
the ocean into huge plates of crust. The rifts and trenches provided the
solution on how the continents drift. The ocean floors are continuously
being recycled. Deep below the surface, molten rock is in a circular
motion following currents of heat generated deep within the planet.
When these currents rise and the rifts form, the plates are pushed apart
with new ocean crust created within the gap. When the mantle current
sinks back down in to the earth, they drag the old oceanic plate down
back into the interior. As the ocean plates move, so do the continents.
Scientists can now reconstruct where the continents used to be. They
mark the movement of the continents back over one billion years to a
time of a huge continental collision.
The oceans between were
swallowed up. Large land masses came together in what is called a
super continent.
1 Billion Years Ago
Canada and the United States formed the heart of the super
continent called Rosina with the other continents bunched around
the center. The land was desolate, lifeless and barren…Primitive life
forms were blooming along the side of the stromatolites in
oxygenated waters. Rodinia triggered snowball earth…Rodinia was
blocking the currents that brought warm water from the equator to
the poles. The Polar Regions froze without this heat. The resulting
ice reflected sunlight, dropping the temperatures even further to 40
degrees below zero and covering the earth with ice. The ice sheet
was a mile deep. The only life was trapped beneath the surface.
Only a tiny fraction of organisms survived. The whole planet was
dying…
650 Million Years Ago
Rodinia was in turmoil beneath the ice
sheets, heat splitting it apart into giant
fragments.
There was a temporary
greenhouse effect due to high levels of
carbon dioxide.
Shallow seas led to
primitive organisms evolving into complex,
more dangerous creatures. This Cambrian
explosions comes from the oxygenation.
500 Million Years Ago
This Cambrian era is the most intense for the development of more
and different types of life. Life exploded with staggering diversity
and complexity. Creatures fed on plants and on each other.
Skeletons, eyes, teeth, and hard shells were developing. Modern
animals arrive on earth. High levels of oxygen were changing the
atmosphere. Oxygen reached today’s high levels over the next
100 million years that was dense enough to allow an ozone layer to
form in the upper atmosphere. This ozone layer freed life from the
oceans and extended life to land. Ultraviolet light killed any living
organism that tried to live on land prior to the ozone layer. This
ozone acts as the ultraviolet light shield.
400 Million Years Ago
Continents converge again over the next 100 million years. Thanks
to the ozone layer, life left the ocean and moved to land. During
the carboniferous era, large plants occupied the earth’s surface.
This jungle atmosphere dominated for 60 million years. This is
where we get coal. Coal is the accumulated plant matter that
existed 300 million years ago. It formed due to the unique way
that swamps decompose. Fresh water prevents plants from
decaying. The soil is the accumulated plant material. We get
coal with the pressure and heat. Dead marine organisms that
lived in the shallow waters became oil and gas. Our current
energy comes from this process. There would have been no
industrial revolution without it…
300 Million Years Ago
Next came insects, followed by ambitious amphibians, then early
reptilians..
250 Million Years Ago
There was a huge cataclysmic event. Volcanic eruptions in Siberia
cause a rare mantle plume eruption. These eruptions continue for
over 100 million years. One million cubic miles of rock spewed out
and buried the USA 1,000 feet deep. Poisonous gases in the sky
shrouded the entire globe. More than 95% of species died. This led
to a new super continent. Pangaea dominated over the next 200
million years. Oxygen and carbon dioxide were at the highest
levels. The animals that survived evolved into the dinosaurs. The
Crustaceous Period lasted 125 million years. Dinosaurs grew large
because they were lukewarm blooded in an oxygen rich
environment.
180 Million to 100 Million Years Ago
Volcanic activity split apart the super continent. Continents drifted
to where they are today. Each continent had dinosaurs and
swamps. Carbon dioxide levels increased 500%. Greenhouse
conditions were created and huge tropical forests spread across
many of the continents. Temperatures increased. This created
enough food for dinosaurs that let them get HUGE!
65 Million to 50 Million Years Ago
Dinosaurs dominated the earth. Then, the earth was hit by an enormous
meteor 100 miles across. This is a crate in Mexico that was accidentally
discovered in 1990. Excavations in Colorado show the sudden astronomical
catastrophe. Iridium is a rare element that is mostly found as space rock.
Two hundred thousand tons of iridium are in a “tombstone” layer of rock
around the earth that is six miles in diameter discovered by the Alvarez
family in 1980. Several thousand meters of the earth’s crust were vaporized
and were washed around the earth raining back down as dust and debris.
Then, there were volcanic eruptions in Western India simultaneous to the
meteor clouds of toxic dust that were in the air. This dust kept out the
sunlight. The deadly double blow killed the dinosaurs. It took 15 million
years to recover from the extinction.
2 Million Years Ago
Ancestors of modern humans out of Africa came at the same time
as icy glaciers were descending from the North Pole. The earth
enters and Ice Age. It was created because North America
connected to South America disrupting warm water flow. The ice
age lasted tens of thousands of years. Glaciers formed by snow on
mountains and once were everywhere.
Climate fluctuated.
Glaciers move back and forth cutting up the land. This process
formed the Great Lakes.
10,000 Years Ago
We are between ice ages. All human achievements are in this
narrow band of time.
15,000 Years from Now
The next ice age is scheduled. Glaciers will come and grind New
York into the oceans.
200,000 Years from Now
The Mediterranean and the Atlantic will disappear into the new
super continent – Ulta Pangaea…Oxygen levels could fluctuate.
When the earth cools inside and plate tectonics stop the earth will
be over without it’s heat core.
2 Billion Years from Now
Our planet will be like Mars.
Non-threatening Information:
Information that is NOT THREATENING to the brain
goes through the following steps:
1)
2)
Information enters the through the fives senses of sight, sound, taste,
touch and smell.
This information is the perception and is met by the doorman of the
brain, called the CORPUS STRTUM and the INTERIOR CYNGULATE, or
the CYNGULATE GYRUS. The job of the doorman is to determine,
Yes, I accept this information or, “No, I reject this information.”
3) If the information is accepted into the system, the information goes to the
AMYGDALA. The amygdale is the stop sign or the sentry of the brain.
4) If the information is labeled as not dangerous, the information moves to the
HIPPOCAMPUS, the holding tank in the brain that is responsible for the
retention of information. We have one amygdale and hippocampus on each
side of the brain. If there is no perceived danger, information moves fluidly and
spins around like liquid in a soup pot. The job of the hippocampus is to create
a thick pathway to the prefrontal cortex. The job is to strengthen a fading road
and build new roads.
5) Then the information goes to that THALAMUS, the intersection or the crossing
guard of information. The thalamus looks at the information and send it to one
of two places, the prefrontal cortex or the hypothalamus.
6) Information that is not
dangerous goes to the PREFONTAL
CORTEX. The left side of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for
language and analysis and deals only in information in the past and
future. The right side of the brain deals with emotions and
socializing, only in the present time.
7) Body sensations get sent another direction from the thalamus to the
HYPOTHALAMUS.
8) The CORPUS COLLOSUM connects the two sides of the brain
together, passing information back and forth so that we can manage
information and make decisions.
Threatening Information
Information that IS THREATING goes through different
pathways.
1) Information comes into the brain through the five senses.
2) The CORPUS STRATUM and the INTERIOR CYNGULATE give us our
perception of events.
3) The AMYGDALA is the stop sign. This time, the amygdale says
And grabs a grain of experience to help us remember the experience.
4) The INTERIOR CYNGULATE signals the left PREFRONTAL CORTEX to
STOP! We do not need analysis and language of the past and future. Our
only mission is to SURVIVE.
5) The right hemisphere manages emotions and socialization. All energy goes
to the right brain. We become hyper vigilant.
6) The information rigidly goes to the HIPPOCAMPUS. Imagine a sheet of
glass that then shatters into millions of pieces. The brain cannot determine
what piece of information from which we must survive in the immediate
moment.
7) The THALAMUS says that almost all the information goes to the
HYPOTHALAMUS to keep reorienting in order to survive. Then a choice is
made.
6) Flight is a rush of adrenaline. Flight is a rush of adrenaline and serotonin.
Our breathing slows and temperature drops so we can run a long distance
without overheating or getting out of breath. Freeze is a release of opiates so
we feel less pain if we do not survive.
9) Protein pathways take time to build, so the pathways burn quickly due to
the threat.
10) We have to remember this so we can fight / flight / freeze the next time
it happens.
11) Then the HYPOTHALMUS releases dopamine or pleasure and
instructs the cerebellum to do something physical.
12)The connection from the HYPOTHALAMSU to the MIDBRAIN to the
CEREBELLEM all come from the BASAL GANGLIA, the extension cords
of the experience.
13) After the threat is over, the brain is depleted of pleasure, so we have t
fuel up with food and intimacy in order to prepare for the next
threatening event.
14) This is where addiction and compulsions come from because we need
dopamine. We need to process the memory of the thread in order to
return the system t normal.
15)After we are out of the trauma, memory is stored in fragment form in the
HIPPOCAMPUS and the AMYGDALA. The HIPPOCAMPUS keeps
memory protein connected to retain the information.
16) Information that is not threatening has to maneuver through the shards of
glass that are kept in original form. The fluid, non-dangerous information
picks up these shards of glass during processing, thereby altering the
memory.
17)EMDR gets the entire brain working stirring the memories
again. The basal ganglia unwinds. As we go through the
memories as they were originally stored, we force the
proteins to reevaluate themselves and shift into a
connection to the PREFRONTAL CORTEX.
We are
consolidating fragments of memory and having them move
forward to the PFC.
The BRAIN STEM is all about survival. This structure
is the evolutionary holdover from when all there
was on earth were single cell organisms.
2) The next level up is the reptilian brain or the LIMBIC
SYSTEM. The reptile world is cold-blooded, travels
alone and does not nurture their young.
3) The next level up in the mammal brain.
The
mammal world is warm-blooded, travels in a pack
and nurtures their young. Extrication from the
heard means death.
1)
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Attention span
Perseverance or
following through
Judgment
Impulse control
Organization
Self-monitoring and
supervision
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Problem solving
Critical thinking
Forward thinking
Learning from
experience
Ability to feel and
express emotions
Influences the limbic
system
Empathy
Talking points
1)
One of the basic premises of EMDR is that most
psychopathologies are based on early life experiences. The
goal of EMDR treatment is to rapidly metabolize the
dysfunctional residue from the past and transform it into
something useful. Essentially with EMDR the dysfunctional
information undergoes a spontaneous change in form and
meaning – incorporating insight and affect that are
enhancing rather than self-denigrating to the client.
2) Dual attention stimulation is merely once component integrated with procedural
aspects synthesized from all the major psychological orientations.
3) As a comprehensive approach, careful attention is given to images, beliefs,
emotions, physical responses,
increased awareness and interpersonal
systems in achieving EMDR’s effects.
4) Clinicians must use different EMDR protocols, depending on the types of
pathology, and follow therapeutic procedures customized to the needs of the
client.
5) The purpose of the eight-phase EMDR treatment is to help liberate the client
from the past into a healthy and productive present.
6) EMDR is used to 1-help the client learn from the negative experiences of the
past, 2-desensitize present triggers that are inappropriately distressing, and 3incorporate templates for appropriate future action that allow the client to excel
individually and within her interpersonal system.
7) EMDR brings together aspects of many major psychological orientations: The
attention to etiological events underscored by psychodynamic therapy, the
conditioned responses highlighted by behavior therapy, the beliefs of cognitive
therapy, the emotions of experiential therapies, the imagery work of hypnotic
therapies and the contextual understanding of system’s theory.
8) Childhood humiliations and disappointments can leave comparable lasting
negative effects.
9) The initial goal of EMDR therapy is to process these experiences and help
liberate the client into the present.
10) The processing of similarly dysfunctionally stored childhood experiences allows
the client to become fully and comprehensively and adult.
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11)Neglect and lack of attachment during early childhood may lead to a lack of
the cortical organization needed for self-soothing and self-regulations.
12)Preliminary data indicate that biological changes take place subsequent to
EMDR processing.
13)AIP-The model regards most pathologies as derived from earlier life
experiences that set in motion a continued pattern of affect, behavior,
cognitions and consequent identity structures. The pathological structure is
inherent within the static, insufficiently processed information stored at the
time of the disturbing event. Pathology is viewed as configured by the impact
of earlier experiences that are held in the nervous system in a state specific
form.
14) The continued influence of these early experiences is due in a large part to
the present day stimuli eliciting the negative affect and beliefs embodied in
these memories and causing the client to continue acting in a way consistent
with earlier events. Although a client’s memory may be of a actual event and
of behavior that may then have been appropriate for the disturbing situation,
the lack of adequate assimilation means that the client is still reacting
emotionally and behaviorally in ways consistent with the earlier disturbing
events.
15) The dysfunctional nature of traumatic memories, including the way in which
they are stored, allows the negative affect and beliefs from the past to pervade
the client in the present. EMDR processing of such memories allows the more
positive and empowering present affect and cognitions to generalize to the
associated memories throughout the neurophysiologic network and leads
spontaneously to more appropriate behaviors by the client.
16)Clinical pathologies are therefore viewed as amendable to change if the
clinician appropriately targets the information that has been stored
dysfunctionally in the nervous system. Part of the clinical history-taking
process is to identify the memories that have helped form the client’s
negative self-concepts and behaviors.
17) KEY FEATURES: 1 – The possibility of direct, nonintrusive, physiological
engagements with the stored pathological elements. EMDR focuses on the
memory itself, not the reaction. 2 – An information-processing system that is
intrinsic and adaptive exists. Pathologies occur because this mechanism is
blocked. If the traumatic memory is accessed and the system is active, the
information is taken to an adaptive resolution. 3 – A change in identity
constructs as the embedded information shifts. As the disturbing information
is transformed, there is a concomitant shift in cognitive structure, behavior,
affect sensation and so forth. 4 – A release from previously accepted
temporal limitations. EMDR has the ability to facilitate profound therapeutic
change in much less time than has been traditionally assumed to be
necessary.
18)Memory networks refers to patterns of associated memories, neuron networks
also refers to the neurobiological configurations of an individual memory.
19)Adaptive resolutions means that the connections to appropriate associates are
made and that the experience is used constructively by the individual and is
integrated into a positive emotional and cognitive schema. What is useful is
learned and stored with the appropriate affect and is available for future use.
20) When someone experiences a severe psychological trauma, it appears that
an imbalance may occur in the nervous system, caused perhaps by changes in
neurotransmitters, adrenaline and so forth. Due to this imbalance, the
information processing system is unable to function optimally and the
information acquired at the time of the event, including images, sounds, affect
and physical sensations is maintained neurologically in its disturbing state.
With each set of stimulation, we moved the disturbing information at an
accelerated rate further along the appropriate neurophysiologic pathways until
it is adaptively resolved.
21) Inherent in the model is the concept of self-healing; a construct based on the
body’s healing response to physical injury. The natural tendency of the brain’s
information-processing system is to move toward a state of mental health.
22)A memory network represents an associated system of information. EMDR
progresses through memory networks. It is necessary to clean out each
channel by reprocessing all the dysfunctionally stored material connected to
that mode.
23)The clinician’s job is to stay of the tracks…
24) The model suggests that the moment of insight and integration comes when
the two neuron networks link up with each other.
25) At the end of an EMDR treatment, the clinician asks the client to access the
original target;
after a successful session that memory will emerge
spontaneously in a more positive form and will be integrated with appropriate
affect and self-attribution.
26)The tendency to self-blame may be also caused by evolutionary processes that
encode the submission to authority as a necessary adjunct to survival. The
affect, perhaps intense feelings of worthlessness and powerlessness, and the
images, sounds, and the pain of the blow are stored in the child’s nervous
system. This experience becomes a touchstone, a primary self-defining event in
her life; in the AIP model we call it a node.
27) Negative information is held dysfuntionally in an excitatory form and as a
consequence, is more likely to be stimulated than are other associations. Thus,
although many kinds of information are stored in the associative memory
network, access to all but the highly charged negative material is blocked. When
the disturbing events have been processed, they resolve adaptively into a more
neutral form, with cognitions that verbalize a more appropriate affect.
Summary
The AIP model states that there is an innate physiological system that is
designed to transform disturbing input into an adaptive resolution and a
psychologically healthy integration. A trauma may disturb the information
processing system, causing perceptions to be stored in state-dependent
form manifested by pronounced symptoms of PTSD.
The blocked
information-processing system is thought to be stimulated through a variety
of physiological factors, including:
1. reconditioning caused by a compelled relaxation response
2. a shift in brain state enhancing the activation and strengthening of
weak associations.
3. some other function of a dual-focus information processing
mechanism
Alternative dual attention cues such as auditory and tactile stimuli have been
found to have a clinical effect similar to that of the eye movements. The
targeted information metabolized and transmuted along associated memory
channels through the progressive stages of self-healing. Transmutation is seen
in all elements of the information – images, emotions, sensations and beliefs.
As the information moves from dysfunctional to functional form, the negative
manifestations of the target dissipate and the positive manifestations become
more vivid. In addition, there is a comparatively high incidence of emergence of
previously dissociated material as disparate neuron networks progressively
associate with one another until an adaptive resolution is achieved.
L. Bartholomew and L. Horowitz
 Attachment Styles Among Young Adults:
A Test of a Four Category Model
 Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 61,226-244
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“It is easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am
comfortable depending on others and having others depend
on me. I don’t worry about being alone or having others not
accept me.”
“ I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but
often I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would
like. I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but
sometimes worry that others don’t value me as much as I value
them.
“ I am uncomfortable getting close to others. I
want emotionally close relationships, but I find it
difficult to trust others completely or to depend
on them. I worry that I will be hurt if I allow
myself to become to close to others.”
“ I am comfortable without close
emotional relationships. It is very
important to me to feel independent
and self –sufficient, and I prefer not to
depend on others or have others
depend on me.”
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I don’t deserve love
I am worthless
(inadequate)
I am not good enough.
I am ugly (my body is
hateful)
I am insignificant
(unimportant)
I deserve to be miserable
I am a bad person
I am shameful
I deserve only bad things
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I do not deserve…
I am a disappointment
I am different (don’t
belong)
I am terrible
I am not loveable
I am permanently
damaged
I am stupid (not smart
enough)
I deserve to die
I
should have done something
I did something wrong
I should have known better
What
does this say about you? (e.g.
does it make you feel: I am shameful /
I am stupid / I am a bad person).
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I cannot be trusted
I cannot trust
anyone
It’s not OK to feel
(show) my emotions
I cannot trust myself
I cannot protect
myself
I cannot standup for
myself
I cannot trust my
judgment
 I am in danger
 I cannot let it out
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I have to be perfect
(please everyone) / I
cannot stand it / I
am inadequate / I
cannot trust anyone
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I am not in control
I cannot get what I
want
I am powerless
(helpless)
I am a failure (will
fail)
I am weak
I cannot succeed