Download 3 The Rise of Islam

THE RISE OF ISLAM
BEDOUINS
Bedouins were organized
into tribes and groups called
clans. Each tribe was ruled
by a sheikh who was chosen
from one of the leading
families by a council of
elders
CROSSROADS OF TRADE AND IDEAS
Trade routes through Arabia ran
from the extreme south of the
peninsula to the Byzantine and
Sassanid (Persian) empires to the
north. Merchants from these
two empires moved along the
caravan routes, trading for goods
from the Silk Roads of the east
RELIGION OF THE BEDOUINS
• Polytheistic Early Arabs were
polytheistic. The Arabs
recognized a supreme god
named Allah and tribal gods.
• Allah was symbolized by a
sacred stone, in Mecca called
the Kaaba. tribe had its own
stone
THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD
EARLY LIFE
Around A.D. 570, Muhammad was
born into the clan of a powerful
Meccan family.
At 25, he became business manager
for Khadijah and married. Muhammad
took great interest in religion and
would pray alone.
MUHAMMAD AND THE REVELATION
At about the age of 40,
Muhammad’s life was changed
overnight when a voice called to
him while he meditated in a cave
outside Mecca. According to
Muslim belief, the voice was that
of the angel Gabriel, who told
Muhammad that he was a
messenger of Allah.
HOSTILITY TO MUHAMMAD TEACHINGS
By 613, he preached publicly, but
he met with some hostility. Many
feared that Mecca would lose its
position as a pilgrimage center if
people accepted Muhammad’s
monotheistic beliefs
THE HIJRAH AND RETURNING TO MECCA
After being attacked, Muhammad
and a small group decided to leave
Mecca in 622 to Yathrib.
In 630, the Prophet and 10,000 of
his followers marched to the
outskirts of Mecca. Mecca’s leaders
surrendered. The Prophet entered
the city in triumph.
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
The main teaching of Islam is
that there is only one God,
Allah. Islam teaches that
there is good and evil, and
that each individual is
responsible for the actions
of his or her life.
THE FIVE PILLARS
• Faith There is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is the Messenger of
Allah.”
• Prayer Five times a day, Muslims
face toward Mecca to pray
• Alms Muhammad taught that all
Muslims have a responsibility to the
poor
• Fasting During the Islamic holy
month of Ramadan
• Pilgrimage
Sources of Authority
• Allah.
• Quran --- the holy book of the
Muslims
• Sunna. or Muhammad’s example
• Ulama a scholar class called
• Sharia The guidance of the Qur’an
and Sunna was assembled by the
Ulama in a body of law known as
shari’a
COMPARISON TO JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY
• One God.
• Prophets
• Revelation
• Afterlife
• Ancestry. The Muslims
trace their ancestry to
Abraham
THE FIRST FOUR CALIPHS
• The first four all had known
Muhammad. They used the
Qur’an and Muhammad’s
actions as guides to leadership.
Caliph is a title that means
“successor” or “Rightly Guided.
All Four Caliphs were great
military leaders who expanded
the caliphate
ABU-BAKR’S INTERNAL JIHAD
• .Shortly after the Prophet’s
death, some tribes on the
Arabian Peninsula abandoned
Islam
• For the next two years, AbuBakr applied this meaning of
jihad to encourage and justify
the expansion of Islam
OMAR AND CONQUEST
• Under Umar, the second
caliph, Muslim armies
conquered Syria and lower
Egypt and parts of the
Sassanid Empire
REASONS FOR SUCCESS
• Intense Devotion
• Military leadership
• Exhausted enemies
• Islam religious and
economic attractions.
ALI AND CIVIL WAR
• Ali, as Muhammad’s cousin
and son-in-law, was the natural
choice as a successor to
Uthman.
• However, his right to rule was
challenged by Muawiya,
governor of Syria.
THE UMAYYADS 670 - 750.
• In 661 the general Mu'āwiyah
became caliph
• Mu‘āwiyah moved quickly to
make the office of caliph,
called the caliphate, hereditary
in his own family. In doing this,
he established the Umayyad
dynasty.
REBELLION AND DOWNFALL
• Religious and political
opposition to the Umayyad
caliphate led to its
downfall. Rebel groups
overthrew the Umayyads
in the year 750
HISTORICAL MOMENTS LEADING TO MUSLIM SPLIT.
• Majority wanted Caliph Elected
by Community.
• Minority want Caliph related to
Muhammad
• Ali’s Death
• Hussien’s death. Hussein was
killed in 680 by Muawiya’s son
• Hussein was seen as a martyr and
the father of the shite people
ISLAM UNDER THE ABBASID CALIPHATE 750-1258
• Resentment against Umayyad
rule grew among non-Arab
Muslims over the favoritism
shown to Arabs. The Umayyads
also helped bring about their
demise by corrupt behavior.
ABBASID CONSOLIDATE POWER
• Abbasids moved capital
• The Abbasids
developed a strong
bureaucracy
GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CULTURE
• The move eastward increased Persian influence
• Under the Abbasids, judges, merchants, and
government officials were the new heroes
• Many Arabs began to intermarry with
conquered peoples.
RASHID DURING THE GOLDEN AGE
• The best known of the caliphs
of the time was Harun Al
Rashıd whose reign is often
described as the golden age of
the Abbasid caliphate. He was
known for his charity, and he
also lavished support on artists
and writers.
ABBASID LOSE REGIONS TO RIVAL MUSLIM STATES
(750–945)
• Outside Iraq, all the
autonomous provinces
slowly took on the
characteristic of de facto
dynasties with hereditary
rulers, armies, and
revenues
SELJUQ MILITARY CONTROL (945–1118)
• By 1055, the Seljuqs had
wrested control from the
Abbasids. A Turkish leader
captured Baghdad and took
command of the empire. His
title was sultan—or "holder of
power."
MONGOL INVASION (1206–1258).
• In 1206, Genghis Khan
established a powerful
dynasty among the
Mongols who swept into
Baghdad. The Caliph's
immediate family was
executed.
MUSLIM PROSPERITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES
• The Abbasids governed during
a prosperous period of Muslim
history. Riches flowed
throughout the world. They
supported the scientists,
mathematicians, and
philosophers that those cities
attracted
TRADE
• The Arabs carried on extensive
trade both by ship and by
camel caravans, which traveled
from Morocco in the far west
to the countries beyond the
Caspian Sea
MUSLIM SOCIETY
• Four Social Classes
• The upper class
• Converts to Islam
• The third class consisted of
the “protected people
• The lowest class was
composed of slaves
Role of Women
• Equality in Religion
• Legal Rights.
• Subservient
• Old Customs restrict
women status.
HOUSE OF WISDOM.
• There, scholars of different
cultures and beliefs
worked side by side
translating texts from
Greece, India, Persia, and
elsewhere into Arabic
THREE INTERTWINING SOURCES
• Three great sources have
influenced the development of
classic works: Berber traditions
and customs, Islamic
Messages, and the local
culture of the areas
conquered.
ARCHITECTURE
• The best expression of
Islamic architecture is
found in Muslim mosques.
MEDICAL ADVANCES
• Muslim contributions in the sciences
were most recognizable in medicine,
mathematics, and astronomy.
• A Persian scholar named al-Razi was
the greatest physician of the Muslim
world and, more than likely, of
world civilization between A.D. 500
and 1500