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Music Lettering Test Study Guide Page 1 Notes & Rests Name Note Rest Counts in 4/4 Counts in 6/8 Counts in 2/2 Whole 4 8 2 Dotted Half 3 6 4 Half 2 4 1 Dotted Quarter 1&2 3 3/4 Quarter 1 2 2 Dotted Eighth 3/4 Eighth 2 Dotted Sixteenth 3/8 3/4 Sixteenth 1/4 2 1&2 3/8 1 1/4 3/16 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dynamic Markings - The louds and softs of music Marking Definition Meaning ppp Pianississimo Extremely Soft (with Energy) pp Pianissimo Very Soft p Piano Soft mp Mezzo Piano Medium Soft mf Mezzo Forte Medium Loud f Forte Loud ff Fortissimo Very Loud fff Fortississimo Extremely Loud (But not forced or strained) sfz Sforzando Hit the note aggressively Decrescendo Gradually get Softer Crescendo Gradually get Louder Diminuendo To Soften Morendo Dying away Accent Stress by singing the note louder Marcato Marked, accented Sforrzando A sudden, strong accent on a single note Messa di Voce Becoming louder, then softer _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 2 1/8 Articulations - The way you perform the note Word Slur Staccato Tie Legato Marcato Bell Accent Short Accent Definition Connect the notes without a breath To separate the notes To tie one note to the next thus combining the value of both Singing the notes smooth Marked or semi-separated The first part of the note is stressed more than the last To lean on the note crisply Marking Notation - The way of writing music Word Definition Marking Flat Double Flat Sharp Double Sharp Natural Lowers the note (or pitch) a half step Lowers the note(or pitch) a whole step Raises the note (or pitch) a half step Raises the note (or pitch) a whole step Removes the flat or sharp from a pitch that is sharped or flatted. Accidental A Flat, Sharp, or Natural used in the music but not found in the key signature. An accidental lasts for the entire measure. Key Signature Is located between the clef sign and the time signature and tells what notes are flat or sharped in a piece of music. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Tempo Markings - The speed at which music is performed Very Slow Slow Medium Fast Very Fast Grave Largo Lento Adagio Andante Andantino Moderato Allegretto Allegro Vivace Vivo Presto Prestissimo Markings within the Music Accelerando - ( accel.) Gradually faster Allargando - ( allarg.) Growing Slower, broader Rallentando - ( rall.) Gradully Slower Fermata Hold the note ( for longer than it=s value) Grand Pause AA long pause, a complete break Ritardando - ( rit. or ritard.) To gradually slow down A Tempo Return to the Original Tempo Rallentando A slowing of tempo Rubato Free; Irregular movement of the beat (Fluxuation of tempo with the director ) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Time Signatures - what meter the music is in and what defines the value of the notes 4 Top number tells the performer how many counts in a measure 4 Bottom number tells the performer what type of count (& rest) gets one count Examples: 3 Three counts to a measure 4 A quarter note (REST) gets one count 2 2 Two counts to a measure 4 Four counts to a measure A half note (REST) gets one count 8 An eighth note gets one count Some of the most common used time signatures. 4/4 C 2/2 3/4 2/4 6/8 3/8 9/8 5/4 C Page 3 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Musical Terms - definitions of music terms that are used most frequently Solo - To perform a musical line alone. Soli - To perform with a small group or section. Tutti - entrance of the entire ensemble once a solo or small group has performed. Unison- Everyone performs the same music line Harmony - Two or more parts being performed at the same time Beat - The stead pulse of music Rhythm- A pattern of long & short note values in music Syncopation - When the accent is on the weak beat or the weak part of the beat. Tonic - Is the foundation of a scale or key ADo@ in Major ALa@ in Minor Leading Tone - Is a half step below the tonic Interval - The distance between two notes Fermata - Hold the note as long as the director indicates Grand Pause - To rest of break as long as the director indicates Ledger Lines - A line above or below the staff on which to put extra notes Da Capo - Return to the beginning (Usually marked as AD.C.@) Da Segno - Return to the Sign Al Coda - To the Coda Al Fine - To the end of the piece Any of the above may be placed together to indicate what the performer needs to do THUS two examples might be: -Da Segno al coda (would mean) return to the sign and play to the coda sign then skip to the next coda sign to finish the piece. -Da Capo al fine (would mean) Return to the beginning of the piece and play the AFine@ sign. Assai - Very Con - With Divisi - Divide; the part divides Dolce - Sweetly and softly Legato - Smoothly connected; may be indicated by a slur Maestoso - Majestic Meno - Less Meno Mosso - Less speed Molto - Much, very Non Not Piu More Poco - Little Sempre - Always Simile - Like; in the same way Sostenuto - Sustained Subito - Suddenly Tenuto - Sustained; hold note (s) for the full value Troppo - Too much Unison - Sing the same pitches at the same time with the rest of the group. n.b. - No breath Dipthong - Two vowel sounds ( Not Vowel letters) right next to each other. Always hold the first first vowel sound the longest. Examples of dipthongs = Night Joy down N ah ee t J oh ee d ah oo n Page 4 Music History Music Periods Dates Composers of that time period Medieval Period 800- 1400 Leonin, Francesco, Landini Renaissance Period 1400 - 1600 Oralando Di Lasso, Ludovico Victtoria, Giovanni Palestrina Baroque Period 1600-1750 J.S. Bach, George F. Handel, Antonio Vivaldi Classical Period 1750-1800 Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang A. Mozart, Ludwig VonBeethoven Romantic Period 1800 - 1900 Johannes Brahms, Felix Mendelssohn, Peter Tchaikovsky 20th Century Period 1900- present Aaron Copland, Willimeta Spencer, Carl Orff, Igor Stravinsky Staff- Five lines on which music is written Measure Repeat sign - Different Clefs in Music: Bass Clef - F Clef Tenor, Alto - C Clef Treble Clef - G Clef Repeat sign ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Scales Scales are the basis of almost all the music that is played or sung. They consist of eight notes using whole & half steps in a specific order. Every time a different note is picked the order of whole and half steps has to change in order to maintain the same desired sound for either a minor scale or a major scale. A few of the things that may help to determine whether the piece is in major or minor are the following: 1. What does the piece sound like? Is it major sounding or minor? 2. Are there a lot of accidentals in the piece? If there are this could be a good sign that it may be in minor. 3. What is the starting and the ending chord? Most music starts and end on the tonic chord. Do - Mi - Sol (or) La - Do - Mi 4. What is the key signature? (How many flats or sharps and again going back to number three) MAJOR KEYS (always start on ADo@ C F B flat E flat A flat D flat G flat C flat G D A E B F# C# Minor keys (always start on La) a d g c f b flat minor e flat minor a flat minor e minor b minor f # minor c # minor g # minor d # minor a # minor Amount of flats or sharps No flats or sharps One Flat Two Flats Three Flats Four Flats Five Flats Six Flats Seven Flats One Sharp Two Sharps Three Sharps Four Sharps Five Sharps Six Sharps Seven Sharps There are three different types of minor scales. They are identified by the way they sound and the accidentals that are used in them. - Natural Minor Scale Has no accidentals uses the amount of flats or sharps that is given for its designation. - Harmonic Minor Scale Is a natural minor scale with the 7th degree of the scale raised a half step both on the way up and the way down the scale. - Melodic Minor Scale Is a natural minor scale with the 6th & 7th degrees of the scale raised a half step on the way up and then restored a regular natural minor scale on the way down the scale. Page 5 cont. scales cont. Order of flats and sharps FLATS - B E A D G C F SHARPS - F C G D A E B The relative minor is 3 half steps below the relative major The relative major is 3 half steps above the relative minor OTHER SCALES: Not all scales have to have eight notes in them. There are various other scales that have a unique and different sound. Chromatic Scale Whole Tone Scale Pentatonic Scale Octatonic Scale Blues Scale All Half steps Consists of thirteen notes All Whole steps Consists of seven notes Various use of steps and skips Consists of six notes If you start on F# and play all the black keys up to F# that is a Pentatonic Scale Alternation of Whole step and Half step (or vice versa) Consists of nine notes Various use of steps and skips Consists of seven notes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Notation ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
