Download Muslim Civilizations - Moore Public Schools

Muslim Civilizations
1
CH. 10
The rise of Islam
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SECTION 1
Muhammad the Prophet
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 Born in Mecca (a thriving city of trade)
 Worked as a Shepherd, later became a
merchant
 Married Khadija- a wealthy widow
 Became known for his honesty in business
and was a devoted husband and father
 Troubled by the moral ills of Meccan society
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 He would often escape to a cave to
meditate
 There he heard voice of Angel Gabrielcalling him the messenger of God
 His wife encouraged him to follow the
call
 1st
convert to Islam
 He devoted his life to spreading Islam
The Hijra
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 Many people feared Muhammad’s views- did not
want to disrupt trade
 622 Muhammad and followers were forced to flee
Mecca and settled in Yathrib (later called Medina)

Known as a hijra
 In Medina, converted Muslims welcomed
Muhammad and followers
 War broke out between Muslims of Medina and
Meccans
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 Muhammad defeated Meccans allowing
him to return to Mecca in 630
 He destroyed idols in the Kaaba
 Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah
 632 Muhammad died leaving no
successor
 Islam continued to spread
People of the Book
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 Muslims, Jew, and Christians worship the same God
 Quran teaches Islam is God’s final and complete
revelation

Christian Bible contains portions of earlier revelations
 Muslims consider Jews and Christians as “People of
the Book”


spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshipers
Historically had religious freedom
5 Pillars
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1.
Declaration of Faith
2. Daily Prayer
3. Alms for the Poor
4. Fast During Ramadan
5. Hajj
Building a Muslim Empire
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SECTION 2
Abu Bakr
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 Abu Bakr became 1st caliph
 Muhammad’s
father-in-law & early Islam convert
 Some people removed their loyalty to Islam
because they were dependent on
Muhammad’s personal command
 Abu reunited Muslims based on their
allegiance to Islam
 Set out to convert remaining Arab tribes
Early Victories
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 The first four caliphs
Marched
from victory to victory –
conquered the Byzantines and the
Persians
Included cities of Damascus and
Jerusalem
Sunnis vs Shiites
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 Split over who should succeed Muhammad
 Shiites: Believed Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) was
designated his successor

Divinely inspired religious leaders who were empowered to
read & interpret the Quran
 Sunnis: Believed a pious male Muslim from
Muhammad’s tribe could be the leader of the
religious community


Viewed as a political leader of the religious community without
divine or prophetic function
Majority of Muslims today
Sufis
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 3rd tradition of Islam emerged
 Muslim mystics that sought
communion with God through
meditation, fasting, and other rituals
 Some were believed to have miraculous
powers
Umayyad Caliphs
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 Sunni caliphs
 Capital in Damascus, Syria
 Expanded Muslim lands
 Treated conquered people fairly
 Did
not try to convert “People of the Book”
because of the tax they were required to pay
 Problems with leadership lead to their
decline
Rise of Abbasids
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 Shiites supported Abu al-Abbas- descended from
Muhammad’s uncle
 He had living Umayyad killed- only one escaped to
Spain
 Made many changes


Equality of all Muslims
Reached its greatest wealth
Moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad (Persian territory)
Muslim Empire Declines
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 Empire began to fragment with different Shiite
rulers coming to power
 Seljuk Turks migrated into Middle East from
Central Asia

Took over Baghdad but left Abbasid caliph as a
figurehead
 Mongols (Genghis Khan) left Central Asia across
Southwest Asia
Looted and burned Baghdad, killing the last Abbasid
caliph
 Later Mongols converted to Islam

Muslim Civilization’s Golden
Age
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SECTION 3
Social and Economic Advances
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 Vast trading network
 Led
to new business practices
 Developed a system of accounting
 Agriculture flourished
 Social Mobility
 Could
move up in society with
accomplishments
 Helped free slaves
Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture
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 Reflected diverse traditions of various
people under the Muslim rule
 Greeks,
Romans, Persians, and Indians
 Prized the art of storytelling
 1001
Nights- Best known collection of
stories
 Perfected skills in calligraphy
Centers of Learning
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 Established Baghdad as the greatest
Muslim center of learning
 Cairo,
Cordoba, and Timbuktu are also
centers of learning
 Scholars made advances in philosophy,
mathematics, medicine, and other
fields
Math & Medicine
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 Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra
 Wrote
a standard mathematics textbook
used in Europe
 Pharmacists and Physicians had to pass
a standardized test
 Learned to treat cataracts
 Created medical textbooks
India’s Muslim Empire
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SEC. 4
Delhi Sultanate
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 After fall of Gupta Empire- India fragmented
 Trade networks linked India to Middle East,
Southeast Asia, and China
 Sultan Muhmud of Ghanzi made Delhi his capital


Marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India
Muslims successful because Hindu princes battled each other
instead of uniting
 Muslim rule brought changes to Indian Government
and society
 1398: Tamerlane invaded India

India again fragmented into Hindu and Muslim states
Muslims and Hindus Clash
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 Muslim conquest of Northern India inflicted disaster
on Hindus and Buddhists



Widespread destruction of Buddhist temples
Many Hindus were killed
In time relations became more peaceful
 Eventually Delhi Sultans grew more tolerant of their
Hindu subjects



Hinduism was ultimately seen as a monotheistic religion
Hindus could practice their religion as long as they paid their
poll tax
Lower caste Hindus began to convert to Islam
Mughal India
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 1526: Turkish and Mongol armies poured into India
 Led by Babur- claimed descendent of Genghis Khan and
Tamerlane
 Met sultan Ibrahim’s army North of Delhi
 Defeated Delhi sultanate and set up Mughal (Persian word for
Mongol) Dynasty
 Stretched from Himalayas to the Deccan Plateau
 Chief builder of Mughal empire was Babur’s
grandson- Akbar
Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
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 He was a Muslim, but gained support of Hindu
subjects



He opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes
Treated Hindu princes as his partners in ruling the empire
Ended the tax on non-Muslims, married a Hindu princess
 Hoped to promote religious harmony through
tolerance
 Used paid officials instead of hereditary officeholders
 Modernized the army
 Encouraged international trade and introduced land
reforms
Akbar’s Successors
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 Akbar’s son- Jahangir: weaker ruler than his father
 Left most details of government to his wife Nur Jahan
 Akbar’s grandson- Shah Jahan: high point of Mughal
literature, art and architecture


Had Taj Mahal built for his deceased wife and mother of his 14
children
Planned to have a twin structure built next to Taj Mahal but
his son usurped the throne and imprisoned until he died
Ottomans VS Safavids
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SECTION 5
Ottoman Empire (Sunni Muslims)
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 They were a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who
migrated from Central Asia into Northwest Asia
Minor
 Mehmet II succeeded in capturing Constantinople


Cannons helped the Ottomans out power the Byzantines
Renamed the capital Istanbul
 Suleiman: “The Lawgiver” & Suleiman the
Magnificent

Extended the Ottoman Empire to be the largest and most
powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East for centuries
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 After Suleiman’s death, the empire began to decline
 Killed two of his able sons because they were suspected of
treason
 Under Selim II (Suleiman’s son) the bureaucracy
became corrupt
 European advances left Ottomans behind
 Other empires began to conquer Ottoman lands
Safavids (Shiite Muslims)
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 This dynasty had united an empire in Persia (Present





day Iran)
Were forced into constant warfare over religion
Best known King- Shah Abbas (the Great)
Used force and diplomacy against Ottomans
Tolerated non-Muslims
Safavids declined after death of Shah Abbas
The Crusades
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CH. 10 SEC. 3
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Background
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 Holy wars in which European Christians tried to
recapture the Holy Land from Muslims

Began by Pope Urban II who agreed to help Byzantine emperor
Alexius I
 1st Crusade: Christians did succeed in capturing
Jerusalem in 1099


Eventually it will be recaptured by the Muslims
Muslims will retaliate, causing Christians to launch new
crusades
 4th Crusade: Christians had diverted from fighting
Muslims to fighting other Christians

Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople
Impacts of The Crusades
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 Bitter legacy of religious hatred
 European economies expand
 Crusades helped increase power of the monarchs and
led to bitter struggle between religious and political
leaders
 Opened the eyes of Christians to a much wider world
Reconquista
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 It was a Christian campaign to drive any Muslims
from the Iberian peninsula
 With the new state of Spain through the marriage of
Ferdinand and Isabella- they made a final push to
complete the Reconquista
 Isabella launched a “Spanish Crusade” with the help
of the Inquisition
 150,000 people- mostly Jews and Muslims fled
Spain