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GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(1) 1 pt. Which is the thinnest Earth layer?
A) Continental Crust
B) Oceanic Crust
C) Mantle
D) Core
(2) 1 pt. What happens to oceanic crust as it gets older, in the correct order?
A) crust cools, becomes more dense, and sinks B) crust becomes more dense and sinks
C) crust gets more dense, cools, and rises
D) crust heats, becomes less dense, and rises
(3) 1 pt. Which is the most dense?
A) continental crust
B) oceanic crust
C) core
D) mantle
(4) 1 pt. Which is the least dense?
A) continental crust
B) oceanic crust
C) core
D) mantle
(5) 1 pt. Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity?
A) Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity, and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.
B) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.
C) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity, and bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the
unconformity.
D) It is the discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.
(6) 1 pt. An unconformity is a buried ________.
A) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below
B) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below
C) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below
D) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below
(7) 1 pt. ________ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger
strata above.
A) A disconformity
B) Cross cutting
C) An angular unconformity D) Inverse bedding
(8) 1 pt. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following
statements is correct geologically?
A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.
B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.
C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.
D) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.
(9) 1 pt. Assume that you have just examined several flat-lying sedimentary layers. After much study you
determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layer exists at this
site. You have just discovered a(n) ________.
A) disconformity
B) example of cross-cutting relationships
C) series of conformable strata
D) angular unconformity
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(10) 1 pt. What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary
strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?
A) theory of correlative deposition
B) law of original correlation
C) law of superposition
D) theory of superstition
(11) 1 pt. In the figure below, match the letter L and M with the correct level of sorting.
A) L = poorly
sorted, M =
well sorted
B) L = not
sorted, M =
well sorted
C) L = well
sorted, M =
poorly sorted
(12) 1 pt. In the figure at
the right, match the letter
J and K with the correct
description
A) J = transported a long
distance, K = transported
a short distance
B) J = transported a short
distance, K = transported
a long distance
C) J = time transported, K
= transported a short
distance
(13) 1 pt. In the above figure, match the letter J and K with the deposit you would most expect to find
them in.
A) J = beach, K = lahar
B) J = stream or river, K = landslide
C) J = lahar, K = stream or river
D) J = river or stream, K = lunar
(14) 1 pt. Rank these particle sizes in the order of increasing size.
A) clay, silt, sand, gravel
B) silt, clay, sand, gravel
C) sand, clay, silt, gravel
D) gravel, sand, silt, clay
(15) 1 pt. What is the sequence of members in a flood basalt, from bottom to top?
A) lower colonnade, entablature, upper colonnade, pillow basalts, vesicular flow
B) vesicular flow, lower colonnade, entablature, upper colonnade, pillow basalts
C) pillow basalts, lower colonnade, entablature, upper colonnade, vesicular flow
D) pillow basalts, colonnade, entablature, vesicular flow
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
For the following three questions, use the figure below.
(16) 1 pt. Which
type of volcano
erupts with lava
low in Si?
A) L
B) N
C) O
D) J
(17) 1 pt. Which
has the form of a
stratovolcano?
A) J
B) K
C) O
D) N
(18) 1 pt. Which
type of volcano is
the source for the Columbia River Flood Basalts?
A) N
B) J
C) L
D) O
(19) 1 pt. Which rocks are sorted properly, from low Si to high Si content?
A) Rhyolite, Dacite, Andesite, Basalt
B) Basalt, Andesite, Dacite, Rhyolite
C) Basalt, Dacite, Andesite, Rhyolite
D) Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite, Dacite
(20) 1 pt. What is the range in time that the CRBs erupted?
A) 50 – 20 Ma B) 17 – 6 Ma C) 400 – 120 Ma
D) 15 Ma – 2 Ma
(21) 1 pt. Which Cascade volcanoes has the most frequent eruptions?
A) Mt. St. Helens
B) Mt. Adams C) Mt. Hood
D) Mt. Ranier
(22) 1 pt. Which volcano type is associated with the correct rock?
A) fissure flow – rhyolite
B) shield volcano – granite
C) caldera – basalt
D) shield volcano – basalt
(23) 1 pt. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
A) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere B) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
C) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust D) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
(24) 1 pts. The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.
T/F
(25) 1 pts. Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials
like sand and mud. T/F
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(26) 8 pts. In the chart of radioactive decay
shown at the right.
(A) how many half-lives have elapsed by this
time? 2
(B) how many half-lives have elapsed by this
time? 3
(27) 2 pt. If the half-life of radiocarbon is
5,730 years, and you determine that there is
12.5% of the parent isotope remaining, how
old is the sample?
A) 11,460 years
B) 17,190 years
C) 22,920 years
D) 28,650 years
(28) 1 pt. New oceanic crust and lithosphere
are formed at ________.
A) divergent boundaries by submarine
eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
B) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
C) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
D) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
(29) 1 pt. The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a ________.
A) continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of
Eurasia
B) transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite
directions
C) continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separate
D) fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey
(30) 1 pt. The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision.
A) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate
B) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea
C) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian Islands
D) northward movement of India into Eurasia
(31) 1 pt. Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________.
A) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge
B) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge
C) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis
D) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma
(32) 1 pt. The Himalayas are associated with which of the following plate boundaries?
A) Ocean-continental convergence
B) Ocean-ocean convergence
C) Continent-continent convergence D) Divergent
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(33) 1 pt. The youngest seafloor rocks are found:
A) nearest to the mid-ocean ridges
B) nearest to the continental shelves
C) evenly distributed throughout the ocean
D) underneath the continents
(34) 1 pts. Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock,
the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a
consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
(35) 1 pts. Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
A) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive
forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
B) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded
together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
C) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the
very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
D) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that
are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
(36) 1 pts. What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?
A) molecule
B) ion
C) isotope
D) nucleon
(37) 1 pts. How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
A) They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
B) They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
C) They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.
D) They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
(38) 1 pts. A(n) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization.
A) glassy
B) pyroclastic
C) aphanitic
D) phaneritic
(39) 1 pts. Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture?
A) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or
microscope.
B) The mineral grains have glassy textures.
C) The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments.
D) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes.
(40) 1 pt. Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma
viscosity?
A) rhyolite, andesite, basalt
B) andesite, rhyolite, basalt
C) basalt, rhyolite, andesite
D) basalt, andesite, rhyolite
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(41) 1 pts. Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?
A) Magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle.
B) Most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks.
C) Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the
adjacent solid rock.
D) all of the above
(42) 1 pt. Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________.
A) explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes
B) andesitic stratovolcanoes
C) basaltic shield volcanoes
D) small, basaltic cinder cones
(43) 1 pts. Extrusive igneous rocks are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.
B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral
grains to grow.
C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
D) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small
mineral grains.
(44) 1 pts. Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock,
the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a
consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
(45) 1 pts. Each atom of the same element, zinc for example, has the same number of ________.
A) electrons in the nucleus
B) protons in the nucleus
C) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell D) electrons in the valence bond level
(46) 1 pts. An atom's mass number is 14 and its atomic number is 7. How many neutrons are in its
nucleus?
A) 21 B) 7
C) 14 D) 6
(47) 1 pts. What are the lightest or least massive of the fundamental atomic particles?
A) uranium nuclei
B) protons
C) electrons
D) neutrons
(48) 1 pts. What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?
A) molecule
B) ion C) isotope
D) nucleon
(49) 1 pts. In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?
A) ionic
B) subatomic C) covalent
D) isotopic
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(50) 1 pts. Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
A) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive
forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
B) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded
together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
C) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the
very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
D) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that
are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
(51) 1 pts. How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
A) They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.
B) They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
C) They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.
D) They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.
Answer the next five questions using the diagram below.
(52) 1 pts. What type of particle
is A?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
(53) 1 pts. What type of particle
is B?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
(54) 1 pts. What type of particle
is C?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
(55) 1 pts. What type of particle
is D?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
(56) 1 pts. What is the atomic structure at E?
A. Valence Orbit
B. Octet Orbit
C. Nucleus
(57) 1 pts. Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?
A) luster
B) color streak C) virtual absorption
D) fluorescence
(58) 1 pts. The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as:
A) streak
B) cleavage
C) cracking luster
D) crystal form
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(59) 1 pt. All silicate minerals contain ________ and ________.
A) iron; silicon B) silicon; sodium
C) oxygen; carbon
D) silicon; oxygen
(60) 1 pts. The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
A) 4 oxygen ions
B) 6 oxygen ions
C) 4 sodium ions
D) 6 sodium ions
(61) 1 pts. Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with striations?
A) orthoclase B) microcline C) plagioclase
(62) 1 pts. Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?
A) quartz
B) orthoclase C) hornblende D) muscovite
(63) 1 pts. Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?
A) orthoclase B) muscovite C) augite
D) olivine
(64) 1 pts. The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as
________.
A) silica content
B) texture
C) mineral content
D) Bowen's reaction series
(65) 1 pts. A ________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava
was still mainly liquid.
A) porphyrocryst
B) vesicle
C) phenocryst
(66) 1 pt. What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?
A) Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.
B) A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified.
C) Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger.
D) Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.
(67) 1 pt. Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________.
A) colors of the cementing minerals
B) grain sizes of the detrital particles
C) compositions of soluble minerals
D) degree of compaction and lithification
(68) 3 pts. ________ is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral
bands in a metamorphic rock.
A) Rock cleavage
B) Foliation
C) Stress streaking
D) Marbleizing
(69) 3 pts. The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?
A. The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal pressures developed as
rocks become deformed
B. The weight of the overlying rocks, solar heating, and nuclear fusion
C. Horizontal pressures developed as rocks deform, bonding, heat released during crystallization
D. Internal heat of the Earth, nuclear fission, heat released during chemical weathering
(70) 1 pts. Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?
A. a change in the chemical environment
B. an increase in temperature
C. an increase in pressure
D. all of these
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
The following 7 questions refer to the following diagram:
(71) 1 pt. Which is younger (more recent)?
A) the fault or B) Rhyolite Dike B
(72) 1 pt. Which is younger?
A) the Haephest Granite or B) Rhyolite Dike B
(57) 1 pt. Which is younger?
A) the Leif Limestone or B) the Dink-Dink Sandston
(73) 1 pt. Which is younger?
A) the Dink-Dink Sandstone or B) the Plainview Shale
(75) 1 pt. Which is younger?
A) Rhyolite Dike A or B) the Killarney Limestone?
(76) 1 pt. Which is younger
A) Rhyolite Dike A or B) the Haephest Granite
GEO 143 Pacific NW Rocks & Minerals
Final
(77) 5 pt. Radiometric ages indicate that the Haephest Granite is 85 million years old and Rhyolite Dike A
is 30 million years old.
a) What can you say about the age of Rhyolite Dike C?
A) Rhyolite Dike C is older than 85 million years.
B) Rhyolite Dike C is younger than 30 million yrs.
C) We cannot tell how old Rhyolite Dike C is.
D) Rhyolite Dike C is older than 30 million yrs.
b) What can you say about the age of the Kings Sandstone?
A) Kings Sandstone is older than 85 million yrs. B) Kings Sandstone is younger than 30 million yrs.
C) We cannot tell how old Kings Sandstone is. D) Kings Sandstone is older than 30 million yrs.
The following 4 questions refer to the figure at the right.
(78) 1 pt. This figure shows the structure and stratigraphy
of what type of deposit?
A) Lahar
B) Ash-Flow Tuff
C) Flood Basalt
D) Pyroclastic Flow
(79) 1 pt. What is the correct way to categorize the layers
of the deposit?
A) L: Flow Base; M: Lower Colonnade; N: Entablature; P
Upper Colonnade; R: Flow Top.
B) L: Flow Top; M: Upper Colonnade; N: Lower Colonnade;
P Entablature; R: Flow Base.
C) L: Flow Top; M: Upper Colonnade; N: Entablature; P
Lower Colonnade; R: Flow Base.
D) L: Flow Top; M: Lower Colonnade; N: Entablature; P
Upper Colonnade; R: Flow Base.
(80) 1 pt. In which layer could there be evidence for
deposition of lava into water?
A) L
B) N
C) P
D) R
(81) 1 pt. What is this evidence for deposition of lava into
water?
A) Vesicles
B) Columnar Joints
C) Pillow Basalt
D) Flow Breccia