Download Personal pronouns - Istituto B. Pascal

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Class I
SSS ad Indirizzo Sportivo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
MODULE I: PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND AUXILIARES, PRONOUNS,
PLURALS, PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND TIME
2.
MODULE II: PRESENT SIMPLE IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES, NEGATIVE
AND QUESTIONS, ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY, QUESTION WORDS
3.
MODULE III: COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS, SOME AND ANY,
MUCH/MANY/A LOT OF, FEW/LITTLE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
FORM
4.
MODULE IV: PRESENT CONTINUOUS IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES,
NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS, PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS
5.
MODULE V: PAST SIMPLE, PAST SIMPLE WITH REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
VERBS, NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS WITH PAST SIMPLE, EXPRESSIONS OF
TIME
MODULE I - AUXILIARES



Personal pronouns: A personal
pronoun refers to a specific person or
thing and changes its form to indicate
person, number, gender and case. A
subjective personal pronoun indicates
that the pronoun is acting as the
subject of the sentence. The subjective
personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she,"
"he," "it," "we," "you," "they”
The verb TO BE: we use the verb “to be”
to show the status or characteristics of
something or someone. It says what I
am, what you are or what something is.
The verb HAVE/HAVE GOT: "Have" and
"have got" are both used to show
possession.
Pronouns
Affirmative
Negative
Questions
I
Am
Am not
Am I?
He/She/It
Is
Is not (isn’t)
Is he/She/It
?
We/You/T
hey
Are
Are
not
(aren’t)
Are
We/You/Th
ey?
I
Have got
Have not
got
(Haven’t
got)
Have I?
He/She/It
Has got
Has not got
(Hasn’t
got)
Has
he/She/It ?
Have got
Have not
got
(Haven’t
got)
Have
We/You/Th
ey?
We/You/T
hey
MODULE I - PRONOUNS
 PRONOUNS: Subject, Object, Possessive
 Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a
sentence
 Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb.
 Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that
something belongs to someone. Note that the possessive pronouns are similar to
possessive adjectives (my, his, her). The difference is that the object follows the
possessive adjective but does not follow the possessive pronoun. For example Possessive Pronoun: That book is mine. - Possessive Adjective: That is my book.
 Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are often confused with
possessive pronouns. The possessive adjective modifies the noun following it in
order to show possession.
MODULE I - PLURALS
 Rule: In general, the plural is formed by adding an –S at the end of
the noun.
 Example: a tree - trees, a girl – girls
 Rule: Nouns that end with an -s, -sh, -ch, -z and –x add -ES
 Example: dish - dishes, bus - buses, peach – peaches
 Be Careful! Some of the most common exceptions are: man - men,
child - children, woman - women, person – people
 Many animals do not have a plural form: Example: fish - fish, deer -
deer
MODULE I - PREPOSITIONS
 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND TIME:
 IN
We use in with months - in May seasons - in winter country - in
Greece city or town names - in New York times of the day - in the
morning, afternoon or evening BUT at night!
 ON
We use "on" with specific days - on Friday, on New Year's Day, on
April the 19thAmerican English - "on the weekend OR on weekends"
 AT
We use "at" with specific times - at 7 o'clock, at 6.15at night
specific places in a city - at school British English - "at the weekend OR
at weekends"
 TO
We use "to" with verbs which show movement such as go and
come - He goes to school. She returned to the shop. They are coming
to the party tonight.
MODULE II – PRESENT SIMPLE
Listed below are uses with examples of the present simple tense.
Permanent or long-lasting situations, Regular habits and daily
routines.
Facts, Feelings, Opinions and states of mind, Timetables and schedules
Examples: The store opens at 9 o'clock.
She lives in NewYork.
Common present time expressions include: usually, always, often,
sometimes, on Saturdays, at weekends (on weekends US English),
rarely, on occasion, never, seldom
MODULE II
(Structure)
–
PRESENT
SIMPLE
 Positive: In the positive form add an 's' to the base form of the 3rd
person singular. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change
the -y to -ies.
 I, You, We, They -> eat lunch at noon. He, She, It -> works well in any
situation.
 Negative: Conjugate the helping verb 'do' not (don't and doesn't) the
base form of the verb to make negatives.
 I, You, We, They -> don't enjoy opera. He, She, It -> doesn't belong to
the club.
 Questions: Conjugate the helping verb 'do' (do or does) the base form
of the verb in question forms. Do -> I, you, we, they -> work in this
town? Does -> he, she, it -> live in this city?
MODULE II – ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
 Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens/is the
case, happened/was the case, will happen/will be the case, etc.
There are lots of them. Here are some examples :always,
constantly, typically, continuously, usually normally mostly
generally commonly largely regularly, often frequently, sometimes
occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, seldom, never
 Where do they come in the sentence? If the sentence has one verb
in it (e.g. no auxiliary verb) we usually put the adverb in the middle
of the sentence, i.e. after the subject and before the verb: We often
go to the cinema.
 The adverb usually comes after the verb "be": I am always late
MODULE II – QUESTION WORDS

Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people, etc. They are different from yes / no questions (Do you
live in France?).

Who
Use: Asking about people

What
Use: Asking about things or activities

What kind of / type of
Use: Asking about specific things or characteristics

What time
Use: Asking for a specific time

What ... Like
Use: Asking about characteristics

When
Use: Asking about general or specific times

Where
Use: Asking about places

How
Use: Combined with many words to ask questions about specific characteristics, qualities, quantities,
etc. For example: How much (price, quantity), How long (length), How often (frequency)

Which
Use: Asking to specify a thing or person from a number of things or people
MODULE III – COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
 Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc.
which can be counted. Nouns are considered content words
meaning they provide the people, things, ideas, etc. about
which we speak.
 Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc.
which are not individual objects and can not be counted:
information, water, understanding, wood, cheese, etc.
 Uncountable nouns are always singular. Use the singular form
MODULE III – SOME AND ANY
 We use "some" in positive sentences. We use some for both
countable and uncountable nouns. Example: I have some
friends.
 We use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any
for both countable and uncountable nouns. Example: Do you
have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago.
 We use "some" in questions when offering or requesting
something that is there. Example: Would you like some
bread? (offer) - Could I have some water? (request)
MODULE III – MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF
 'Much' and 'Many' are used in negative sentences and questions. 'Much' is
used with uncountable nouns such as 'rice': Examples: How much money
have you got?, There isn't much rice left. 'Many' is used for countable
nouns such as 'apples’
 A lot of' and 'lots of' can be used with both count and uncountable nouns.
'A lot of' and 'lots of' are used in positive sentences: Examples: There is a lot
of water in that jar. He's got lots of friends in London.
 'A little' and 'a few' indicate a quantity or number. 'Little' and 'few' indicate
a limited quantity. Use 'a little' with uncountable nouns. Example: There is
a little wine in that bottle. Use 'a few' with countable nouns. Example: He
has a few friends in New York.
MODULE III – COMPARATIVE AND
SUPERLATIVE FORM




We use the comparative and superlative form to compare and
contrast different objects in English. Use the comparative form to
show the difference between two objects. Example: New York is
more exciting than Seattle.
Use the superlative form when speaking about three or more
objects to show which object is 'the most' of something. Example:
New York is the most exciting city in the USA.
HOW TO FORM COMPARATIVE: One Syllable Adjectives add '-er'
to end of the adjective (Note: double the final consonant if
preceded by a vowel) remove the 'y' from the adjective and add
'ier’ Example: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high – higher. Twosyllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er. Two Syllable
Adjectives Ending in '-y’ Example: happy - happier / funny –
funnier. Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives place 'more'
before the adjective Example: interesting - more interesting /
difficult - more difficult
HOW TO FORM SUPERLATIVE: One Syllable Adjectives place
'the' before the adjective and add '-est' to end of the adjective
(Note: double the final consonant if preceded by a vowel)
Example: cheap - the cheapest / hot - the hottest / high - the
highest. Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –
est. Two, Three or More Syllable Adjectives place 'the most' before
the adjective Example: interesting - the most interesting / difficult
- the most difficult. Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in '-y' place
'the' before the adjective and remove the 'y' from the adjective
and add 'iest’ Example: happy - the happiest / funny - the funniest

IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS There are some important exceptions
to these rules.

GOOD
BETTER
THE BEST

BAD
WORSE
THE WORST

LITTLE
LESS
THE LEAST

MANY
MORE
THE MOST

OLD
OLDER/ELDER
THE OLDEST/THE ELDEST

FAR
FARTHER
THE FARTHTEST
FURTHER
THE FURTHEST
MODULE IV – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 The present continuous tense is generally used to express something
happening at the moment of speaking. It is not used to express everyday habits
and routines. Everyday habits and routines are expressed using the present
simple tense. It is also important to remember that the present continuous is
only used with action verbs.
 Things that are happening now, at the moment. Example: What are you doing?

Actions happening in a period around the present moment in time. Example:
I'm reading "The Surgeon's Mate" by Patrick O'Brian.
 Future plans and arrangements. Example: What are you doing tomorrow
afternoon?
Common present continuous time expressions include: at the moment, now,
today, this week, this month, tomorrow, next week (for future arrangements ),
currently.
MODULE IV – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Affirmative sentence: the verb “to be” + main verb with –ing at the end.
I'm (I am) -> working today. You're (You are) -> working today. He's (He is) -> working today. She's (She is) -> working today. It's (It
is) -> working today. We're (We are) -> working today. You're (You are) -> working today. They're (They are) -> working today.
Negative sentence: the negative form of the verb “to be” + main verb with –ing at the end
I'm not (I am not) -> coming this evening. You aren't (You are not) -> coming this evening. He isn't (He is not) -> coming this
evening. She isn't (She is not) -> coming this evening. It isn't (It is not) -> coming this evening. We aren't (We are not) -> coming this
evening. You aren't (You are not) -> coming this evening. They aren't (They are not) -> coming this evening.
MODULE IV – PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 Questions: question word+ the verb “to be”+ subject+ main
verb with –ing at the end
 What -> are you -> doing this afternoon? What -> is he ->
doing this afternoon? What -> is she -> doing this
afternoon? What -> is it -> doing this afternoon? What ->
are we -> doing this afternoon? What -> are you -> doing this
afternoon? What -> are they -> doing this afternoon?
MODULE IV – PESENT SIMPLE VS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 Present Simple: Use the present simple to talk about
activities or routines which take place on a regular basis.
 Present Continuous: Use the present continuous to speak
about what is happening at the present moment in time,
around the present moment, or for a future scheduled event.
 State verbs cannot be used in the continuous forms. Here is a
list of common state verbs :believe, understand, think
(opinion), want, hope, smell, taste, feel, sound, look, seem,
appear
MODULE V – PAST SIMPLE
 Use the past simple to talk about activities or routines which
take place at a specified time in the past.
 The past simple is used to express a finished past action
which occurs at a specific moment in the past.
 The following time signifiers often indicate a specific point in
time.last ago in ... (plus a year or month) yesterday when
... (plus a phrase)
 Positive Form: Subject + past form of verb + object(s) + time
MODULE V – PAST SIMPLE WITH
REGULAR OR IRREGULAR VERBS

In the positive form, for regular verbs, add
an -ed to the base form of the verb. If the
verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant,
change the -y to -ied.



Example: We played football yesterday,
She studied English yesterday
Irregular
verbs
must
be
studied

IRREGULAR VERBS
be - was/were become – became, begin –
began, break – broke, bring – brought, build –
built, buy - bought , come – came, cost – cost,
cut- cut, do – did, drink – drank, eat - ate
find – found, fly – flew, get – got, give – gave,
go – went, have – had, keep – kept, know –
knew, leave - left make - made meet - met
pay - paid put - put read - read say - said see
-saw sell - sold send – sent, speak - spoke
spend - spent take - took teach - taught tell told think - thought
MODULE V – PAST SIMPLE WITH
NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
 Negative Form: Subject + did + not + base form of verb + object(s) +
(time)
 Examples:
 They didn't expect to see you at Christmas. She didn't understand
the question.
 Question Form: (Wh?) + did + subject + base form of verb +
(object(s))+ (time)?
 Examples:
 Where did you study French? When did you arrive last week?
MODULE V – EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
 Time Expressions Often Used in the Past:
 last - used when speaking about the previous week, month or year. Example:
They went on holiday last month.
 yesterday - used when speaking about the previous day Example: I visited my
best friend yesterday.
 ago - used when speaking about X days, weeks, months, years before. NOTE:
'ago' follows the number of days, weeks, etc. Example: We flew to Cleveland
three weeks ago.
 in - used with specific years or months Example: She graduated in 1976.
 when - used with a past time clause Example: I played tennis every day when I
was a teenager.