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Electronics and Circuit lab Fall 2016 Egr110 Goal: Circuit’s lab will provide students with a basic understanding of electronic principles, basic breadboard management and general circuit construction. This will help students as they pursue the final EGR110 design project, which will include components of electronics and circuit building. Students will learn theory, relevance and will complete hands on, group activities. ELECTRICAL BASICS What is electricity? Electricity is a natural occurrence that takes place in nature. For this lab we will focus on the electricity that powers our homes, devices and tools. Electric current is defined as the flow of an electrical charge, which can consist of any moving charged particles, most commonly these are electrons. Engineers create and harness electricity using damns, turbines, and other means to send power to cities. It is a vast and fascinating topic, but for today’s class we will be learning about basics of electrical circuits, electrical definitions and Electrical definitions: Voltage: Also called Electrical Potential. This is the ability of an electric field to do work with a charge. This is measured in Volts and is seen as the symbol V. Amperage: Also called Electrical Current. This is the flow of the electrons measured in Amps and seen as the symbol I. Also, the rate of flow, an Amp is equal to one coulomb per second. Resistance: The measure of how difficult it is for electricity to pass. Electricity will always pass through the path of least resistance. Electrical Circuit: A configuration of electrical components that produce a specific outcome for directing correct power to an electrical device. These three values are used to make up Ohm’s law, which is shown below: 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉 𝑂𝑅 𝐼 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅 Ohm’s law can help us calculate the necessary values for voltage, current or resistance in any given circuit we may work with. Electrical Components: Many different electrical components exist for creating different circuits. Below are a few components we have for our purposes 1 Batteries are used for storing electricity to power a circuit. A battery can be any power source. Battery Battery symbol used in circuit diagrams Resistor Symbol Resistor LED Symbol Resistors are used for slowing down electrical current as it goes to various components. Resistors are color coded to indicate their values. Potentiometers are three terminal resistors that can form adjustable voltage. Resistance is measured in Ohms LED’s or light emitting diodes are commonly used as indicator lights in electronics. The symbol shows which direction the LED needs to be placed in the circuit; electricity should flow in the direction of the arrow. LED Capacitors are used electrical charge. Capacitor for storing Capacitor Symbols A push button switch shown can be used to complete or breakup a circuit. Push Button Switch Switch Symbol 2 There is not enough time in this lab to cover all types of components for circuit building. There are numerous sensors, printed circuit boards and components you can power and use to create advanced electrical systems. Circuit building will be integral to your project. Below are the basics of circuit diagram reading and construction. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS A circuit diagram draws out the schematic necessary for powering a specific circuit. In this lab you will complete three basic circuits, one of which will be used in your next lab for programming. Circuit Basics: Here are some tips for circuits: A circuit must be closed to work. CLOSED. This means there can be no breaks, and the electrical current must flow from a positive to a negative/ground. Some components are directional, meaning they must be put into the circuit in a specific orientation. LED’s, some capacitors are examples. Certain components can be connected in SERIES or PARALLEL to move electrical current throughout a circuit in a specific way. o Series: Components are connected one right after the other, like a long chain o Parallel: Components are connected at both ends, think stacked together Make sure you don’t ‘overpower’ or ‘under power’ and components. A light hooked directly to a battery may immediately burn out. Make sure you have proper resistance, amperage and voltage for each component (Remember Ohm’s law!) Circuit Diagram: Left, is a basic circuit diagram. We have a four component Diagram, A battery, a switch (S1), a resistor (R1) and a Diode (D1). The Electrical Current flows from the battery through the switch, then to the resistor and finally the diode before returning to the battery. The circuit, however, is not complete until S1 is closed. This circuit should light the diode at the end. This is a series circuit. All components are attached end to end in one single chain. If any part of the chain is broken the circuit will no longer work. 3 Left is a more complex circuit that does the same task as the first circuit. It lights a diode once a switch is closed. This time, we have three resistors, connected in parallel. If we remove any resistor, our circuit will still work, because there will still be a path for electricity to travel back to the battery. Circuit diagrams can get much more complex and difficult. For now, we will work with the two circuits above. We will build them using a breadboard. A breadboard is used for making an experimental model for an electric circuit. It is a test board, you can use to change and make circuits quickly. A breadboard Breadboards allow you to poke the ends of components and wires into holes that connect the components underneath the plastic top. Below is a diagram of how a breadboard connects components. In the center, each column is connected, meaning any parts you connect there will be at the same point. Each ‘dot’ is a point where a component end can go. BUT, remember for a part to work, you cannot connect both ends of a component into the same column. That would ‘Short’ or ‘cutout’ that component as it would have no thing to flow across. This will make much more sense when you complete your first activity! 4 Breadboard inner workings HANDS ON ACTIVITIES Activity One: Build a circuit to light and LED Materials: 1. Breadboard 2. LED 3. Push Button Switch 4. Wires 5. Battery and holder with wires 6. Resistor (Value 100 Ohms) 7. Volt/Amp meter Use the breadboard and components to create the circuit shown. Make sure to fully complete your circuit, you should create one long chain of parts that makeup a whole circuit. You will know your circuit worked when the switch is hit and LED lights up. After your circuit is working, you will measure the voltage and amperage across each component (With the switch closed) and record it in the table below. Component Switch Voltage (Volts) Amperage (Amps) Resistor Diode What happens to Voltage as you go around the circuit? What about Amperage? 5 WHEN YOU’VE COMPLETED TASK ONE, TELL THE LAB COORDINATOR AND SHOW THEM Activity Two: Create a Parallel Circuit to light an LED Materials: 1. R1: 100 ohm 2. R2: ??? ohm 3. R3: ???ohm Modify your first circuit to have three resistors in parallel. Once you’ve done this, measure the voltage and amperage across each resistor. Take out one resistor and see if the circuit still works. Does the brightness of the LED change with removal of certain resistors? Component Resistor 1 Voltage (Volts) Amperage (Amps) Resistor 2 Resistor 3 Diode How does Amperage and Voltage change across the diode with the removal of one of the resistors? WHEN YOU’VE COMPLETED TASK TWO, TELL THE LAB COORDINATOR AND SHOW THEM 6 Activity Three: Adding Arduino and Building your circuit for next lab Arduino will be discussed in much more detail next class. But, in short, Arduino is another electrical component that helps you interface electrical circuits with a computer. Using the Arduino board, a PCB, you can monitor the different items on your circuit using a computer and programming. This will test your circuit building skills. Once you’ve built this circuit, we will explore programming next class. Materials: 1. Arduino board 2. Breadboard 3. Wires 4. LED 5. R1: Photoresistor 6. Speaker 7. R2,3,4 (values given on diagram) 8. Button WHEN YOU’VE COMPLETED TASK THREE, TELL THE LAB COORDINATOR AND SHOW THEM 7