Download Terrorism and the Muslim Brotherhood

Terrorism and The Muslim
Brotherhood
“God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader, the Qu’ran our
constitution, jihad our way and dying for God’s cause our
supreme objective.”
Hassan al-Banna
founder of the Muslim Brotherhood
http://MuslimBrotherhoodTerrorism.webs.com
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/
The PowerPoint presentations and a short paper ("What Islam is Not”)
are found on the website http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com/
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© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Course Overview
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Session 1: The Creation of Islam
Session 2: Muslim Conquest and Radical Islam
Session 3: The Creation of Al Qaeda
Session 4: The Arab Spring
Session 5: The Global Caliphate
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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References
1. “The Qur’an, A Biography”, Lawrence, Bruce, Atlantic Monthly
Press, NY, 2006
2. “Ghost Wars”, Coll, Steve, Penguin Books, NY, 2004
3. “The Looming Tower”, Wright, Lawrence, Random House, NY,
2006
4. “Sleeping with the Devil”, Baer, Robert, Random House, NY, 2003
5. “See No Evil”, Baer, Robert, Random House, NY, 2002
6. “The Siege of Mecca - The Forgotten Uprising in Islam’s Holiest
Shrine and the Birth of Al Qaeda” Trofimov, Yaroslav, Tantor Media
Inc., 2007
7. “Imperial Life in the Emerald City”, Chandrasekaran, Rajiv,
Random House, NY, 2006
8. “The Assassins Gate – America in Iraq”, Packer, George Packer,
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, NY, 2005
9. “A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the
Creation of the Modern Middle East”, Fromkin, David and Stein,
Elizabeth, Owl Books, 1989
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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References
10. “Inside the Jihad - My Life with Al Qaeda”, Nasiri, Omar, 2006
Tantor Media, Old Saybrook, CT, 2006
11. “The Osama Bin Laden I Know”, Bergen, Peter, Audio Books LLC,
2006
12. “Holy War, Inc.”, Bergen, Peter, Simon & Shuster, NY, 2001
13. “Jawbreaker – The attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda”, Berntsen,
Gary Crown Publishing Group of Random House, NY 2005
14. “The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward - A New
Approach”, Baker, James and Hamilton, Lee et al, U.S. Institute of
Peace, Washington, DC, Dec. 6, 2006
15. “The Terrorist Watch – Inside the Desperate Race to Stop the Next
Attack”, Kessler, Ronald, Crown Publishing division or Random
House, New York, 2007
16. “The Enemy at Home”, D’Souza, Dinesh, Bantam Books, 2008
17. “1913 – The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict”, Marcus, Amy
Dockser, Tantor Media, Old Saybrook, CT, 2007
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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References
18. “The Origins of the Shia-Sunni Split” – National Public Radio, Feb.
12, 2007
19. “Integrating Islam”, America Abroad Media,
http://www.americaabroadmedia.org/programs/view/id/66/sf_highlight
20. "Abraham : A Journey to the Heart of Three Faiths", Feiler, Bruce,
William Morrow, New York, 2002
21. “The Lessons of Terror – A History Of Warfare Against Civilian:
Why It Has Always Failed and Why It Will Fail Again”, Carr, Caleb,
New York, Simon & Shuster, 2002
22. The Demon in the Freezer”, Preston, Richard, Random House, NY,
2002
23. “Islam and Democracy, Fear of the Modern World”, Mernissi,
Fatima, translated by Mary Jo Lakeland, Addison-Wesley
Publishing, 1992
24. “The Closed Circle”, Pryce-Jones, David, Harper & Row, NY, 1989
25. CIA World Factbook 2006
26. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam and the Crusades”,
Spencer, Robert, Regnery Publishing, Washington DC, 2005
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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References
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
www.cft.org Council on Foreign Relations
www.globalsecurity.org Global Security
www.bbc.co.uk British Broadcasting Corporation Online
www.mideastweb.org Mideast Web
www.aijac.org.au Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council
www.weeklystandard.com The Weekly Standard
www.nationalreview.com National Review Online
www.time.com Time Magazine Online
www.whitehouse.gov White House press releases
www.newyorkpost.com New York Post online
www.historylearningsite.co.uk History Learning Site
www.infoplease.com Info Please by Pearson Publishing
www.afghanweb.com Afghanistan Web
www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia – the free encyclopedia
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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References
41. Aslan, Reza; How to Win a cosmic War – God, Globalization, and
the End of the War on Terror; Random House, New York, 2009
42. Schwartz, Stephen; The Two Faces of Islam – The House of Sa’ud
from Tradition to Terror; Doubleday, New York, 2002
43. Jones, Seth G.; In The Graveyard of Empires – America’s War in
Afghanistan; W.W. Norton, New York, 2010
44. Parnell, Sean, and Bruning, John; Outlaw Platoon – Heroes,
Renegades, Infidels and the Brotherhood of War in Afghanistan;
Harper Collins, New York, 2012
45. Farivar, Masood; Confessions of a Mullah Warrior; Atlantic Monthly
Press [Berkeley, CA], Distributed in the U.S. by Publishers Group
West, New York, 2009
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Glossary
• Aliwite – a sect of Shi’ia Islam that forms the ruling party in Syria
• Al Qaeda – “The Base”; organization created by Osama bin
Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri in 1994, which declared Jihad on
non-Muslims in 1998
• Bida – forbidden by God
• Caliph – successor to a high position in the religious order
• Fard ayn - a personal obligation for all Muslims; radical
clerics/scholars declare jihad on the west and Israel are fard ayn
• Fatwa – religious edict
• Fedayeen – suicide attack tactics
• Hadith - The hadith collections are accounts of the verbal and
physical traditions of Muhammad, dating from several
generations after the death of Muhammad.
• Hamas – elected government of Palestine, funded and supported
by Al Qaeda
• Hezbollah – Shia faction in Palestine funded and controlled by
Iran
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Glossary
• Imam – supreme religious leader
• Jihad – “struggle”, now associated with a holy war, but
also a Muslims’s personal internal struggle to embrace
and practice Islam
• Jahiliyyah –”ignorance of divine guidance”; the state of
the world before Islam and revelation of the Qu’ran to
Muhammed.
• Kab’ah – a cube-shaped sanctuary for idols in the center
of the Grand Mosque in Mecca. It contains the rock to
which Abraham sent his concubine Hagar and made
provisions for the branch of his family that later became
Muslims.
• Kafir – unbeliever; Muslim sects often refer to members
of other Muslim sects or secular Muslim nations as kafir.
The traditional sentence in sharia law for such apostasy
is execution.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Glossary
• Madrassa – fundamentalist Islamic school, typically
Wahhabist in their interpretation of the Qu’ran
• Mahdi – “Guided One”, the prophesied redeemer of
Islam that will unite all Muslims and bring the final days
• Mullah – teacher
• Mutaween "volunteer" in Arabic, government-authorized
religious police of Saudi Arabia or religious-policing
organizations in Islamic countries Sahaba - companions
of Muhammad during his 23 year ministry
• Salat –prayers practiced five times each day
• Salafis – believers in the practice of Islam by the Salafi –
the companions of Muhammad his and the succeeding
two generations
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Glossary
• Sharia – Islamic law based on the Qu’ran and the
• Shi’ite, Shi’at Ali – “the partisans of Ali” – the sect of Islam that
followers Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and brother-in-law of
Muhammad, and Ali’s son Hussein
• Shura – council of advisors
• Sunnah - literally “trodden path”, “the way of the prophet”; religious
actions instituted by Muhammad during his 23 years ministry and
were received through consensus of Muhammad’s companions
(Sahaba), and then generation-to-generation transmission. Some
believe sunnah are religious actions initiated by Abraham and only
revived by Muhammad.
• Sunni – “followers of Sunnah, or Way of the Prophet” – the sect of
Islam that follow the line of succession of Abu Bakr, a friend of
Muhammad who became the 4th Imam
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Glossary
• Sufi – a sect of Islam most familiar as Dervishes; unlike many other
sects they practice music and dancing
• Tahut – forbidden by religious interpretation
• Takfir or Takfeer – the act of declaring a person or group to be nonbelievers (kafir). The traditional sentence for apostasy in sharia law
is execution. Takfiri rebels attempted to assassinate Osama bin
Laden in the Sudan, believing he was too conventional in his views.
• Talib – a student of Islam
• Ulama or Ulema – the community of Muslim scholars
• Uma – the community of Muslims
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Session 1: The Creation of Islam
http://muslimbrotherhoodterrorism.webs.com
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Creation of Islam
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Religion timeline
Ancient Empires in the Middle East
Muhammad biography
Revelation of the Qur’an
Warfare and conquest
The Sunni – Shia split
Islamic world today
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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2000
BCE
Judaism
founded in
the Middle
East
2000
BCE
600 BCE
Monotheism
Buddhism in
India/Nepal
and Jainism
1 CE
in India Christianity
founded in the
Middle East
610 CE
Islam in
Arabia
1735 CE
Wahhabism
Sect of Islam
in Iraq and
Arabia
1000 CE
800 BCE
Hinduism
in India
2000
CE
124 CE Taoism
in China
(panentheism)
Polytheism
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Ancient Empires in the Middle East
Assyrians
Persians
Arabs
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Prophet Muhammad
570: Halabi ibn Abdullah is born in Mecca
to the Banu Hashim family. Later he took
the name Muhammad (Arab. "the
Praised").
While prominent in Mecca the family
seems not to have been prosperous at this
time.
His father dies six months before he is
born and his mother dies of illness when
he is six. For two years he is raised by his
paternal grandfather who then died. By
Arab custom he was excluded from any
paternal inheritance since he had not
reached maturity.
In his teens he accompanies his uncle on
caravan journeys to Syria. He learns the
caravan trade well enough to be employed
by a wealthy merchant and widow named
Khadijah.
The birth of Muhammad, Persia, c. 1315. (Library of
the University of Edinburgh)
Muhammad meets the monk Bahira. Persia, c. 1315.
(Library of the University of Edinburgh)
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Prophet Muhammad
595: At age 25 Muhammad is proposed to by
Khadijah, and he accepts. The marriage and his
business prosper, aided by her resources.
610: At age 40 Muhammad is commercially
successful. He begins spending several weeks
each year meditating in a cave on Mount Hira in
the hills outside Mecca.
He is visited by the angel Gabriel and the first
verses of the Qu’ran are recited to him by
Gabriel.
The first revelation (the Great Sign) is followed
by three years of religious devotion and prayer
by Muhammad, followed then by the second
visit by Gabriel.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Prophet Muhammad
613+: Mohammad receives additional
communications from Gabriel and preaches
these to the people of Mecca. He founds his
religion – Islam (Arab. “to surrender”)
619: In the Night of Power Gabriel presents a
vision of heaven. This is followed by the
second revelation: the Night Journey.
On a winged steed Muhammad is
transported to the rock in Jerusalem where
Abraham nearly sacrificed his son Ishmael.
Muhammad and his steed ascend from the
rock to heaven where he meets prophets
and The Glorious and Exalted One.
Through Gabriel he negotiates the number
of Muslim daily prayers to be five.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
Muhammad's Night Journey
(faceless). Persian, c.1540
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The Prophet Muhammad
619: Khadijah and Muhammad’s uncle Abu Talib die.
Muhammad’s enemies oppose him in Mecca.
At two annual fairs outside Mecca Muhammad converts
some tribal members from north of Mecca to Islam.
Opposition grows in Mecca so his daughter and son in
law move to Abyssinia under the protection of a
Christian king there.
622: Muhammad and followers flee to Medina. His
followers and supporters in Medina begin raiding
caravans from Mecca.
623: Some of his followers raid a caravan during the holy
month of Rajab when fighting is forbidden. Through
prayer it is revealed that “oppression is worse than
killing”.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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624: Muslims win the battle of Badr against
a larger Meccan force, but do not
capture the Meccan caravan
625: Mecca sends a large army against the
Muslims and defeats them at Uhud,
wounding Muhammad. Muhammad
purges his ranks and demands greater
loyalty from his followers.
627: Muslims prevail at the Battle of Trench
against Mecca. Muhammad begins
diplomacy with Mecca.
628: Treaty of Hudaibiya between the
Muslims and Mecca.
630: Muhammad leads his Muslims back to
Mecca.
632: Muhammad dies while planning a
campaign to invade Syria.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
Below: Muhammed re-dedicating the
Black Stone at the Kaaba. Persia, c.
1315.
The Prophet Muhammad
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The Qur’an and the Hadith
• The Qur’an is a recited text; it was revealed to
Muhammad who could not read
• The Qur’an has always been memorized by recitation
• As with all religious texts, the Qur’an is open to scholarly
and lay interpretation
• The hadith collections are accounts of the verbal and
physical traditions of Muhammad. These date from
several generations after the death of Muhammad.
Hadith compilations are records of the traditions or
sayings of the Muhammad. They might be defined as the
biography of Muhammad perpetuated by the long
memory of his community for their exemplification and
obedience.
• Oral tradition plays a major role in the Islamic
understanding of Muhammad.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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Qur’an Versions
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•
•
•
•
The Qur’an was likely compiled the during the lifetime of Muhammad or the
first caliph Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (632-634).
Muslims agree that the Qur'an we see today was canonized by Uthman ibn
Affan (653-656). Upon the canonization of the Qur'an, Uthman ordered the
burning of all personal copies of the Qur'an. Small variations still remained
in the written Qur'an.
Muslim scholars believe the Uthmanic Qur'an is what was revealed to the
Prophet in its entirety, while some non-muslim scholars believe verses were
removed.
A number of scholars debate the validity of the collection of the Qur'an as a
whole and whether the Qur'an ever existed in its entirety during
Muhammad’s or Uthman’s time.
The text of the Qur'an today is taken from one of the seven alternative
reading styles (due to different Arabic dialects) by Ibn Mujahid (who
reported there were fourteen) in the 10th century and published as the
Royal Cairo edition by King Fuad of Egypt in 1924.
© Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Sunni-Shia Split
632: Abu Bakr is chosen as caliph, Muhammad’s
successor. A minority favors Ali, Muhammad's cousin
and son-in-law. They are known as Shiat Ali: “the
partisans of Ali”.
656: Ali becomes the fourth caliph after his predecessor is
assassinated. Some Muslims rebel against Ali and form
the Sunni faction: “the way of the prophet”. Ali therefore
is the first Shiite Imam.
661: Violence and turmoil spread among Muslims. Ali is
assassinated.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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The Sunni-Shia Split
680: Hussein, son of Ali, marches against the
superior army of the Sunni caliph at
Karbala in Iraq. His army is massacred
and Hussein is beheaded. The Day of
Ashura is on the 10th day of Muharram in
the Islamic calendar and is
commemorated by the Shi‘a as a day of
mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn
Ali.
Shia consider Ali as their first Imam and
Husayn as the second Imam.
© Copyright 2008-2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
A Shiite Muslim holds a
picture of Imam Husayn
during a demonstration
in Baghdad, May 29,
2003.
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The Shia
873: The 11th Shiite Imam dies. No one succeeds him.
873-940: The son of the 11th Imam disappears, leaving his
representatives to head the Shiite faith.
940: The Greater Occultation of the 12th, or “Hidden Imam”
begins. No Imam presides over the Shiite faithful. (873940 was known as the Lesser Occultation)
1801: A Wahhabi raiding party sacks Kharbala, site of the
Husayn’s tomb and one of Shia Islam’s most holy
shrines. In eight hours the Wahhabis massacre 5000
Shia; a horror and insult the Shia have never forgiven.
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The Muslim World Today
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© Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved
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