Download Treaty of Versallies – end of WWI

Chapter 13 The Rise of
Dictators and World War
II
1931-1945
61 Nations involved in WWII
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_T0hKmtMtSg
Play as students enter the room. Sink The Bismarck-Johnny Horton
.
What caused WWII in Europe?
Germany wanted back what she
lost from WWI, and revenge
Appeasement – Great Britain and
France gave Hitler land w/o fighting
for it.
Hitler was racist; he invaded
countries simply to kill the Jews
living there.
Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI
The main points of
the Treaty [BRAT]
1. Germany had
to accept the
Blame for
starting the war
2.
Germany
paid
Reparations for
the damage done
during the war.
Versailles cont. .
3.
Germany
was forbidden to
have submarines
or an air
force. She could
have a navy of
only six
battleships, and
an Army of just
100,000 men.
Versailles
4.
Germany
lost Territory
(land) in
Europe (see
map).
Germany’s
colonies were
given to
Britain and
France.
Section 1
The Rise of the
Dictators
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/war2ac
t.shtml
Road to World War II Online Game for class to play on
Smartboard.
Hitler had an aggressive foreign
policy and disagreed with the
Treaty of Versailles. Find out
more about the events which led
up to the war.
Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin
Fascism- Mussolini of Italy started this political
movement which preached an extreme form of
nationalism and patriotism that was often linked with
racism.
NAZIS Elected to Power!
Nazis promised to build up Germany’s army
and they wanted revenge for WWI
Hitler Led the
Nazi Party
The Nazis won
control of the
government
and then Hitler
overthrew the
constitution in
1933. He called
himself der Fuhrer,
or “the Leader.”
Japan wanted China and the
USSR.
Japan is an island,
and not a big one.
They wanted more
living space and
resources for their
“superior” people.
Japan Needed Oil Reserves
Japan
invaded
Manchuria,
China in
1931 for
more oil and
land
resources.
Dictators Seek to Expand Territory
•1935-Italy attacked Ethiopia
because Italians thought they
deserved more territory at the
end of WW I. (dissatisfied by the
peace treaties)
Germany Wants New Territory
Too
In 1935, Hitler moved troops into the
Rhineland a region of Germany along
the French border.
Under the Treaty of Versailles, the
Rhineland was to remain free of
German forces.
In 1936, Hitler and Mussolini
formed an alliance
known as the Rome-Berlin Axis.
That’s how the name, Axis, came about.
In 1938, Hitler invaded Austria.
Then he wanted the Sudetenland, a
region of Czechoslovakia. France
and Russia pledged to support
Czechoslovakia. Britain
stepped in to help and got Hitler to
sign an agreement.
Appeasement at Munich
1938
The Munich Agreement was an
example of the British and
French policy known as
appeasement. Under this
policy, they met Germany’s
demands in order to avoid war.
Neville Chamberlain PM of England declared
he had “achieved peace in our time.”
WRONG
It wasn’t worth the
paper it was
written on.
Appeasement – Hitler wanted
land. Britain and France let
him have it without war.
6 Months Later
Hitler conquered the rest of
Czechoslovakia
Then…
Germany Starts the War
Hitler threatens to take Poland. Britain
and France warn that attack would
mean war. They assume they have an
ally in Stalin because the Soviet Union
and Germany were enemies.
WRONG
Hitler and Stalin sign a nonaggression
pact. Then…
The nonaggresion pact
encouraged Germany to
go to war in Europe
because Germany would
only have to fight a one
front war.
Hitler seized Poland. It plunged
most of Europe into World War
II in 1939.
The Germans introduced a new method
of warfare known as Blitzkrieg (lightning
war”). It stressed speed and surprise in
the use of tanks, troops, and planes.
In less than a month, Poland fell to the invading German and Soviet
armies. In April 1940, Denmark and Norway fell. A month later,
another blitzkrieg took Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
Comparison of European fighting in WWI and WWII:
Much of WWI was fought from trenches, while WWII
involved fast moving invasions and rapid conquests of
territory.
U.S. Isolationism
Americans
wanted to stay
out of Europe’s
wars.
FDR wanted to
help Britain
anyway
USA had 2 oceans to protect
us (sort of).
Hitler in Paris, June 1940
Fortress Europa
In no
time,
Germany
conquered
most of
Europe
with
tanks,
planes,
railroads.
English
Channel
protected
England
Britain
resisted
German air
force
Battle of Britain, 1940
Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
England is
bombed for 60
days straight.
First battle
fought only
using planes
England is able
to hang on
because of:
RADAR (new)
Signal system
Germany Attacks the Soviet Union
While Hitler conquered Western Europe, Stalin invaded Finland and then
seized the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Despite their partnership, Hitler and Stalin distrusted each other. Hitler
also wanted Soviet wheat and oil field.
So, he invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.
Hitler said the city would soon “fall like a leaf.” But the Leningraders
refused to surrender. People lived on a few ounces of bread a day. They
ate cats, dogs, rats, and sparrows. People collapsed of hunger and died in
the city streets, their bodies lying frozen under the snows until spring.
Hitler tried to capture Leningrad for 872 days, from Sept. 1941 to Jan.
1944.
The Siege of Leningrad
September 8, 1941
About 1
MILLION
Soviet citizens
died, many
from starvation.
But the city
never fell to the
Germans.
The United States Aids the Allies
Lend Lease Act 1941
Great Britain and
the Soviet Union
benefitted from
this program.
U.S. sent $50
billion worth of
war goods.
FDR sent war
materials to Britain
and the USSR.
This is a Sherman
tank
The Soviet Union
and Great Britain
had not fallen to
Germany when the
U.S. entered the war in
1941.
Japan attacks a naval base in Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii. December 7, 1941.
Brings U.S. into WWII.
December 7, 1941
7:55 am Japan
launches
surprise attack
on Pearl Harbor
Two waves of
attacks
Reason Japan attacked the U.S.
fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1941:
The Tojo government made plans
to invade the Dutch East Indies—
a souce of oil—and Asian
territories. Its leaders believed
the U.S. Navy would block
Japanese expansion.
December 7, 1941
7:55 am Japan
launches surprise
attack on Pearl
Harbor
Two waves of attacks
Pearl Harbor
9 Ships sunk
21 ships
severely
damaged
2,350 dead
1,178 injured
U.S.S. Arizona
USS Arizona
U.S.S. Arizona
America Responds
President Roosevelt asked
Congress to declare war
on Japan. He called
December 7, 1941, “a
date which will live in
infamy.”
Allied Powers
The Big Three
United States
President
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Vice President
Harry Truman
Britain
Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain until 1940
Then, Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
Soviet Union or U.S.S.R.
Premier Joseph Stalin
In addition were the colonies and territories
of these countries.
These include China, Canada, Australia,
France, Poland and others.
Axis Powers
Germany and Italy declared war
immediately after Pearl Harbor.
Germany, Italy and Japan made a deal
to help each other in case one was
attacked.
Japan
Emperor Hirohito
General Hideki Tojo
Germany
Fuhrer Adolph Hitler
Italy
Duce Benito Mussolini
The Battle of Stalingrad
July 17, 1942-Feb. 2, 1943
WAS THE SUCCESSFUL SOVIET DEFENSE OF THE CITY OF
STALINGRAD (NOW VOLGOGRAD) IN THE U.S.S.R. DURING
WORLD WAR II. RUSSIANS CONSIDER IT TO BE THE GREATEST
BATTLE OF THEIR GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR, AND MOST
HISTORIANS CONSIDER IT TO BE THE GREATEST BATTLE OF THE
ENTIRE CONFLICT. IT STOPPED THE GERMAN ADVANCE INTO
THE SOVIET UNION AND MARKED THE TURNING OF THE TIDE OF
WAR IN FAVOR OF THE ALLIES. THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
WAS ONE OF THE BLOODIEST BATTLES IN HISTORY, WITH
COMBINED MILITARY AND CIVILIAN CASUALTIES OF NEARLY 2
MILLION.
The Russian Winter killed
many NAZI troops in USSR.
Russian
people are
tough! 21
million
dead, yet
no
surrender!
Section 2
War in Africa and
Europe
Mobilizing for War
Women’s Contributions to the War Effort:
1.Woment served in the U.S. Army and
Navy
2.Women performed important
noncombat duties in the Coast Guard.
3. Women built planes, tanks, and other
military equipment.
Women in Forces
Women in workforce
Rosie the Riveter
Battles in Africa and Italy
The Allies began making plans to invade
Europe.
Churchill convinced Allies that they
weren’t prepared for such an invasion.
Churchill convinced the Allied leaders to
defeat the Axis in North Africa before
invading southern Europe.
Reasons Allied Leaders Decided to Invade
North Africa Before Attacking Axis forces
in Europe:
1.They wanted to protect the Suez Canal.
2.They needed bases from which to attack
southern Europe.
3. The British insisted on attacking North
Africa first.
General Eisenhower
In December 1943, it was
announced that Eisenhower
would be Supreme Allied
Commander in Europe. In
these positions he was
charged with planning and
carrying out the Allied assault
on the coast of Normandy in
June 1944 under the code
name Operation Overlord, the
liberation of western Europe
and the invasion of Germany.
Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
All out attack on the beaches of
Normandy, France.
Attack carried out by joint U.S.,
Canadian and British forces.
Attack to be carried out on 5 different
beaches along the coast.
SWORD, GOLD, JUNO, UTAH and
OMAHA were the two beaches that
the U.S. 1st Army invaded.
Operation Overlord
The Allies had to
break the “Atlantic
Wall”
Germany built a wall
up and down the
Atlantic coast.
Operation Overlord
The “Atlantic Wall”
consisted of:
Defenses on the
beach
Barbed wire
Massive gun
towers
Steep slopes
D-Day = Day of Attack
Invasion of Normandy, France
June 6, 1944
D-DAY
America Attacks
Omaha and Utah.
Omaha is
HORRIFIC
Few tanks
NO trenches
NO Airborne
assault team
D-DAY
Most soldiers were killed within the first 2 hours of
battle.
The plan works and Germany takes its first major loss.
Turning point of the war!
The Allied Advance and D-Day
The Germans were surprised by
the attack at Normandy because
many, including Hitler, thought
it would occur at Calais, 150
miles away—where the English
Channel is narrower.
Facts about Omaha Beach
150,000 troops stormed
Normandy beaches.
About 2,500 GI's died
on the beaches and
2,600 paratroopers
died. And 3,100
Germans died.
The vast majority of
D-Day deaths
occurred at Omaha
Beach where it is
believed around
2,200 Americans
died.
Battle of the Bulge
Germany counter
attacks
It takes the allied
forces 6 weeks to
repulse the attack.
Now the Allies and
the Soviets are
closing in on
Germany from both
sides
Victory in Europe
Russia and America
are in a race to see
who can get to Berlin,
Germany first.
Yalta conference
FDR is re-elected (4th
time) and then dies
on April 12,1945.
Victory in Europe
The Yalta Conference:
1. By Feb. 1945, the Germans were retreating
everywhere. That month, Allied leaders met in
the Soviet resort of Yalta.
2. Allied leaders, Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill,
made plans for the future of Europe after the
war.
3. The U.S.S.R. promised to join the fight against
Japan after Germany surrendered. (They
didn’t.)
Germany’s End
Germany invaded the Soviet Union and
lost a million troops due to the cold and
Russian bravery.
Hitler spent too many resources trying
to kill Jews and not supporting his
troops
Germans fought Russians in the east
and Americans and Brits in the West.
Germany surrenders April ‘45
The Holocaust
Around 6 million Jews die at the
hands of the Nazis
Section 3
War in the Pacific
Doolittle Raid April 1942
The Allies began to turn
the tide against Japan.
The push began with a
daring air raid on
Japanese cities, including
Tokyo.
James Doolittle and his 16
bombers caused little
damage, but it shocked
Japan’s leaders and
boosted the Allies’
morale.
Battle of Coral Sea
May 8, 1942
America losses one
aircraft carrier
Japanese victory, but
American tactical
victory
First battle fought only
with planes. No ship on
either side made any
visual contact with any
enemy ship.
Bataan Death March read text
p. 369
At the same time of the
attacks on Pearl Harbor, Japan
launched attacks throughout
the Pacific. By Christmas,
Japan controlled Hong Kong,
Thailand, and the U.S. islands
of Guam and Wake.
But it took longer to conquer
the Philippines.
The Japanese pushed the
Allied forces from the capital of
Manila onto the Bataan
Peninsula.
• American and Filipino
troops, led by MacArthur,
then fought the Japanese to
a standstill for several
months.
• The Allies then feared that
the Japanese might invade
Australia.
• Roosevelt ordered
MacArthur to withdraw to
Australia, but MacArthur
promised, “I shall return.”
Bataan Death March read text p. 369
Shortly, after MacArthur left, the
Japanese mounted an offensive.
The U.S. troops on Bataan surrendered
and endured the brutal Bataan Death
March.
Bataan Death
March
Already exhausted
and starving, about
70,000 Filipino and
American prisoners
of war were then
forced to march
more than 60 miles
without food or
water. Thousands
died.
Battle of Midway Islands is
the Turning Point of the War
in the Pacific
June 4, 1942
4 Japanese Aircraft
carriers vs. 3
American aircraft
Carriers
American Carriers:
Hornet, Enterprise,
and Yorktown
Battle for Midway Island
1942
If won,
Japanese
could have
bombed
Hawaii more
from here.
Uncle Rex
and Aunt
Doris
Married 51 Years A Remembrance of the War, including Battle of Midway
Aunt Doris in her Youth
Aunt Doris and my grandmother, her
younger sister, would walk from 20th to
32nd street to school. The snow would be
up to their knees at times.
Sometimes they would catch a ride with a
friend for the 3.5 mile ride.
They worked on a farm, so they did not
get to go to football or basketball games.
She graduated in 1943.
Aunt Doris
She worked four hours on Saturday
mornings for 75¢ an hour to pay her
friend for the rides she and my
grandmother would catch to school for
her junior and senior years.
Before school, when they were girls, my
grandmother and my Aunt Doris, would
get up at 5 o’clock each morning to milk
six cows each and then get ready for
school.
Before the War
Uncle Rex was a good swimmer. He was a
lifeguard before the war.
Aunt Doris learned welding when she attended
Denver Opportunity School after graduating
from high school.
She was stationed in Washington state and
lived with her sister at a girls’ dormitory.
Aunt Doris and Uncle Rex met in Washington
state while working at Bremerton Shipyard.
USS California
Aunt Doris was at the Bremerton Shipyard
in Washington state welding or “tacking”
repairs on the USS California that had
been raised from Pearl Harbor.
Uncle Rex had helped raise the USS
California.
She was a “Rosie the Riveter” that helped
get that ship back into commission.
That’s why they were both in Washington
state and how they eventually met.
The Yorktown
Complement:2,217 officers and men
(1941)
Range:12,500 nautical miles (14,400 mi)
at 15 knots (17 mph)
Aircraft carried: As built:
90 aircraft
3 × elevators
2 × flight deck hydraulic catapults
1 × hangar deck hydraulic catapults
From the Atlantic to the Pacific
Uncle Rex was on the Yorktown when it
went through the Panama Canal then
on to San Diego.
They went to dance and eat at a church
function and that’s how they met.
At Naval Air
Station,
North
Island, San
Diego,
California,
embarking,
or loading
aircraft and
vehicles
prior to
sailing for
Hawaii.
Pearl Harbor Was Still
Smoking…
There was still damaged
areas of Pearl Harbor still
smoking from the attack
of Dec. 7, 1941 when my
Uncle Rex arrived in
Hawaii on the Yorktown.
U.S.:
1 aircraft carrier
1 destroyer
1 valuable fleet oiler
Damage to the second
carrier
Japan:
1 light aircraft carrier
1 destroyer
Some smaller ships
Shokaku was damaged
badly due to bombs
The Zuikaku air group
was badly depleted
Forced to cancel the
Moresby invasion
United States Navy aircraft
carrier Lexington explodes on 8 May
1942, several hours after being
damaged by a Japanese carrier air
attack.
Midway Information
Was the attack on
Midway unexpected?
No, the U.S. decoded a
Japanese warning and
Admiral Fletcher sent
an ambush to Midway
while the Japanese
were rearming.
Admiral Fletcher destroyed 3
of 4 Japanese big aircraft
carriers.
The surviving planes
attacked and damaged the
U.S.S Yorktown.
The Yorktown’s second
strike sent down the
remaining aircraft carrier.
Then, a Japanese submarine
sank the U.S.S Yorktown.
Smoke
pours
from
Yorktown
after being
hit in the
boilers by
Japanese
dive
bombers at
Midway.
June 4, 1942,
Yorktown is hit
Heavy antiaircraft fire has
brought down at least one
Japanese plane.
on the port
side,
amidships, by
a Japanese
Type 91 aerial
torpedo during
the midafternoon
attack by
planes from
the
carrier Hiryu at
the Battle of
Midway.
A Sneaky Submarine
The Yorktown crew abandons ship, but the ship doesn’t sink.
So a tug is pulling it slowly back to dry dock.
Uncle Rex had nightmares for the rest of his life because
crewmen had arms off and sharks would attack them while
they were waiting to be picked up by other ships. Destroyers
were going around the Yorktown trying to rescue people and
he was almost saved, but general quarters was sounded
which meant the Japanese were coming back.
The destroyers would have to come back and circle and pick
him and others up.
The Yorktown was damaged and listing heavily.
A Japanese sub is able to elude our detection due to so much
debris in the water and it attacks the Yorktown and another
ship.
The Yorktown and the other ship sinks.
60 depths charges were dropped, but the sub got away.
Fate: Sunk June 7, 1942 in
the Battle of Midway, 141 men
killed.
Battle of Midway
Island Hopping – US fought to
gradually reach Japan
Island Hopping
America has to go
island to island,
clearing out Japanese
forces.
This process took a
long time Why?
Japanese soldiers
would not surrender.
Island Hopping:
1. The Allies didn’t try to capture every
island with Japanese troops on it.
2. B. Allied forces targeted the islands that
were the most weakly defended.
3. Captured islands became bases for
attacks on other enemy-held islands.
Battle for Iwo
Jima 1945
•Died: 6,800 US
20,000 Japanese.
This flag raising was
a serious morale
boost to soldiers on
the island.
• It was
important to
the Allies to
take control of
islands like
Okinawa and
Iwo Jima. They
could serve as
bases for U.S.
planes to bomb
Japan.
Kamikaze Attacks
Kamikaze literally means
“spirit wind”, but is commonly
translated as “divine wind”
The tradition of death instead of defeat,
capture, and perceived shame was deeply
entrenched in Japanese military culture. It
was one of the primary traditions in the
samurai life and
the Bushido code: loyalty and honor until
death.
Atomic Weapons End the War
Why drop the Atomic Bomb?
U.S. leaders wanted to end the war
without invading Japan.
The Japanese had shown they would fight to
the last man, woman and child.
The atomic bomb saved as many as 1 million
U.S. lives, and possibly many Japanese.
Harry Truman said he dropped the bomb to
end the war.
This plane dropped an atom
bomb on Hiroshima
Fat Man was the atomic bomb detonated
Over Nagasaki using a Boeing B-29
Superfortress Bockscar
Little Boy was the code name for the first atomic
bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima from the
Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay
Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945
Victims in Hiroshima
Japan surrenders 1945
(Show the
Instrument of
Surrender to
the class)
Section 4
The Home Front
Wartime Production
Because the armed forces needed so many
materials, some of the items Americans
took for granted became scarce.
People rationed goods for war
use.
SPI
It says “first truck 1932”
Wartime Production
American automakers
produce no cars between
1942 and 1945, because
they were building tanks,
planes, and military
vehicles instead.
Opportunities for Women and Minorities
Three Effects of the War on Life
in the U.S. :
•The war replaced the Depression with full
employment and prosperity.
•Women took over many jobs that men had
performed before the war.
•Because of the military’s needs, certain
goods were in short supply at home and
their use was controlled by the
government.
The Army was segregated,
but African Americans served.
Tuskegee Airmen
• An all-black
unit of pilots
that fought in
North Africa
and Italy.
• The movie
Red Tails is
about them.
Opportunities for Women and Minorities
Discrimination Affected Life on the Home Front in
WWII:
1. Japanese Americans were held in internment
camps.
2. The federal government banned job
discrimination against African Americans in
war-related industries.
3. African Americans and Mexican Americans
suffered prejudice and violence in Northern and
West coast cities with defense industries.
Internment of Japanese
Americans
USA was afraid if
Japan were to
attack the Pacific
coast, Japanese
Americans would
help them.
The Government
ordered them to
move to camps.
The Internment of Japanese
Americans
President Reagan gave
$20,000 tax free to
reimburse remaining 60,000
internees. See text p. 374 Citizenship Today.
Internment camp
Japanese Americans served in
the Army
Ways WWII Affected Life
in the U.S.
•The G.I. Bill of Rights caused a postwar boom in
college enrollments (14.5)
•Meat, sugar, and other consumer products were
scarce during the war. (14.4)
•Jobs created by government war spending ended
the Great Depression. (14.4)
•Did the war end economic opportunities for
African Americans?
Section 5
The Legacy of the
War
Marshall Plan
-helped to rebuild the
economies of European
nations.
Changes in American Society
The Purpose of the G. I. Bill of Rights or the G. I.
Bill:
•To give economic and educational aid to returning
American soldiers
•The government paid for returning soldiers’ schooling
and provided them with a living allowance
•more than 7.8 million WWII veterans attended school
under the G.I. Bill
The Nuremberg Trials
The international community put together a
court to try Nazi leaders for their role in World
War II. The original 24 defendants included
some of Hitler’s top officials. The charges
against them included crimes against humanity.
A result of the Nuremburg Trials was that they
reinforced the principle that people are
responsible for their actions.
World War II deaths
USSR
China
Germany
Poland
U.S.
Great Britain
Japan
22 million
11 million
7 million
7 million
0.5 million
0.3 million
1.5 million