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Transcript
Biology, Management, Diseases, and Uses of Sheep, Goats, and Cattle CPT Chad D. Foster Chief, NHP Clinical Medicine USAMRIID 26 Oct 05 Previously Presented By: • CPT Curtis Klages – Goats • CPT Christopher Keller – Sheep • LTC Kelcin Buchanan – Sheep & Goats Purpose Outline • • • • • • • • • • Taxonomy Uses in research Sources/Evaluation Management and Husbandry Unique Biology Goat Normal Values Basic Nutrition Reproduction Behavior Diseases Taxonomy Sheep • Order: Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates) • Sub-order: Ruminantia (cud chewing animals) • Family: Bovidae • Sub-family: Caprinae • Genus and sub-genus: Ovis • Domestic sheep = Ovis aries • Subgenus Pachyceros includes the wild North American breeds Breeds Sheep • Meat – Dorset, Columbia, Suffolk, Hampshire, Southdown, Border Cheviot • Wool – Merino, Rambouillet, Lincoln, Romney • Hair – Barbados • Dual-Purpose: – Targhee, Polypay Terminology Sheep • Female: ewe • Intact Male: ram • Young Animal: lamb – Ewe lamb – Ramb lamb • Castrated Male: wether • Birthing Process: lambing Taxonomy Goats • Order: Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates) • Sub-order: Ruminantia (cud chewing animals) • Family: Bovidae • Sub-family: Caprinae • Genus and sub-genus: Capra • Capra hircus is domestic goat originated from western Asian goats • Others include: – Capra pyrenaica (Spanish goat) – Capra ibex (Goats of the Red Sea and Caucasus area) – Capra falconiere (wild goat of Afghanistan) Breeds Goats • Dairy – Nubian, Alpine, Toggenbutg, La Mancha, Saanen, Oberhaslie • Fiber – Angora, Cashmere • Meat – Boer, Sapel, Ma Tou, Kambling, Pygmy • Leather – Mubend (Uganda), Red Sokoto (West Africa) Terminology Goats Female: doe or nanny Intact male: buck or billy Young goat: kid or goatling Young male: buckling Young female: doeling Castrated Male: wether or steer Birthing Process: kidding Taxonomy Cattle • Order: Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates) • Sub-order: Ruminantia (cud chewing animals) • Family: Bovidae • Subfamily: Bovinae • Genus & Species – Bos taurus (domestic cattle) – Bos indicus (Zebu cattle) Breeds Cattle • Dairy – Holstein-Fresian (most common cow used as animal model), Jersey, Brown Swiss, Milking Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Guernsey • Beef – Angus, Hereford, Simmental Terminology Cattle • • • • Female: cow Intact Male: bull Young Animal: calf Female prior to first calf: heifer • Castrated Male: steer • Birthing Process: calving Uses in Research • Ruminants – Cardiac Research • Transplantation, cardiac assist & prosthetics – Reproductive Research • Embryo transfer, AI, reproductive cycle control – Genetics • Gene transfer, cloning, nuclear transfer, genetic engineering – Antibody Production – Surgically Induced: Osteopenia, Fracture repair, ACL reconstruction (Sheep & Goats) Uses in Research • Sheep Disease Models – General • Fetal & Reproductive Research • Circadian Rhythms related to day-length • Interaction between olfactory cues and behavior Uses in Research • Sheep Disease Models – Squamous Cell Carcinoma (No. 252) • Animal: Ovine SCC • Human: SCC – Congenital Goiter (No. 350) • Animal: Congenital Goiter in Merino Sheep • Human: Congenital Goiter – Intestinal Adenocarcinoma • Animal: Adenocarcinoma of the SI of Sheep • Human: Adenocarcinoma of the Human Colon Uses in Research • Sheep Disease Models – Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia (No. 2) • Animal: Dubin-Johnson Syndrome in Corriedale • Dubin-Johnson Syndrome • Hepatic organic anion excretory defect – Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia (No. 8) • Animal: Gilbert’s Syndrome in Southdown Sheep • Human: Gilbert’s Syndrome • Hepatic organic anion uptake defect Uses in Research • Sheep Disease Models – Muscular Dystrophy (No. 51) • Animal: Congenital Progressive Ovine Muscular Dystrophy • Human: Muscular Dystrophy – Immune-Mediated Arthritis (No. 418) • Animal: Lentivirus-induced arthritis of sheep & goats (OvLV & CAEV respectively) • Human: Rheumatoid Arthritis Uses in Research • Sheep Disease Models – GM1 Gangliosidosis (No. 395) • Animal: Ovine GM1 Gangliosidosis in Suffolk • Human: GM1 Gangliosidosis – Wilson’s Disease (No. 307) • Animal: Chronic (cumulative) Cu Poisoning • Human: Wilson’s Disease • Induced model Uses in Research • Sheep Disease Models – Transmissible Spongiform Encephaolopathy • Animal: Scrapie • Human: Kuru, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD) – Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Dorsett Sheep – Pulmonary Adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) – Other Induced Models • Arteriosclerosis • Hemorrhagic shock • Metabolic toxicosis Uses in Research • Goats (General) – – – – – Immunology Mastitis Nutrition Parasitology Vascular Uses in Research • Goat Models – Beta-Mannosidosis (No. 369) • Animal: Beta-Mannosidosis in Nubian goats – this inbred line of Nubians also serve as models for therapeutic cell transplantation strategies • Human: Beta-Mannosidase Deficiency – Congenital Myotonia • Animal: Caprine Myotonia Congenita (“fainting goats”) • Myotonia Congenita (Thompsen’s Disease) Uses in Research • Goat Models – Other disease models • Osteoporosis • Caprine Mucoploysaccharidosis IIID (Sanfillipo Syndrome Type D) • Melanoma • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Afibrinogenemia • Hereditary Congenital Goiter • Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (sx induced) – Hyperimmune Serum Production Uses in Research • Cattle (General) – Permanent fistula • ruminal fluid for research, teaching, treatment – Infectious Diseases – Metabolic Diseases Uses in Research • Cattle Disease Models – Tritrichomonas (Trichomonas) fetus • Animal: Bovine Trichomoniasis • Human: Trichomonis vaginalis infection – Inherited Cardiomyopathies in HolsteinFresian, Simmental-Red Holstein, Black Spotted Fresian, & Polled Hereford with wooly coat. – Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome Uses in Research • Cattle Disease Models – Lipofuscinosis in Ayrshires & Fresians – Glycogenesis in Shorthorns & Brahmans – Hereditary orotic aciduria in Holstein-Fresian & Fresian cattle – Hereditary Zinc Deficiency in Holstein-Fresian & Fresian cattle Sources • Commercial vendors • USDA licensed dealers Health Screening Sheep • Diseases – – – – – Coxiella burnettii (Q fever) Contagious Ecthyma Caseous lymphadenitis Johne’s Disease Ovine Progressive Pneumonia – Internal Parasites (nasal bots, lungworms, intestinal worms) – External Parasitism (sheep keds) • Vaccinations – – – – – – – – – Bluetongue Brucella ovis Campylobacter spp. Chlamydia Clostridial Diseases Pneumonia complex Ovine ecthyma Dichelobacter nodosus Arcanobacterium pseudotuberculosis – Bacillus anthracis – Fusobacterium necrophorum Health Screening Goats • Diseases – Coxiella burnettii (Q fever) – CAE (caprine arthritis encephalitis) – Brucellosis – Tuberculosis – Johne’s Disease – Caseus lymphadenitis – Contagious ecthyma – Mycoplasma • Vaccinations – Tetanus & other Clostridial diseases – Campylobacter spp. – Chlamydia – Caseous lymphadenitis – Contagious ecthyma – E. coli – Fusobacterium necrophorum Health Screening Cattle • Screening – Johne’s Disease – Brucellosis – Tuberculosis – Respiratory Diseases – Internal and External Parasites – Foot Rot – Hairy Heel Warts Health Screening Cattle • Essential Vaccinations – Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus – Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus – Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus – Parainfluenza-3 – Leptospira pomona – Tritrichomonas fetus – Rotavirus – Coronavirus – Campylobacter (vibrio) – Pasteurella haemolytica – Pasteurella multocida – Brucella abortus • Other Available Vaccines – – – – – – – – – – – Clostridial diseases Moraxella bovis Fusobacterium necrophorum Staph aureus (mastitis) Haemophilus somnus Rabies Tetanus Bacillus anthracis Enterotoxigenic E. coli Anaplasma Other Leptospira spp. Laboratory Management and Husbandry Laboratory Management and Husbandry • Stress reduction in transportation, handling, and husbandry practices • Floor – prevent slippage & support wt. • Feeders conformed to species • Continuous-access waterers • Social and herding animals need to be in eyesight and hearing of other animals • Single housed animals should have regular human contact • Environmental enrichment governed by SOP, protocol, and IACUC • Light cycle – close to natural conditions • Light intensity – around 220 lux Unique Biology Ruminants • Three compartment forestomach – Rumen, reticulum, omasum • Rumen – Anaerobic fermentation chamber • bacteria & protozoa • Cellulase & other enzymes – Produce volatile fatty acids (VFA) – main source of energy • Acetic, propionic, butyric Unique Biology Ruminants • VFA absorbed in large intestine – Unlike monogastrics • Microorganisms also synthesizes vitamins B, K and provide protein • Gases produced and eructated – CO2, Methane, Nitrogen • Spiral Colon • No upper incisors Unique Biology Ruminants • Immunoglobulins absorbed by pinocytosis in neonates and crucial to passive transfer • Functional for the first 36 hours after parturition • Neonatal ruminants are immunocompetent Unique Biology Ruminants • Ruminants have fewer neutrophils then lymphocytes • BUN cannot be used as indicator of renal function due to metabolism of urea by rumen microorganisms • Can go several days w/o water before dehydration occurs b/c _____________ • Urine Ph is generally alkaline in adults Unique Biology Ruminants • Erythrocytes are smaller than other mammals • Hematocrits tend to be over estimated unless spun longer • Increased RBC fragility • Limited rouleaux formation - none in cattle; limited in sheep and goats • Sheep reported to have at least 6 different types of hemoglobin (in addition to fetal hemoglobin) Unique Biology Ruminants • Caprine erythrocytes – More frail in Pygmy and Toggenburg – Lack central pallor – Flat and lack bioconcavity – May exhibit poikilocytosis – 5 Blood groups (B, C, M, R-O, and X) – Cross matching advisable but not practical • Blood loss of up to 25% red cell mass well tolerated by goats (withdrawals of 10ml/kg BW safe) Basic Nutrition Ruminant – Commercial feeds, pasture, hay, concentrates – Sheep & Cattle: Grazers – Goats: Browsers • Can be very selective, eating only leafy parts; waste hay • Tend to eat grasses, seeds, nuts, fruits, and woody stemmed plants • Do not tolerate finely ground concentrates • Do not prefer “sweet” feeds (except our “fat” goats) – Make nutrition changes slowly Basic Nutrition Ruminants – Ration high in Ca or Phos or elevated Mg may induce urinary calculi in male ruminants – May also occur in grasses or pastures high in silicates and oxalates – Newborns • Passive immunity form colostrum (mostly IgG) usually w/in 3 hrs of birth • Trypsin inhibitors allow passage of intact immunoglobulin • Colostrum dependent on herd management practices (vaccinations, nutrition, parasite control) Reproduction Sheep • Seasonally polyestrous – Breed fall/winter; lamb in spring • Puberty: 7-8 months • Estrus cycle: 17 days • Estrus duration: 24-30 hours – Ovulate spontaneously @ end • Gestation 147-150 days • Prolificacy varies greatly with breed • Epitheliochorial placentation Reproduction Goats • Seasonally polyestrous – Short day breeders • Puberty: 7-10 months • Estrus cycle: 18-24 days • Estrus duration: 24-96 hours – Ovulate late in estrus • Gestation: 145-155 days • Does bear singletons, twins, & triplets & kid only once per year • Epitheliochorial placentation • Pseudopregnancy common Reproduction Cattle • Polyestrous • Puberty – 10-12 months (dairy) – 11-15 months (beef) • Estrus cycle: 21 days • Estrus duration: 6-24 hours (avg 12-16) – Ovulation: 24-32 hrs after estrus • Gestation 270-292 days • Epitheliochorial placentation Reproduction Ruminants • Weaning – Sheep: 4-8 weeks (usually 6-8 wks) – Goats: 6-10 weeks – Cattle • 4-7 wks (dairy) • 7 months (beef) – beef cows tend to stay with their mother cows until weaning Behavior Signs of stress – – – – – – Excessive vocalizations Bruxism Decreased appetite Decreased cud chewing Restlessness Prolonged recumbency with out stretched neck and head – Hunched appearance when standing – Limb favoring – Rough dull hair coats Behavior – Sheep • Easily scared – move slowly and gently – Goats • Orally investigative • May readily chew through wooden gates or fencing • May make sneezing noises to confront unfamiliar intruders – Cattle • Dairy=docile; Beef=not • Calves: non-nutritive suckling Diseases Bacterial • Actinobacillosis (“Wooden Tongue”) – – – – Agent: Actinobacillus lignieresii Animals: Cattle & Sheep Organism penetrates wounds Diffuse abscesses/granulomas in tissues of head • Tongue lesions more common in cattle • Lip lesions more common in sheep • Soft-tissue/LN swelling with draining tracts – Treatment • Softer feeds • Antibiotics: sulfonamides, tetracyclines, ampicillin Diseases Bacterial • Arcanobacterium – Arcanobacterium bovis – Lumpy Jaw • Normal flora; enters through wounds/abrasions • Causes firm, non-painful, immovable mandibular mass; fistulas may develop • Tx: pennicillin (or derivatives); sodium iodides (IV); potassium iodides (orally) • Poor prognosis – Arcanobacterium pyogenes (actinomycosis) • Omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis, omphalitis, navel ill Diseases Bacterial • Anthrax – Agent: Bacillus anthracis – Animals: sheep, cattle, goats – Transmission: abrupt climate changes lead to spore release; spores ingested by grazing animals (sheep & cattle more than goats) – Clinical signs: swelling around shoulders, ventral neck, and thorax; bloody secretions; death – Prevention: vaccination with Sterne-strain spore vaccine – Zoonotic Diseases Bacterial • Brucellosis (Bang’s Disease) – Agents: • Brucella melitensis – 1o in sheep & goats • Brucella abortus – 1o in cattle • Brucella ovis – Transmission: ingestion of infected tissues (milk, vaginal/uterine discharges) – Signs: abortions, hygromas, swollen scrotum – Treatment: cull and slaughter – Vaccination: • Rev 1 (sheep) – not available in the U.S. • Strain 19 (cattle) – public health risk (undulant fever) • RB51 – official calfhood vaccine – Zoonotic (B. melitensis is leading cause of human brucellosis) Diseases Bacterial • Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) – Agent: Campylobacter fetus • Subsp. intestinalis – most important cause of ovine abortion in the U.S. – Transmission: GI tract Blood Stream; NOT venereal – Causes abortions (last trimester), stillbirths, weak lambs • Subsp. venerealis – cattle only – Transmission: venereal – Signs: high % return to estrus after breeding; abortions – Prevention: bacterin – Treatment: • Sheep: penicillin, oral chlortetracycline • Cattle: intrauterine penicillin – Zoonotic Diseases Bacterial • Clostridial Infections – C. perfringens type C (Enterotoxemia, Struck) • Common in sheep, goats, and cattle • Causes fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis, enterotoxemia – C. perfringens type D (Pulpy Kidney Disease) – Disease of sheep – sudden death – – – – – C. chauvoei - Blackleg C. septicum - Malignant Edema C. novyi - Big Head, Black Disease C. hemolyticum – bacillary hemoglobinuria, “redwater” C. tetani - Tetanus Diseases Bacterial • Clostridial Infections – Source: ubiquitous in environment; GI tract; contaminated feeds – Transmission: ingestion; contamination of wounds – Prevention: vaccinate (multivalent vaccine available) – Treatment: • • • • usually futile antibiotics supportive antitoxin for tetanus Diseases • Caseous Lymphadenitis – Common, chronic contagious infection of lymph nodes of sheep and goats – Cause: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis – Prevention: reject animals with lymphadenopathy or wounds – Treatment: antibiotics, lance and drain abscesses, cull animals Diseases Bacterial • Corynebacterium renale group – C. renale • Normal inhabitant of bovine genitourinary tract • acute pyelonephritis in cattle results from ascending infection following a compromise of protective mechanisms • Tx: penicillin (3 weeks) – C. pilosum & C. cystitidis • Normal inhabitants of prepuce of sheep and goats • Posthitis (pizzle rot) and vulvovaginitis – high-protein diets increase urinary pH; ammonia irritates prepucial and vulvar skin, increasing vulnerability • Tx: decrease dietary protein Diseases Bacterial • Foot Rot of Sheep and Goats – Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum (normal inhabitant) and Dichelobacter nodosus (environmental contaminant) – Most common cause of lameness in sheep – Prevention • maintain dry, clean environment • reject clinical cases at delivery • vaccinate – Treatment • foot baths - 10% formalin or 10% zinc sulfate or 10% copper sulfate • penicillin and streptomycin • trim affected tissue Diseases Bacterial • Foot Rot of Cattle – Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus – Signs: Acute lameness, malodor w/ little discharge – Prevention • maintain dry, clean environment • Vaccinate – Treatment • foot baths – 2.5% formalin or 10% zinc sulfate or 5% copper sulfate • penicillin and oxytetracycline • trim affected tissue Diseases Bacterial • Heel Warts (Bovine Digital Dermatitis, Interdigital Papillomatosis, Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis, Hairy Foot Warts) – Cattle only – Cause?: Fusobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Dichelobacter nodosus, + poor facility management – Lesions of haired digital skin: erect hairs; loss of hair; thickened skin, painful moist plaques (red, gray, or black) – Treatment: antibiotics, footbaths, surgical debridement – Prevention: as noted for foot rot Diseases • Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis (TEME) – Agent: Haemophilus somnus (also involved in BRD complex) – Signs: depression, ataxia, falling, conscious proprioceptive deficits, death within 36 hours – Transmission: respiratory secretions – Vaccination for viral respiratory pathogens may predispose – Prevention: avoid vaccinating for for IBR and BVD during times of stress – Treatment: penicillin, oxytetracycline Diseases • Mastitis – Sheep: • Pasteurella hemolytica most common – Goats: • Staphylococcus epidermidis most common – Cattle: • Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp. • Mastitis is disease of greatest economic impact for dairy cattle Diseases Bacterial • Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pinkeye) – Agent: Moraxella bovis – Cattle only – Signs: lacrimation, photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival injection, ulceration – More severe in animals infected with IBR or who have recently been vaccinated for IBR (modified-live vacc) – Transmission: • shed in nasal secretions • Fomites, flies, aerosols, direct contact – Treatment • Topical antibiotics • Subconjunctival injections of Pennicillin Diseases Bacterial • Tuberculosis – Cause: Acid-Fast Bacteria • Mycobacterium bovis (sheep, goats, cattle) • Mycobacterium avium (sheep, goats) • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (goats) – Signs: • may be asymptomatic • dyspnea, coughing, and pneumonia • diarrhea, bloat, constipation – Prevention: intradermal tuberculin test, cull and slaughter – Treatment: None – Zoonotic Diseases Bacterial • Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) – Chronic, contagious, granulomatous disease of adult ruminants – Cause: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (acid-fast) – Long incubation period – Signs: chronic wasting, pasty feces, diarrhea – Transmission: direct or indirect contact – Prevention: Test and slaughter – Treatment: None Diseases Bacterial • Respiratory Disease Complex of Ruminants – BRDC in cattle, BRD in calves, “shipping fever” – Most economically important disease of beef cattle • Combinations of numerous agents – Bacterial: Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multicida, Hemophilus somnus, Corynebacterium pyogenes – Viral: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) – Mycoplasma bovis, M. dispar Diseases Bacterial • Respiratory Disease Complex of Ruminants – Onset of disease related to stress: • Shipping, weaning, weather changes, dietary changes, overcrowding, shearing – Signs: nasal discharge, fever, coughing, dyspnea, diarrhea, depression, death – Treatment: • Antibiotics: ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, tilosin • Anti-inflammatory: Banamine • Supportive Care – Prevention: reduce stress, precondition, vaccinate Diseases Bacterial • Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia – Cause: Mycoplasma mycoides biotype F38 – Signs: severe dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough, and fever – High morbidity and mortality – Transmission: aerosol – Prevention: vaccinate; quarantine – Treatment: Tylosin and Oxytetracycline Diseases Bacterial • Q-Fever – Highly contagious disease of sheep and goats – Agent: Coxiella burnetti - rickettsial organism – Transmission • Ixodid or Argasid ticks • Ingestion of infected materials (placenta, milk, urine , feces, nasal secretions) – – – – Major cause of late abortion in sheep Usually asymptomatic in cattle and goats Treatment: oxytetracycline Zoonotic (single organism shown to cause disease) Diseases Viral • Bluetongue Virus – Most common ulcerative disease of sheep in US (less common in goats and cattle) – Cause: • Reoviridae family, Orbivirus genus • Transmission: biting midge (Culicoides variipennis) – Signs: • hemorrhage and ulcers in mouth and nose, cyanosis of the tongue, ulcerations of coronary band, lameness, pneumonia, abortions, diarrhea, death – Prevention: modified live virus vaccine – Treatment: supportive care – Reportable disease (resembles FMD) Diseases Viral • Bovine Lymphosarcoma – Adult cattle: • associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) • Transmission: inhalation, colostrum, fomites • 2 forms – Malignant Lymphoma: most common bovine neoplastic disease in the U.S. – Leukosis (B-lymphocyte proliferation): rare – Young cattle: • not associated with BLV • Rare – Sheep: natural infection has occurred; experimental model – Goats: seroconvert to BLV, but do not develop clinical disease Diseases Viral • Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Flavivirus) – BVD virus is ubiquitous (70-90% of all cattle seropositive) – Acute Form (NCP) • Affects immunocompetent, but immunologically naïve cattle • Signs: diarrhea, fever, leukopenia, oral erosions, oculonasal discharge, hypogalactia – In utero infection (NCP) • abortions, congenital anomalies, persistently infected calves – Mucosal Disease • PI animal that becomes infected with a CP strain (mutant) • Usually results in death • 10% will survive to first calving Real Problem – Prevention: Vaccination Diseases Viral • Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus – Most important viral disease of goats – Cause: Lentivirus (similar to OPPV) – Transmission • vertical via colostrum and milk – Signs • progressive arthritis (six months and older) – Carpal joint most common, followed by stifle, hock, and hip • neurological symptoms in kids • pneumonia (older animals) • mastitis (older animals) – Prevention: • remove kids at birth; test and cull – Treatment: None – Infection is lifelong Diseases Viral • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis – Agent: IBR virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 • BHV-1.1 (IBR) • BHV-1.2 (IBR-Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis) • BHV-1.4 (neurologic disease) – Fibronecrotic rhinotracheitis is pathognomonic – Signs: gray pustules/plaques on muzzle, nasal discharge, open-mouth breathing, – IBR and BVD are the most common causes of bovine abortion – Treatment: antibiotics – Prevention: vaccinate Diseases Viral • Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease) – Primarily a disease of sheep; – Cause: Pestivirus; closely related to BVD virus – Transmission: PI animals shed virus in urine, feces, and saliva – In Utero infections result in: • early embryonic death • abortion • developmental abnormalities - tremor, hirsutism, hypothyroidism, CNS defects, joint abnormalities – Prevention: Vaccinate with killed BVDV vaccine – Treatment: supportive care Diseases Viral • Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) – – – – Viral infection of sheep and goats Cause: parapoxvirus - capable of surviving for years Usually seen in young animals Signs: • lesions and scab formation around mouth, nostrils, eyes, nonwooled areas around mammary gland and vulva – Most commonly at commissures of mouth • Infected lactating ewes may abandon lambs – Treatment: supportive – Prevention: • Vaccinate • Disinfect equipment etc. in between use – Zoonotic Diseases Viral • Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) – Severe disease primarily of cattle, but all ruminants susceptible – Signs • Corneal edema starting at limbus and progressing centripetally is nearly pathognomonic • Other signs include: oral erosions, purulent nasal discharge, encephalitis, lymphadenopathy, shed horns and hooves, diarrhea, sudden death – Transmission • Goats and cattle that survive are reservoirs • Shed from nasopharynx • Direct contact, water troughs, placenta, aerosols, fomites – Infection is lifelong Diseases Viral • Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus (OPPV, Maedi/Visna) – Cause: Lentivirus (closely related to CAEV) – Signs • after long incubation period (up to 2 years) • progressive weight loss, pneumonia, lameness, paralysis, mastitis, death – Transmission • horizontal (aerosol) • vertical - in utero and via infected milk and colostrum – Prevention: • Test and cull • Remove lambs from ewes at birth – Treatment: none Diseases Viral • Pulmonary Adenomatosis (Jaagsiekte) – Rare Disease • progressive respiratory signs (dyspnea, hyperpnea) and wasting • Incubation up to 2 years – Cause: Type D retrovirus – Transmission: aerosol – Treatment: None Diseases Viral • Papillomatosis (Warts, Verrucae) – Agent: Bovine Papillomavirus (types 1-5) • BPV-1 and BPV-2: fibropapilomas on teats, penis, head, neck, dewlap • BPV-3: flat warts anywhere on body • BPV-4: warts in GI tract • BPV-5: small white warts on teats – Very common in cattle, less common in sheep and goats – Sheep and goats rarely get verrucious type warts which may develop into squamous cell carcinomas – Transmission: direct/indirect contact through wounds – Treatment: often spontaneously resolve (not BPV-3 and BPV-5); surgical excision; cryosurgery – Prevention: commercial vaccine (cattle); autogenous Diseases Viral • Pseudorabies (Mad Itch, Aujeszky’s Dz) – Primarily a clinical disease of cattle (less frequently in sheep and goats) – Signs: abrasions, swelling, pruritis, hyperthermia, vocalize frantically, salivation, neurologic signs – Usually fatal – Transmission • Swine are primary host and reservoir and are usually assymptomatic • Oral, intranasal, intradermal, or SQ introduction of virus (including modified-live swine vaccine) – No treatment – Reportable: nationwide eradication program Diseases • Tranmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies – Caused by prion (nonantigenic replicating proteins) – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy • Incubation period of years • Progressive neurological illness – Scrapie • More common in sheep than goats • Affects young animals, but incubation 2-5 years • Signs: excitable, tremors of head and neck muscles, uncoordinated movements, “bunny hopping”, severe pruritis, blindness, death within 4-6 weeks • Suffolk especially susceptible; Targhee resistant – USDA prohibits feeding mammalian proteins to ruminants – Reportable Diseases Viral • Vesicular Stomatits – Agent: Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Rhabdoviridae) – Disease of Cattle; rarely sheep (also horses & swine) – Signs: vesicles on oral MM, teats and interdigital spaces, ulcers and erosions; anorexia, salivation – Transmission: secretions spread by fomites, human hands, possibly contaminated feed and water, and possible some flying insects (mechanical vectors) – Treatment: segregate; topical antibiotics for 2o infections – Prevention: vaccine during outbreak – Reportable because similarity to FMD – Zoonotic – flu-like disease in humans Diseases Viral • Viral Diarrhea Diseases – 1o young animals – Sheep • Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses – Goats • Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses – Cattle • Rotaviruses – diarrhea is typically distinctive yellow; may become zoonotoic • Coronaviruses • Parvoviruses • Winter Dysentary – diarrhea has distinctive musty sweet odor, light brown and bubbly – Prevention: good quality colostrum Diseases Chlamydial • Enzootic Abortion – Cause: Chlamydphila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) – Signs: • late abortion • birth of stillborns • birth of weak kids/lambs – Transmission • direct contact with infectious secretions (placental, fetal, and uterine fluids) • Indirect contact with contaminated feed and water – Prevention • Vaccinate – prevents abortions, but not infection • Quarantine - recovered does/ewes usually immune thereafter – Treatment - Oxytetracycline Diseases • Conjunctivitis-Polyarthritis Syndrome – Cause: Chlamydphila psittaci (Formerly Chlamydia psittaci) – Signs: • ocular lesions – Most common cause of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep – Conjunctival hyperemia, edema, ulceration, opacity • arthritis – Lameness in one or all legs – Prevention: Quarantine – Treatment: • Self-limiting: resolves spontaneously in 2-4 weeks • Ocular - tetracycline ophthalmic medication • Systemic Disease - Oxytetracycline Diseases Parasitic • Anaplasmosis – Agent: Anaplasma marginale (protozoa) – Hemolytic disease of cattle – Spread by Dermacentor andersoni and D. occidentalis – Tx: oxytetracycline • Babesiosis – Agent: Babesia bovis and Ba. Bigemina (protozoa) – Subclinical infections in cattle – Spread by Boophilus ticks – Hemolysis liver and kidney disease – Reportable Diseases Parasitic • Coccidiosis (protozoa) – Causes hemorrhagic diarrhea in ruminants – Transmitted via ingestion of sporulated oocysts – Treatment • Coccidiostats preferable to coccidiocidals because the former allow development of immunity • Sulfonamides, amprolium, decoquinate, lasalocid, monensin • Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa) – Common cause of diarrhea in young ruminants – Dx: oocysts in iodine-stained feces; fecal floats without sugar – Tx: none - self-limiting – Zoonotic Diseases Parasitic • Neosporosis – – – – – Neospora caninum (protozoa) Common cause of bovine abortion (3rd -7th month) Transmission: transplacental; ingesting ooccysts No treatment Definitive host: canine • Toxoplasmosis – – – – – – Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa) Major case of abortions in sheep and goats Transmission: ingesting oocysts; transplacental No effective treatment Definitive host: feline Zoonotic Diseases Parasitic • Trichomoniasis – Agent: Tritrichomonas fetus (protozoa) – Signs: infertility, pyometras, abortions • Organism does not interfere with conception; embryonic death occurs within 2 months of infection – Transmission: venereal – Prevention: vaccinate; cull chronically infected bulls – Treatment: imidazole effective, but cannot be used in food animals Diseases Parasitic • Nematodes – Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm) • Most important internal parasite of sheep and goats • Anemia, hypoproteinemia, intermandibular and cervical edema – Ostertagia circumcincta (medium stomach worm) • Sheep and goats – Ostertagia ostertagia (cattle stomach worm) • Most pathogenic and costly cattle nematode – Dictyocaulus (lungworms) • Various respiratory signs in all ruminants – Tx: Ivermectin, Levamisole Diseases Parasitic • Trematodes – Fascioliasis (liver fluke disease) • Agents – Fasciola hepatica – Fascioloides magns – Dicrocelium dendriticum • Intermediate host: usually a freshwater snail • Signs of acute liver disease related to migration of immature flukes through the liver • Chronic disease from damage to bile ducts and cholangiohepatitis • Predisposes to invasion with Clostridial spp. • Necropsy: livers pale and friable =/- migration tunnels • Tx: albendazole Diseases Parasites • Mites – rare in ruminants in the U.S., but Sarcoptes and Psorergates are reportable • Lice – Sheep • Biting: Damalinia ovis • Sucking: Linognathus ovillus, L. pedalis – Goats • Biting: D. caprae, D. limbatus, D. crassipes • Sucking: L. stenopis, L. africanus – Cattle • Biting: D. bovis • Sucking: L. vituli, Solenoptes capillatus, Haematopinuseurysternus, H. quadripertusis • Ticks – many Ixodidae and Argasidae species Diseases Parasites • Other parasites – Nasal bots/head grubs (Oestrus ovis) – Screwworm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax) • Reportable – Sheep Keds (Melophagus ovinus) Diseases Fungal • Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) – Common fungal infection of cattle – Trichophyton verrucosum is 1o agent – Signs: multiple, gray, crusty, circumscribed, hyperkeratotic lesions around head, neck and ears – Dx: Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM) – Spontaneous recovery 1-4 months – Treatment • Topical: 2-5% lime-sulfur solution, 3% captan, iodophors, thiabendazole, and 0.5% hypochlorite • Systemic: griseofulvin – Zoonotic Diseases Genetic • Entropion – sheep and goats • Beta-Mannosidosis – goats (Nubian) – Lysosomal storage disease – Intention tremors, difficulty standing, deaf • Congenital Myotonia – goats – “fainting goats” – transient spasms of skeletal muscle brought about by visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli • Congenital erythropoietic porphyria – cattle • Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome –cattle (Holstein) • Goiter of Sheep – sheep (Merino) • Spider Lamb Syndrome – sheep (Suffollk and Hampshire) – Hereditary chondrodysplasia Diseases Metabolic • Abomasal displacement – RDA • May be complicated by torsion • surgical emergency – LDA • More common – Signs: anorexia, decreased cud chewing, decreased ruminal contractions, decreased respiratory rate, increased heart rate – Dx: “Pinging” – Cause: • Gas accumulation causes abomasum to “float” up • No exact cause identified – Treatment • RDA: surgery • LDA: surgical or non-surgical correction Diseases Metabolic • Rumen Tympany (Bloat) – Frothy bloat - excessive ingestion of highly fermentable carbohydrates • Treatment – Mineral oil, household detergents, or anti-fermentatives via stomach tube – Trocarize rumen – Free gas bloat • Interference with normal eructation mechanism – Esophageal obstruction, vagal nerve paralysis, some CNS conditions • Prevention – withhold feed for at least 24 hours prior to anesthesia, etc. • Treatment – pass stomach tube – trocarize rumen Diseases Metabolic • Lactic Acidosis (Grain overload) – Cause: excessive ingestion of highly fermentable carbohydrates • Leads to shift from gram-negative rumen bacterial population to gram-positive Streptococcus and Lactobacillus • Lactic acid acidifies the rumen leading to inflammation • ulcers, liver abscesses, laminitis, polioencephalomalacia – Prevention: • avoid sudden dietary changes • avoid over feeding of high carbohydrate diets – Treatment: • • • • IV fluids magnesium hydroxide intraruminal; Na bicarb IV flush rumen or rumenotomy transfaunation Diseases Metabolic • Traumatic ReticulitisReticulopertonitis – – – – Also Traumatic Reticulitis-Pericarditis Aka. Hardware disease Cattle, rarely small ruminants Caused by ingestion of sharp metallic objects which drop into the reticulum & penetrates the reticulum; further migrations may lead to penetration of the diaphragm and pericardium – Prevention • Eliminate sharp objects in food and environment • Forestomach magnets Diseases Metabolic • Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis, Twin Lamb Disease) – 1o in Sheep and Goats that are overweight or bearing twins – Seen in during late gestation or early lactation – Signs • depression, anorexia, weakness, neurologic signs, fetal death, ketonuria – Cause: inadequate glucose production secondary to increased requirements – Prevention: increase nutrition – Treatment: • IV fluids, IV glucose, B vitamins, propylene glycol, induce abortion or c-section – Protein Energy Malnutrition in heifer cattle is similar, but generally not associated with overconditioning or twins Diseases Metabolic • Hypocalcemia (Parturient Paresis, Milk Fever) – Sheep: overweight ewes during last six weeks of gestation or first few weeks of lactation • Signs: muscle tetany, incoordination, paralysis, coma, death – Goats: not as common • Signs: bloated, weak, unsteady, recumbent – Cattle: 24-48 hours before/after parturition • Signs: weak, muscle tremors, inability to stand, coma, death – Cause: • calcium needs exceed body’s uptake of calcium – Prevention: • Maintain proper nutrition during last trimester • appropriate Ca:P ratio • limit Ca intake early on – Treatment: IV calcium borogluconate, calcium gels & boluses Diseases Metabolic • Urinary Calculi (Obstructive Urolithiasis, Water Belly) – Rare in ruminants – Urethral blockage • male sheep and goats: pizzle • male cattle: sigmoid flexure – Signs • treading, straining, arched back, raised tail, squatting, pizzle may be discolored – Type: 1o struvite – Prevention • diet with 2:1 Ca:P ratio, dietary roughage and salt, add ammonium chloride to diet – Treatment • surgical - amputate pizzle, perineal urethrostomy Diseases Metabolic • Copper Intoxication o – 1 a disease of sheep – Acute hemolytic crisis • sudden weakness, recumbency, hemoglobinuria, intravascular hemolysis, anemia, icterus, sudden death – Cause: chronic ingestion of copper • Feeding cattle feeds and concetrates to sheep • Copper-containing pesticides • Soil additives – Prevention: Feed proper ration – Treatment • ammonium molybdenate, sodium molybdenate, Dpenicillamine, transfusion Diseases Metabolic • Selenium/Vitamin E Deficiency (White Muscle Disease) – A nutritional muscular dystrophy – Two forms • Cardiac - seen most often in neonates – Respiratory difficulty due to damage of cardiac, diaphragmatic, and intercostal muscles; locomotor disturbances and circulatory failure • Skeletal – Reluctant to move; painful muscles – Cause: Selenium (most common) and/or Vit. E Deficiency – Prevention: proper diet; awareness of regional selenium deficiencies – Treatment: injectable selenium and/or Vitamin E Diseases Metabolic • Thiamine Deficiency (Polioencephalomalacia) – Animals affected: • Adult ruminant on high-concentrate diets – most common • Ruminants exposed to toxic plants or moldy feed containing thiaminases • Ruminants on high-sulfate feeds – Signs: bruxism, hyperesthesia, involuntary muscle contractions, opisthotonus, seizures, wandering aimlessly, headpressing, death – Prevention: provide enough high quality roughage to prevent overgrowth of thiaminase-producing ruminal flora – Treatment: thiamine hydrochloride Diseases Management-Related • • • • • • Failure of Passive Transfer Laminitis Photosensitization - 2o (liver dz) most common) Vaginal & Uterine Prolapses Rectal Prolapses Trichobezoars Diseases Neoplastic • Neoplasia and tumors relatively rare in ruminants • Sheep – Lymphosarcoma/leukemia – results from a virus related to BLV – Pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary adenomatosis) • Goats – Thymoma – Cutaneous papillomas which may progress to SCC • Cattle – Lymphosarcoma of various organ systems – Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) – “cancer eye” – Papillomatosis (warts) are common Diseases Misc. • Amyloidosis – cattle – Accumulations of amyloid in kidney, liver, adrenal glands, and GI tract associated with chronic inflammatory disease – Signs: chronic diarrhea, wt. loss, proteinuria – Poor prognosis; no treatment • Dental Wear – sheep – Associated with dietary contamination with silica, or grazing in sandy environments • Sole Abscesses – cattle – Fusobacterium necrophorum often involved Diseases • Other Important Diseases – – – – – – – – – Rabies – zoonotic, reportable Leptosporosis - zoonotic E. coli - zoonotic Salmonellosis - zoonotic Lyme Disease - zoonotic Tularemia - zoonotic Foot & Mouth Disease – reportable Proliferative Stomatitis - zoonotic Pseudocowpox - zoonotic Recent Literature • The Genetic Immunodeficiency Disease, Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, in Humans, Dogs, Cattle, and Mice. CM, Vol. 54, No. 4, August 2004 • Ovine Model to Evaluate Ovarian Vascularization by Using Contrast-Enhancd Sonography, CM, Vol. 55, No. 2, April 2005 References • • • Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd Edition, 2002,pages 519-614. Large Animal Internal Medicine: Diseases of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, 2nd Edition, Smith, 1996. Google Image Searches Questions?