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Animal Contributions to Human Needs What animals are used for production purposes? SCIENCE a process through which nature is STUDIED, DISCOVERED, and UNDERSTOOD. Animal Science The PROCESS through which LIVESTOCK ANIMALS are STUDIED and UNDERSTOOD. Animal Science Involves BREEDING, feeding, care and MANAGEMENT of animals; MARKETING and PROCESSING of animals and their PRODUCTS based on knowledge gained through practical EXPERIENCE and RESEARCH. Domestication To adapt an animal for human use Five requirements for domestication 1.The animal is VALUED and there are clear PURPOSES for which it is kept. 2.The animal’s BREEDING is subject to human control. 3.The animal’s SURVIVAL depends upon humans. Five requirements for domestication 4.The animal’s BEHAVIOR (psychology) is changed in domestication. 5.Morphological (STRUCTURAL) characteristics have appeared which occur rarely if at all in the wild. Wild animal not GENETICALLY altered by artificial selection for use by humans Example Tame wild animal a wild animal that, through intervention of man, has adapted BEHAVIORALLY so as to be useful to humans. Example Exotic animal a wild animal belonging to a species whose historic native range lies totally outside NORTH AMERICA Example Domestic animal an animal that has been genetically altered from the original wild species for use by humans through ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Example Feral animal a DOMESTIC animal that lives in the WILD with no human assistance Example Feral population a REPRODUCING group of FERAL animals Example Species a group of closely related animals that can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring Example Breed animals of common ORIGIN with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same SPECIES Example Type animals of the same SPECIES that are grouped together based on the PRODUCTS they produce Example Terms of Domesticated Animals Cattle Species Bovine Cattle Group Herd Cattle Adult Bull Male Cattle Adult Cow Female Cattle Young Male Bull Calf Cattle Young Female Heifer Calf Cattle Newborn Calf Cattle Castrated Male Bullock or Steer Cattle Offspring w/Dam Calf at Foot or Suckling Cattle Birthing Calving Cattle Mating Serving Sheep Species Ovine Sheep Group Flock Sheep Adult Male Ram, Buck, or Tup Sheep Adult Ewe Female Sheep Young Male Ram Lamb or Buck Lamb Sheep Young Female Ewe Lamb Sheep Newborn Lamb Sheep Castrated Wether Male Sheep Offspring Suckling w/Dam Sheep Birthing Lambing Sheep Mating Tupping Goats Species Caprine Goats Group Flock or Band Goats Adult Male Buck or Billy Goats Adult Female Doe or Nanny Goats Young Male Buckling Goats Young Female Goatling Goats Newborn Kid Goats Castrated Wether Male Goats Offspring Suckling w/Dam Goats Birthing Kidding Goats Mating Serving Swine Species Swine or Sus Swine Group Drove Swine Adult Boar Male Swine Adult Sow Female Swine Young Male Boar Pig or Boarling Swine Young Gilt Female Swine Newborn Pig, Piglet, Pigling Swine Castrated Male Barrow, Stag, Hog Swine Offspring Suckling w/Dam Swine Birthing Farrowing Swine Mating Coupling Poultry Species Gallus Poultry Group Flock Poultry Adult Male Rooster, Cock Poultry Adult Hen Female Poultry Young Male Cockerel Poultry Young Pullet Female Poultry Newborn Chick Poultry Castrated Capon Male Poultry Offspring w/Dam Clutch, Brood Poultry Birthing Hatching Poultry Mating Covering Horse Species Equine Horse Group Herd, Band, etc. Horse Adult Male Stallion or Stud Horse Adult Mare Female Horse Young Colt Male Horse Young Filly Female Horse Newborn Foal Horse Castrated Gelding Male Horse Offspring w/Dam Suckling or Foal at Side Horse Birthing Foaling Horse Mating Serving Functions of Livestock Food Clothing Power Recreation Food Meat Eggs Milk Honey Clothing Wool Leather Hair/Fur Feathers Power Horses Mules, Donkeys, Burros Llamas, Alpacas Oxen, Water buffalo, reindeer, yak, camels Recreation Pleasure Horses Purebred Herds and Flocks Livestock Exhibitions, Shows, Rodeos Horse Racing Mainstream Domestic Animals Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Sheep (Wool, Meat, Dairy) Swine Goats (Mohair, Milk, Meat, Cashmere) Horses, Mules, Donkeys, etc Poultry Non-Traditional Domestic Animals Ostrich & Emu Deer and Elk Bison Aquaculture Llamas and Alpacas Alligators Rare Breeds of Domestic Animals Types of Livestock Cattle Beef Type Dairy Type Dual Purpose Multi-Purpose Sheep Wool type – Fine – Medium – Long – Colored Meat or Mutton type Dual Purpose Dairy Type Swine Lard Type Bacon Type Meat Type Horses Draft Type Racing Ranch Work/Stock Horse Trotting Pacers Poultry Eggs (Layers) Meat (Broilers) Ornamental Cock Fighting Why Farmers Use Livestock Converts feed to meat; feed generally brings more money when marketed through livestock Utilizes labor the year around Allows for greater production capacity and increases opportunity for making profits Helps maintain fertility of the land Why Farmers Use Livestock May more fully utilize capital, machinery and wasteland (range). Utilizes roughage that can’t readily be sold (poor hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.) Diversifies that farm and/or ranch Personal satisfaction of working with domesticated animals Animal Protein Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins for humans Animal proteins have improved amino acid balance over vegetable protein Producing animals for meat, mike, eggs, etc. is not as efficient as compared to cereal grains produced for humans alone Ruminants Have a four compartment stomach Can digest roughages Manufacture essential amino acids and energy Examples include: – Cattle – Sheep – Goats Non-ruminants (Monogastric) Have a single compartment stomach Need supplementary sources of amino acids and vitamins Examples include: – Swine – Poultry – Horses Contributions to Food Needs Vegetarianism -- started in India, due to long-term population pressure and scarcity of feed and forage for animals - also religious concerns; all life is sacred. Rising Population Pressures -particularly in developing regions force people to consume foods of plant origin Contributions to food Needs Classification: Developed Countries Developing Countries % Animal Dietary Energy % Animal Protein of Total Protein 25 7 55 21 Contributions to Food Needs Meat -- is important in diet; excellent balance of amino acids, vitamins and especially Vitamin B12 Milk -- approximately 90% of milk for human consumption in the world comes from cattle Over 85% of the world population desires food of animal origin Beef Cattle Production Texas Kansas Nebraska Oklahoma California Utah’s Rank 28th Dairy Cattle Production California Wisconsin New York Pennsylvania Michigan Utah’s Rank 25th Sheep Production Texas California Wyoming Colorado South Dakota Utah’s Rank 7th Goat Production Texas New Mexico Arizona Oklahoma California Utah’s Rank ? Swine Production Iowa North Carolina Michigan Illinois Indiana Utah’s Rank 20th Poultry Production (L) California Ohio Indiana Pennsylvania Iowa Utah’s Rank 33rd Poultry Production (B) Arkansas Georgia Alabama North Carolina Mississippi Utah’s Rank ?? Turkey Production North Carolina Minnesota Arkansas Missouri California Utah’s Rank 14th # of Farms and Ranches Texas Missouri Iowa Kentucky Minnesota Utah’s Rank 36th Land in Farms/Ranches Texas Montana Kansas Nebraska New Mexico Utah’s Rank 28th Utah’s Rank in Other Areas Mink Production 2nd Trout Production 6th Honey Production 24th A. Farming/Ranching Manager Foreman Herdsman Research Production Processing Marketing New equipment and use Industry Food processing Pesticides and Herbicides Feed Manufacturing Dairy Processing Business Agricultural Banking Farm Management Grading and Packaging Marketing Education Agriculture extension specialist Agricultural education instructor College instructor Governmental agencies Communications Farm reporting Market reporting Radio Television Service Inspection and regulation Plant and animal quarantine Foreign service Agriculture consultant Veterinary Regulatory Agencies FDA—Food and Drug Administration which must approve applications to investigate new animal drugs and feed additives. EPA—Environmental Protection Agency which issues permits for some experiments involving animal health product testing. Regulatory Agencies USDA—United States Department of Agriculture which reviews research plans for vaccines or other animal biologicals. FSIS—Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA which randomly tests slaughtered animals to ensure that meat is free of illegal residues.
