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1 Laboratory Exercise – Genetics Become a Dragon Parent Background – Mendelian genetics has shown us that the combination of genes inherited from one’s parents is random at best. While parents can only pass along genes for traits that they possess, the recombination of those of genes with genes from the other parent can result in some surprising phenotypes. Purpose – Using random combinations of genes to create a dragon offspring. Genetic Information for Dragons – Dragons are not confined by the same genetic rules as humans. While Mendelian principles apply to the combination of genes passed from parent to offspring, eye color, scale color, height, tail length, etc. do not fall into the typical human parameters. Therefore, use the scale below to interpret your dragon’s genetics. Use colored beads to select genes from your genetic pool. Colored beads represent dominant genes while clear beads represent recessive genes. Abbreviations – Homozygous dominant – HD Homozygous recessive – HR Eye Color –an example of continuous variation HD HR EEEEEE eeeeee Violet Red Colors for dragon eyes progress along the spectrum from violet (Homozygous dominant) to red (homozygous recessive). Dragons with heterozygous genes exhibit eye colors of indigo, blue, green, yellow and orange. Violet and red only occur in homozygous dragons. For example, in this spectrum of continuous variation, a dragon with the genotype EEEEEe would have a phenotype of indigo; whereas a genotype of EEEEee would result in blue eyes and a genotype of EEEeee would result in green eyes. The addition of each little “e” moves the eye color progressively down the color spectrum. Scale Color – an example of incomplete dominance HD HR SS ss Green Blue Green is the dominant color for dragon scales. Blue is only seen with homozygous recessive genotypes. However, scale color is one trait that exhibits incomplete dominance. With this in mind what color scales would a dragon have if they expressed a heterozygous genotype? Height –an example of continuous variation HD HHHHHH Tall (stands 12 feet) HR hhhhhh Short (stands 6 feet) 2 Dragon height is another example of continuous variation. Based on your dragon’s genotype, estimate his or her height in feet. Keep in mind that each large “H” is equal to approximately two feet. Tail length – an example of continuous variation HD HR TTTT tttt Long (5 feet) Short (1.5 feet) Dragon tail length is another example of continuous variation. Based on your dragon’s genotype, estimate his or her tail length in feet. Neck Plumage HD HR NNNN nnnn Dragon neck plumage is a dominant trait. However, it is linked to another trait and is only expressed if the dragon possesses a dominant (homozygous or heterozygous) phenotype for the plumage and the dragon also has dimples. Dimples HD HR DD dd Dimples are governed by a trait that is only expressed when the recessive genotype is produced. Fire Breathing HD HR FFFFFFFF ffffffff Fire breathing is a dominant dragon trait. However, since it is controlled by numerous genes it is only expressed if there are 4 or more dominant alleles available. Fire Color HD HR CCCC cccc Fire color ranges from pink (dominant) to green in color. Heterozygous dragons will typically have orange (more dominant alleles) or yellow (more recessive alleles) fire. Fire color is only expressed if the dragon possesses fire breathing capabilities. Wings HD HR WW ww Wings are a dominant phenotype. Having only one dominant allele (being heterozygous for the trait) allows for a phenotype with wings. 3 Gender – clear beads = X and colored beads = Y, Draw until you get an appropriate genotype Male – XXY Female – XXX Directions for the laboratory exercise: 1. Break into pairs for the duration of the dragon parenting exercise. 2. To determine the genotype of your dragon draw one bead for each allele of each trait from the bowl. Close your eyes while drawing your beads. If you draw a clear bead record a dominant allele and if you draw a colored bead record a recessive allele. After you have drawn all alleles for a given trait return the beads to the bowl. 3. Record the genotype and phenotype for each trait of your dragon. 4. Write a short summary describing what your dragon looks like. Be sure to include all the traits for which you have genetic information and write in complete sentences. Trait Genotype Phenotype Eye Color Scale Color Height Tail Length Neck Plumage Dimples Fire Breathing Fire Color Wings Gender Descriptive Paragraph about your dragon: 4 Draw your dragon:
