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Science 10 PreAP
Cycling of Matter in Living Systems Notes
Understanding Cells
A. History of the Microscope
 microscopes __________________________________________:
used to make small things appear larger
 main benefit is ________________________ which is the
________________________________________________________
 can be __________________, using a _________________________
___________________________________, or __________________
which has _______________________________________________
 the inventor of the first microscope is debatable
o _________ – Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (Holland)
 produced a crude microscope
 used a 2 lens system
o _________ – Galileo (Italy)
 built a crude compound microscope.
o _________ – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Holland)
 built a simple single lens microscope
 first person to see unicellular movement
o _________ – Hooke (England)
 built a compound microscope
 3 lens system
o _________ – Hillier and Prebus (U of T. Canada)
 built first electron microscope
o _________ – first scanning electron microscope
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
B. Light or Compound Microscopes
 in our labs, we use two types of light microscopes:
1) compound research microscope
 image is produced by light passing _____________________
_____________________________________
 has ___________________________________________ and
up to _____________________________________________
 used to look at _____________________________ specimens
 most common microscope used in labs today
 magnifies up to _____________________
2) dissecting microscope
 has __________________________________________
 has __________________________________________
 can be used to look at ___________________________
 magnifies up to _________________
 Advantages: images produced are _____________________________
_______________________________ and _____________________
material can be used
 Disadvantages: ___________________________________________
and ______________________________________ at high
magnifications as the light rays are bent
Your Assignment: handout on microscope parts/functions
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
C. Microscope Terms
 _________________________________ – light _________________
______________________ a specimen
 _________________________________ – light _________________
a specimen
 __________________ – when the microscope is focused on one
power, it should ___________________________________________
when ___________________________________________________
 _______________________________________ – the microscope
shows it _________________________________________________
 ________________________________ – the image is the _________
as it really is
Field of View
 the ___________________________ of what you see
 measured in ___________________________________________
Conversion: _______________________________________
field of view
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 the field of view _____________________ as magnification
__________________________
low power
4X
4000 µm
medium power
10 X
1500 µm
high power
40 X
400 µm
 you can calculate a field of view using a known field of view and
two magnifications
unknown field of view =
known field of view
(unknown mag  known mag***)
***image ocular  objective for each
Estimation of Actual Size
 use the field of view diameter and the “fit” number
Example:
actual size =
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Scale
 used to compare diagram size with actual size of the specimen
 measure drawing size with a ruler then convert to microns
eg)
1 : 50 000
on diagram
1 : 0.1
in real life
on diagram
really big things!
in real life
really small things!
Magnification
 has two meanings:
1. the number of times a microscope _____________________
the specimen
magnification = ___________________________________
low:
____________________________________
medium:
____________________________________
high:
____________________________________
2. the number of times bigger a diagram is when compared to
the actual size of a specimen
Lab: Microscope Labs #1-3
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
D. Electron Microscopes
 too large, complex and expensive for a school to use
 uses a ________________________________________ instead of a
light wave
 focus by adjusting electromagnets
 no ___________ images since color requires light
 able to see great detail
 images are called _________________________________
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
 beam of electrons ___________________________________ stained
tissue imbedded in plastic
 Advantages: ____________________________________________
(__________________________________________________ X),
______________________________________ and the internal detail
of the cell can be seen
 Disadvantages: ___________________________________________
and the specimen must be __________________
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
 scans the _____________________ of the specimen
 image is produced by the electrons being _______________________
_________________________________ onto a screen which can be
manipulated for a 3-D view
 often coats the specimen with gold for a sharper image
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 Advantages: ____________________________________________
(____________________________), __________ black and white
image of the surface of a specimen
 Disadvantages: specimen must be ______________ although recently
there has been a form that uses living material
E. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
 in the 1980’s the use of a laser beam and computers made it easier to
view ___________________________________________ specimens
 image is of a very thin section with high resolution which is stored in
the computer and can be combined to produce a 3D image that can be
manipulated in every direction
F. Imaging and Staining Techniques
 __________________ - essential to see details
 most cells are colourless when light passes directly through them in
brightfield microscopy
 __________________ can be used that attach to different parts of the
cell, ______________________________________ and therefore the
image
eg) _____________________________________________________
 unfortunately, stains kill the cells
 ______________________ – ability to distinguish between ________
_________________________ that are very close together, in other
words, ____________________ of the image
 ______________ for a standard light microscope
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 light microscopes have limited resolution because when light is
focused into smaller diameters, the image becomes blurred
 ________________________________________ – a technique used
to localize substances in cells
 fluorescent substances are attached to molecules in cells
 they then ____________ in the presence of ultraviolet light
G. Cell Research at the Molecular Level
 due to advances in technology, we are able to see great detail at the
molecular level of cells
 now have other microscopes that can see in even more detail than the
SEM and TEM:
o _____________________________________________ (AFM)
o _____________________________________________ (STM)
Gene Mapping
 DNA found on the chromosomes within the nucleus of the cell directs
the activities of the cell
 the ____________________________________________________
produced a ______________________________________________
so that all gene locations are known…this may allow scientists to
manage _________________________________________________
such as _______________________
 can also use to manipulate plant genes to produce plants that are
________________________________________________________
(many ethical issues involved)
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Cell Communication
 cells are _____________________________________ (___________
____________________________ both move into and out of the cell)
 ____________________________________________ from one cell
travels through the _____________________________ and attaches
to specific receptors on other cells (like a lock and key)
 the ___________________________ then change shape and allows
functions to occur
H. Development of Cell Theory
 theory of _______________________________________________ the idea that life can emerge spontaneously from _________________
__________________________________
eg) sweaty underwear + husks of wheat in an open jar → mice
meat → maggots
 widely believed into the 19th century then disproved by
________________________________ in 1864 when he found that
microorganisms are found in air
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 the cell was discovered by ____________________________ while
he was examining _______________ under his microscope in 1665
 the _____________________________ (which disproves spontaneous
generation) proposed by ____________________________________
in ______________ says that:
1. all living things are ______________________________________
2. all life functions takes place in cells, making them the
____________________________________________________
3. all cells come from _____________________________________
NOTE: ________________ do not fit this category, they are not
considered living or non-living
I. The Cell
 cells carry on all life processes including:
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
The Cell as A City
Cell Part
City Structure
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chloroplasts
DNA
Chromosomes
The Chemical Composition of Cell Structures
 ______________ is the major compound found in all cells
 cell structures are made up of ________________________________
________________________________________________________
 organized into 4 major organic compounds
 lipids - ________________________________________
 carbohydrates - ______________________________________
 protein - ______________________________
 nucleic acids - _______________________________________
 ____________________________________, such as _____________
___________________________________________ are found in
tiny amounts in the solvent
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Isolating Cell Organelles
 isolating specific cell organelles allows researchers to study their
_________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________ is a process that
uses __________________________________ to ________________
the organelles
 a centrifuge is used to __________ test tubes containing
________________________________________ at various speeds
 the resulting force separates the cell components by ______________
_____________________________
Types of Cells
 all cells contain a __________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 _________________________________

__________________ have a __________________________
________________________________________, they have a
____________________________________________

usually very _________________ cells
eg) __________________
 _______________________

have a ___________________ and a _____________________
_____________________________

generally _______________ than prokaryotic cells
eg) ________________________________________________
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Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Plants
 cell membrane & cytoskeleton made up of
Animals
 _____________
____________________________________
 DNA- made of ________________________
 _____________
_____________________________________
 ________________________ for cell division
 ________________ for cell division
 __________________ made of cellulose
 ________ cell wall
 have _____________________ which contain
 ________ chlorophyll
chlorophyll for photosynthesis
 ______________ central vacuoles
 __________ vacuoles and vesicles
 some plants store energy in the form of
 may contain ___________________
_____________________________________
______________________ in the
form of fats
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Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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J. The Cell Membrane
 all cells have _____________________________________
 the cell membrane is _______________________________________
which means it allows the passage of __________________________
 passage depends on ______________________________ of molecule
 scientists have developed the ________________________________
to describe the cell membrane
 it is made up of:
1. _____________________________________________ – a
_________________________________________ where the
_________________________________________________
and are ___________________________________________,
the _____________________________________________ and
_________________________
2. ________________________________________ – found
throughout the bilayer and may be _______________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 both the phospholipids and the proteins can _____________________
_____________________________ within the membrane
 ______________________ is found packed ____________________
_________________________________ in the bilayer
 the types of lipids in the bilayer determine the ___________________
_____________________________ of the cell
eg)
______________________________________________ fats
make the membrane more __________________
____________________________________ fats make the
membrane more ______________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 different types of cells contain a ______________________________
_________________________________________________
 the plasma proteins have six basic functions:
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
K. The Particle Model of Matter
 this model is used to understand the types of transport in cells:
1. All matter is made of ____________________ however they can
be of _________________________________________________
2. The particles of matter are _______________________________
_________________________. They move the least in ________
and the most in ___________. Adding or removing ___________
affects the movement of the particles.
3. The particles of matter are ______________________ to one
another or are bonded together.
4. Particles have ________________ between them that are smallest
in _______________ and greatest in ____________(exception –
ice). The spaces may be occupied by particles of another
substance.
L. Cell Transport
 there are two methods by which molecules move into and out of cells:
1. __________________________________________ – does _____
require the addition of energy
a) __________________________________________
b) __________________________________________
c) __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________ – requires
_______________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
1. Passive Transport
a) Simple Diffusion
 a _______________________________________________ is a
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
 molecules naturally move __________ the gradient from __________
concentration to ________ concentration until the concentration is
___________ in all areas…called _____________________________
 the flow of __________________________________ in and out of
the cell is regulated by the _________________________________
(recall fluid mosaic model)
 it is caused by the _____________________ of particles and is
passive because ______________________________________ is
required for it to occur
 membranes ____________ always allow all kinds of molecules in and
out
 they can be selective depending on what the cell needs:
a) ________________________ membranes – allow the passage of
__________ molecules
b) _________________________ membranes – allow the passage of
______________ molecules
c) __________________________ membranes – ___________ allow
and molecules through
GRADIENT
High Concentration
Science 10 AP Notes
Low Concentration
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 all molecules ________________ but __________ necessarily at the
_______________________________
 diffusion rate is affected by:
1. ___________ of molecules – ____________ molecules diffuse
__________
2. ______________________ – high temperature provides more
______________ so diffusion occurs ________________
3. ___________________________________ – higher concentration
means ________________________________ so diffusion occurs
______________________
4. _______________ through which it travels – solids ____________
diffusion more than liquids or gases
b) Osmosis
 ___________________ is the diffusion of _______________ across a
_________________________________ membrane
 it relies solely on the _______________________________________
 three situations can arise depending on the tonicity of the cell’s
environment:
1. __________________________
net movement of water
is ________ the cell
Science 10 AP Notes
concentration of water is greater on
the ______________________
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
2. ______________________
net movement of water is
_________ of the cell
concentration of water is greater on
the _________________
3. _______________________
water moves into and
out of the cell at the
__________________
_
concentration of water is
______________ inside
and outside the cell
 in animal cells the process of losing water and ___________________
is called ______________________________
 __________________ is the _________________________________
of animal cells
 _______________________________ is the ________________ of
water balance
 plants rely on osmosis to regulate the water pressure exerted on the
inside of their cell walls…called ______________________________
 without turgor pressure plants _____________
 __________________________ occurs when the cell membrane of a
plant cell ____________________________ from the cell wall due to
being placed in a _______________________________ environment
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 __________________________ is the opposite of plasmolysis…it is
the rehydration of a plant cell due to being placed in a
_________________________ environment
c) Facilitated Diffusion
 only matter that is _______________________________________
can pass ____________________ the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion
 water soluble particles use the _______________________________
to move across the membrane by ___________________
 _____________ molecules and ____________ pass through the pores
created by the ________________________________________
 _________ molecules are ___________________ across the
membrane by the __________________________________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 molecules are moving _____________ the concentration gradient,
therefore no extra energy needs to be expended by the cell
2. Active Transport
 _________________________________ is the movement of
molecules __________________ the concentration gradient
 it requires two things:
1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 small particles are transferred using a __________________________
 ___________________________________ in the membrane carries
the particle to the ________________________
 one example is the _________________________________________
used to keep the concentration of ________________ and
________________ in the cell
 all cells have _________________, which is a separation of
________________________________________, across their
plasma membranes…called the ______________________________
 ____________ the cell is ____________________ charged compared
to ____________________ the cell
 ions move with the ________________________________________,
which takes into consideration the _____________________ gradient
and _______________ gradient
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 cells use _______________________ to bring particles _______
 cell membrane ____________________________________________
_______________________________ and then pinches off to form a
___________________________________________ around it
 the cell can then use the contents where needed
 cells use ________________________ to ______________________
large particles
 transports ________________________________________________
_______________________ via transport vesicles budded off the
______________________________________
 the vesicle ________________________ and ___________________
the __________________________________________ and releases
its contents into the ___________________
 both endocytosis and exocytosis ______________________________
in the form of _____________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
M. Application of Cellular Transport
1. Membrane Technologies
 industrial use of ___________________________ to _____________
the action of membranes
 study of ____________________________________ that bind with
specific molecules to bring them into the cell by _________________
 useful in the study of ______________________________________
 focus on __________________________ of receptor proteins to
prevent the virus from getting in
 develop _________ that target the ____________________________
of cancer
 development of drugs that _______________________ the immune
system to _____________________________________ cancer cells
2. Synthetic Membrane Technology
 ____________________ are _________________________________
surrounded by a ___________________________________________
identical to the membrane in human cells
 used to ____________________________ to infected tissues in a
________________________________________________________
 inside holds _________________________________________ while
the bilayer holds __________________________________________
 Advantages:
1. liposomes stay in the blood for ________________________
than medication on its own
2. delivers treatment to _________________________________,
no harm to other cells
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
3. used in _________________________ to _________________
into cancer cells to kill them
3. Dialysis
 rids the body of ___________________________________________
 two types available to people with kidney failure
 both based on the principle of ________________________________
a. Hemodialysis
 must be performed in a hospital
 blood is _______________________ from the body, cleansed
and returned to the body
b. Peritoneal dialysis
 soft catheter inserted into the ___________________________
 sterile dialysate fluid (mixture of water, glucose, sodium,
chloride, etc) is pumped into the cavity
 toxins move down the _________________________________
into the fluid which is then removed from the body
N. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
 the ________________ of membrane (_______________________)
around a cell in relation to the _________ of the cell (____________)
determines how many molecules (nutrients and wastes) will
_____________________________________________ of the cell
 cells divide to maintain a ___________________________________
____________________________ (lots of membrane to low volume)
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 as a cell grows ______________ the SA/V ratio ____________ until
the cell is no longer efficient…growth ___________ then the cell
_______________________
 organisms can have ________________________________________
to help increase overall SA/V ratio
eg)
* _______________ in lungs – increase SA for O2(g) and CO2(g)
diffusion
* _____________________________________________ in
small intestines – increase SA for absorption of nutrients
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Example 1
For the following “cell”, calculate the surface area, the volume and the
surface area to volume ratio:
2 mm
10 mm
4 mm
Example 2
For the following “cell”, calculate the surface area, the volume and the
surface area to volume ratio:
4 mm
10 mm
7 mm
Example 3
Of the cells described in Examples 1 and 2, which one would be most
efficient in diffusing nutrients and why?
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
O. Single-Celled vs. Multicellular
 single celled organisms can live ______________________________
___________________________________________________
 they are quite _______________, many ________________________
 _______________________ performs _________________________
necessary to maintain life of the organism
 once a single-celled organism or colony of single-celled organisms
reaches a certain size, it requires a multicellular level of organization
 this need resulted in the development of ________________________
of cells, tissues and systems in animals and plants
 __________________ – ____________________________________
performing the same function
eg) _____________________________________________________
 ________________ – ______________________________________
contributing to the same function
eg) ___________________
 _________________ – _____________________________________
contributing to the same function
eg) _____________________________________________________
 this _____________________________________________ in larger
organisms allows _______________________________________ in
life processes and therefore __________________________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth and Development
A. Plants Organs, Tissues and Cells
 plants contain a _________ system
(__________) and a ___________ system
(_______________________)
 almost all vascular plants rely on both
Shoot system
systems to live
 roots receive ______________ and other
_______________________ from
Root system
__________________________________
 shoot system depends on ____________
and ______________________ absorbed from ___________by roots
Root System
 roots ______________________________ in soil, absorb
_______________________________________________, and store
_____________________

_________________________
 one large vertical root (eg. carrots, beets, turnips) that
develops from the embryonic root
 produces many small lateral or branched roots

__________________________
 mat of thin roots that spread out after the embryonic root
dies

__________________________
 extension of a root epidermal cell
 increase surface area for absorption
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 __________________________________

prop roots eg) maize

storage roots eg) sweet potatoes

“strangling” aerial roots eg) strangler fig

buttress roots eg) tropical trees

pneumatophores eg) mangroves
Shoot System
 consist of ________________________________________________
 _______________

____________ are the points at which leaves are attached

_________________________ are the stem segments between
the nodes

____________________________________
 stolons eg) strawberries (horizontal stems)
 bulbs eg) onion (vertical underground shoots)
 rhizomes eg) ginger (horizontal stem that grows just
below the surface or along the surface)
 tubers eg) potatoes (enlarged ends of rhizomes
underground)
 _____________

__________________________________________ bud is at
the ________ of plant

________________________________ is in the nodes on stem

_________________________________________ – resources
are concentrated at the terminal bud, inhibiting the growth of
the axillary buds
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 _______________

functions of leaves are:
 ________________________________ (although the
stems also photosynthesize)
 ______________________________________
 ______________________________________

made up of the ______________ (flat leaf) and the __________
which is the stalk that joins the leaf to the stem

leaves can be _____________________________________

____________________________________________
 tendrils eg) pea plants
 spines eg) cactus
 storage leaves eg) succulents
 bracts (coloured leaves) eg) poinsettia
 reproductive leaves eg) some succulents
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Plant Tissues
 _____________________________

___________ of plant

single layer of tightly packed
cells that covers and protects
the plant
 _____________________________

_______________ materials
between roots and shoots

________________________
 _____________________________

___________________ plant
tissue

bulk of plant tissue
Types of Plant Cells
 _____________________________

“typical” plant cells – _________________________________

thin and flexible

carry out many ______________________________________
eg) photosynthesis, storage

tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots

all types of plant cells _________________ from parenchyma
 _____________________________

____________________________________________ walls –
for _______________________

do not restrain growth
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

__________________________________________________
 are ______________ eg) celery string

_______________ at maturity
 _____________________________

very _________________________________________ walls –
for _________________________

_________________________ that contain _______________
and cannot elongate

______________ at functional maturity
 ___________________

carry ______________________________________________

elongated tube-shaped, __________ cells

_______________________
 long, thin cells with tapered ends
 walls are reinforced with lignin – support
 thinner pits in end walls __________________________

____________________
 wider, shorter, thinner walled and less tapered
 perforated end walls _____________________________
 ___________________

carry ______________________________________________
throughout plant

tube-shaped _____________ cells

lack nucleus, ribosomes and vacuole (to make more room for
transport)

__________________________
 end walls, sieve plates, have pores to facilitate flow of
fluid between cells
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

___________________________________
 nucleated cells connected to the sieve tube – help sieve
tube
B. Meristems
 annuals are plants that go through life cycle within 1 year
 perennials live many years and usually die of disease or trauma (not
old age)
 meristems are _________________________________________
 allows ____________________________________________ growth
 can be apical or lateral

__________________________________________ meristem
 growth in _________________
 primary growth

__________________________________________ meristem
 growth in _________________
 primary growth

____________________ meristem
 growth in ______________
 secondary growth
C. Primary Growth
Roots
 ____________________________– protects apical meristem and
secretes a polysaccharide slime
 roots contain _________________________________ of cells

zone of _________________________________________
 produces __________________________, including
cells of the root cap
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

zone of _________________________
 responsible for _________________________________
further into the soil
 specialization starts to take place

zone of __________________________
 cells complete differentiation and become
__________________________________________
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 _______________________________ arise from within the pericycle
 they must be part of a continuous _____________________________
__________________________ and therefore cannot originate on the
surface of a root
 they elongate and push through the cortex and epidermis
Shoots
 shoot apical meristem is a _________________________________ at
the _________ of the ____________________________________
 apical meristem is flanked by the _____________________________
 growth occurs by the cell division and elongation of the slightly older
_________________________________ cells
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Tissue Organization in Stems
 ________________________________ runs the length of the stem in
_________________________________________
 ___________________________ arise from ____________________
 ground tissue is made up mainly of ___________________________
 ___________________________ cells just beneath the epidermis
provide _____________________
Tissue Organization in Leaves
 _______________________

in epidermal layer

two ____________________________ surrounding a pore

allow ___________________________________________

allow _______________________________
 ____________________________ consists mainly
___________________________________________________

_________________ mesophyll – _______________________

_______________ mesophyll – _______________________
 ________________________________

continuous with stem

forms the _______________

forms _______________________ to keep shape

enclosed with _________________________________ – layer
of parenchyma cells
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
D. Secondary Growth
 growth in _____________________ by lateral meristems
 usually occurs where primary growth has stopped
 ___________________________ grow in diameter from the sides
 _______________________________________

cylinder of meristematic cells one cell thick

formed from parenchyma cells

between the primary xylem and phloem

forms secondary xylem (wood) on inside

forms secondary phloem on outside
 ____________________________________

makes bark

produce cork cells which replace epidermis cells
 as the season progresses, the xylem cells get smaller and smaller
 the next season starts with large cells again…shown as tree ring
bark
cork
cambian
phloem
late
vascular
cambian
Science 10 AP Notes
xylem
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Chapter 36: Transport in Vascular Plants
A. Physical Forces
 major substances transported are:

____________________________________________
 transport in ________________
 ___________________________ moves water because
of ____________________________________________
___________________________________________
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

_____________________
 transport in ___________________
 ___________________________

______________________________________
 transport occurs on ________________________________________

__________________________
 from _________________________________________
_____________________________________
 transport of ____________________________________
into root hairs

______________________________________________
 from _____________________________
 loading of ________________ from photosynthetic
leaves into phloem sieve tubes

______________________________________________
 transport in ____________________________________
throughout whole plant
 ______________________________

selective permeability

diffusion, passive transport, active transport

phospholipid bilayer, protein channels
Cellular Transport
 solutes are moved into plant cells by __________________________
 ___________________________________

active transport protein

in cell membrane
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

_________________________ – mechanism that uses the
energy stored in a concentration gradient to drive cellular work

use _____________ to pump ___________________________
against the concentration gradient _______________ the cell

sets up _________________________________ – a separation
of _________________________________________ across a
membrane

both the proton pump and membrane potential have
_______________________________________ which is used
to drive the transport of many different solutes
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Water Potential
 water uptake and loss must be _______________________
 water moves by ______________________
 _______________________ add _____________________________
which affects osmosis
 water potential, ______, takes both ___________________________
___________________________ and _________________________
into account
 measured in _____________________________________________
where:
Ψ =
ΨS =
ΨP =
 the ΨS of pure water is _____________
 adding solute ______________the water potential (because there is
less free water molecules less capacity to do work) and ΨS is
_______________________
 ΨP can be _________________________________________ relative
to atmospheric pressure
 water under ________________ (pulling) gives _________________
pressure eg) water in xylem
 water ____________________________ gives _________________
pressure eg) turgor pressure
 water always moves from areas of ________Ψ to areas of _______ Ψ
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 water moves through the phospholipid bilayer and through transport
proteins called ________________________
 cells will be ___________________ or _______________ depending
on the environment
 loss of turgor causes wilting
Short-Distance Transport
 plant cells are compartmentalized

cell wall

cell membrane – cytosol

vacuole
 transport routes for water and solutes

__________________________________________________
 repeated _________________________ of plasma
membranes
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

________________________________________
 movement within ______________________
 plasmodesmata junctions connect cytosol of neighboring
cells

__________________________________________
 movement through the continuum of ________________
from cell to cell
 no cell membranes are crossed
Long Distance Transport
 ______________________ which is the movement of fluid driven by
________________________

flow in xylem tracheids and vessels
 ______________________________ creates
______________________________________ which
______________ xylem sap upwards from roots

loading of sugar from photosynthetic leaf cells generates high
positive pressure which pushes phloem sap through sieve tubes
 lack of some organelles in phloem cells and the complete lack of
cytoplasm in xylem cells makes them very efficient tubes for transport
B. Roots
 much of the absorption of ___________________________________
takes place at the root tips
 _____________________________

extensions of ___________________________________

walls are _______________________________

huge amount of __________________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 soil solution moves into _____________________
 flows through _________________________________________
 solution moves into ____________________ of root cells
 water moves from __________ Ψ in soil to _______ Ψ in root
 active transport concentrates certain molecules in the root cells
eg) K+ ions
 _______________________________

symbiotic structures

plant roots with fungus

greatly increases surface area for water and mineral absorption

greatly increases volume of soil reached by plant
 ______________________________

layer surrounding vascular cylinder of root

lined with impervious ____________________________

forces solution through selective cell membrane and into
symplast

also prevents leakage of xylem sap back into soil
 solution in endodermis and parenchyma cells is discharged into cell
walls (apoplast) by ________________________________________
 this allows the solution to then move to the xylem cells
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
C. Ascent of Xylem Sap
 ____________________________________

___________________________ in xylem of roots _________
the Ψ

water flows ________ causing ________________________

_____________ pressure

___________________________________ of xylem sap

accounts for _________________________________ of ascent
of sap
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 __________________________________________

generated by ________________

_______________ powered

Ψ in leaf is ___________ than Ψ in ______________________

water vapour leaves the leaf through the stomata (transpiration)

water _______________________
 Ψ is __________ in roots and _______ in leaves,
moves water ________ plant
 adhesion, cohesion, hydrogen bonding
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
D. Stomata
 ____________________________________________________

compromise

__________ in and __________ out but also __________ out

leaf transpires more than its weight in a day

xylem sap can flow at 75 cm/min
 H2O evaporation takes place even with ________________________
 drought will cause wilting
 transpiration causes ______________________________________ of
the leaves
 regulation of stomata

_____________________________________________
 guard cells attached at tips
 contain microfibrils in cell walls
 guard cells elongate and bow out when turgid
 guard cells shorten and become less bowed when flaccid

____________________________________
 proton pumps are used to move ______________ into
guard cells (stored in vacuoles)
 Ψ in cells ___________ than surrounding cells H2O
moves _______
 guard cells become ___________ and ___________
 ___________ of K+ ions
causes H2O to move
_________ of guard cells
 become ___________
and ___________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

other cues
 ___________

blue-light receptors in plasma membrane triggers
ATP-powered proton pumps causing K+ uptake

stomata open
 _________________________________

CO2 in air spaces in mesophyll is used for
photosynthesis

depletion causes stomata to open
 __________________________________

automatic 24-hour cycle

stomata open in day, close at night
 ________________________

plants adapted for ______________________________

adapted to ______________ water loss
 small, thick leaves
 reflective leaves
 hairy leaves
 stomata in pores on underside of leaves
 alternative photosynthetic pathway (CAM)
E. Organic Nutrients
 ____________________________ is the transport of organic nutrients
 phloem ___________ contains:

___________

___________________________________________________

___________

_____________________
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

___________________
 sieve tubes carry sap from ___________________________________
to ___________________________________________ variable
direction of flow
 sap flow rate can be as high as 1 m/hr
 sugars are loaded into the ___________

flow through ___________ via __________________________

active _____________________ of sucrose into phloem cells
with H+ ions in proton pump
 pressure flow

Ψ in ___________ is ___________ than in the xylem
______________________ because of the ________________
that takes place

H2O diffuses from xylem ______________________

______________________ is generated which causes the
____________________________ through phloem sieve tubes
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew

Ψ in ___________ is ___________ than in the xylem at
__________________________ because of the ___________
________________________________ from the phloem

H2O diffuses _________________________________ from
phloem
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
Control Systems
 a __________________ is a change in the environment that
_________________________________________ in an organism
eg) loud noise, bright light
 both _____________________________________ respond to
_______________________
 _____________________ refers to the _________________________
______________________ in response to a stimuli
1. Phototropism
 plant growth in response to ___________
 the ___________________detects the stimuli and send a
_____________________ to the area of ________________________
 ___________ is a ______________________ that promotes cell
growth or elongation of cells _____________________ from the
light, causing the leaf or stem to _____________________ the light
 __________________ phototropism is growth __________________
the light source
eg) _______________________________________________
 _________________ phototropism is growth ___________ from the
light source
eg) ____________________
2. Gravitropism (Geotropism)
 plant growth in response to _________________
 plants depend on __________________________________________
in specialized cells as indicators of gravity
 starch grains shift and settle due to gravity
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew
 __________________ gravitropism is growth __________________
gravitational pull
eg) __________________
 __________________ gravitropism is growth away from
gravitational pull
eg) __________________
3. Other Control Mechanisms
 ________________________________________________________
 tendrils respond to ______________ eg) peas
 flowering is often a response to the ___________________________
______________________________ that the plant is exposed to
eg) Christmas cactus, poinsettias
Science 10 AP Notes
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Mrs. Jill Agnew