Download Ch 19 Clicker Questions

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
URRY • CAIN • WASSERMAN • MINORSKY • REECE
19
Descent with
Modification
Questions prepared by
Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast
James Langeland, Kalamazoo College
Murty S. Kambhampati, Southern University at New Orleans
Roberta Batorsky, Temple University
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
SECOND EDITION
Which of the following statements can be associated with
the concept of the “unity of life” and which can be
associated with the concept of the “diversity of life”?
Note that both concepts may apply to some statements.
A. The amino acid sequences of cytochrome c (an enzyme in
mitochondria) differ between humans and chimpanzees by
one amino acid.
B. If the gene for human insulin is inserted into bacteria, the
bacteria can make human insulin.
C. Medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) have beaks that
are similar in shape but smaller than large ground finches
(Geospiza magnirostris).
D. The basic forelimb structure of horses and moles is similar.
E. Scientists interested in curing human cancer may study cell
division in yeasts.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imagine a species of bird in which females prefer to mate
with brightly colored males. However, males with bright
backs are more often preyed upon by hawks. Assuming
that a wide variety of genetic variation exists in the
species, which do you think is the most likely evolutionary
outcome?
A. Males will be selected to be brightly colored.
B. Females will be selected to choose drab males.
C. Males will be selected to have bright chests and
dull backs.
D. Females will not mate.
E. The species will go extinct because the hawks catch
all the males.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imagine a species of bird in which females prefer to mate
with brightly colored males. However, males with bright
backs are more often preyed upon by hawks. Assuming
that a wide variety of genetic variation exists in the
species, which do you think is the most likely evolutionary
outcome?
A. Males will be selected to be brightly colored.
B. Females will be selected to choose drab males.
C. Males will be selected to have bright chests and
dull backs.
D. Females will not mate.
E. The species will go extinct because the hawks catch
all the males.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imagine two species that are thought to have a recent
common ancestor. If this idea is correct, these two species
most likely have
A.
B.
C.
D.
no morphological similarities.
few biochemical similarities.
several homologous structures
shared habitat
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imagine two species that are thought to have a recent
common ancestor. If this idea is correct, these two species
most likely have
A.
B.
C.
D.
no morphological similarities.
few biochemical similarities.
several homologous structures
shared habitat
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You find a section of sedimentary rock in which the
strata and some fossils have been exposed. You notice
that a clam fossil is in deeper strata than a fish fossil.
Using relative dating, which fossil is most likely older?
A. clam
B. fish
C. not enough data to answer
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You find a section of sedimentary rock in which the
strata and some fossils have been exposed. You notice
that a clam fossil is in deeper strata than a fish fossil.
Using relative dating, which fossil is most likely older?
A. clam
B. fish
C. not enough data to answer
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You discover fish living in a cave with no natural light.
The fish have no eyes, but they do have eye sockets. Using
a Lamarckian thought process, which of the following
would be the reason for this?
A. The fish were in a dark environment, and therefore didn’t
need eyes. Over time, they used their developmental
energy for other more useful features, so because they
didn’t use them, they lost them.
B. The fish never had eyes but are slowly evolving to have
them because they will need them someday.
C. Originally, some fish in the population had eyes and could
see, but those without eyes had more acute other senses,
allowing them to eat, avoid being eaten, and find a mate
more easily. Eventually, those with eyes died before they
could pass on their genes and the population changed to
those without eyes.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You discover fish living in a cave with no natural light.
The fish have no eyes, but they do have eye sockets. Using
a Lamarckian thought process, which of the following
would be the reason for this?
A. The fish were in a dark environment, and therefore
didn’t need eyes. Over time, they used their
developmental energy for other more useful features,
so because they didn’t use them, they lost them.
B. The fish never had eyes but are slowly evolving to have
them because they will need them someday.
C. Originally, some fish in the population had eyes and could
see, but those without eyes had more acute other senses,
allowing them to eat, avoid being eaten, and find a mate
more easily. Eventually, those with eyes died before they
could pass on their genes and the population changed to
those without eyes.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You discover fish living in a cave with no natural light.
The fish have no eyes, but they do have eye sockets. Using
a Darwinian thought process, which of the following
would be the reason for this?
A. The fish were in a dark environment and therefore didn’t
need eyes. Over time, they used their developmental
energy for other more useful features, so because they
didn’t use them, they lost them.
B. The fish never had eyes but are slowly evolving to have
them because they might need them in the future.
C. Originally, some fish in the population had eyes and
could see, but those without eyes had more acute other
senses, allowing them to eat, avoid being eaten, and find a
mate more easily. Eventually, those with eyes died before
they could pass on their genes and the population changed
to those without eyes.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
You discover fish living in a cave with no natural light.
The fish have no eyes, but they do have eye sockets. Using
a Darwinian thought process, which of the following
would be the reason for this?
A. The fish were in a dark environment and therefore didn’t
need eyes. Over time, they used their developmental
energy for other more useful features, so because they
didn’t use them, they lost them.
B. The fish never had eyes but are slowly evolving to have
them because they might need them in the future.
C. Originally, some fish in the population had eyes and
could see, but those without eyes had more acute other
senses, allowing them to eat, avoid being eaten, and
find a mate more easily. Eventually, those with eyes
died before they could pass on their genes and the
population changed to those without eyes.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using the Galápagos finches example from the book,
which of the following best explains the Darwinian reason
why the insect-eating finch has such a long, narrow beak?
A. Variation existed in the finch population. Those that
naturally had longer, narrower beaks could reach their
food more easily, allowing finches with these features
to survive and reproduce more often than those that
did not.
B. Every day, finches who needed to eat insects would
squeeze their beaks into tiny holes to reach insects,
eventually changing the shape of their beaks, which
then got passed on to future generations.
C. Those with longer, narrower beaks carried the
dominant gene for that, which is how they evolved.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using the Galápagos finches example from the book,
which of the following best explains the Darwinian reason
why the insect-eating finch has such a long, narrow beak?
A. Variation existed in the finch population. Those
that naturally had longer, narrower beaks could
reach their food more easily, allowing finches with
these features to survive and reproduce more
often than those that did not.
B. Every day, finches who needed to eat insects would
squeeze their beaks into tiny holes to reach insects,
eventually changing the shape of their beaks, which
then got passed on to future generations.
C. Those with longer, narrower beaks carried the
dominant gene for that, which is how they evolved.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
MRSA infections are occurring at alarming rates. One
reason for this could be that people do not finish their
antibiotics. Which of the following is the most likely
reason that this could lead to something like MRSA?
A. Antibiotics take a while to start working, giving the bacteria
time to mount defenses against the antibiotics over a few
days.
B. Because antibiotics are often taken when there is no
bacterial infection, the antibiotics aren’t using their
medicinal/antibacterial properties and are losing them.
C. The first few days of antibiotics kill off the weak
bacteria, making people feel better. Then, when people
stop taking the antibiotics, the strong bacteria that
survived have been selected, breed with one another,
and create a stronger population.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
MRSA infections are occurring at alarming rates. One
reason for this could be that people do not finish their
antibiotics. Which of the following is the most likely
reason that this could lead to something like MRSA?
A. Antibiotics take a while to start working, giving the bacteria
time to mount defenses against the antibiotics over a few
days.
B. Because antibiotics are often taken when there is no
bacterial infection, the antibiotics aren’t using their
medicinal/antibacterial properties and are losing them.
C. The first few days of antibiotics kill off the weak
bacteria, making people feel better. Then, when people
stop taking the antibiotics, the strong bacteria that
survived have been selected, breed with one another,
and create a stronger population.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin was greatly influenced by contemporary
geologists such as Hutton and Lyell. Which of their ideas
was the main influence on Darwin’s thinking?
A. Fossils are remnants of pre-existing species.
B. Large-scale geologic change is the result of
gradual accumulation of slow, continual processes.
C. Earthquakes can cause sudden dramatic changes
that may account for extinctions.
D. The Galápagos Islands hold the key to
understanding evolution.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin was greatly influenced by contemporary
geologists such as Hutton and Lyell. Which of their ideas
was the main influence on Darwin’s thinking?
A. Fossils are remnants of pre-existing species.
B. Large-scale geologic change is the result of
gradual accumulation of slow, continual
processes.
C. Earthquakes can cause sudden dramatic changes
that may account for extinctions.
D. The Galápagos Islands hold the key to
understanding evolution.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imagine a whale scientist wishing to refute the theory of
evolution by natural selection. Which of the following
hypothetical results would provide the scientist with good
evidence?
A. Several whales species rapidly go extinct in response
to climate change.
B. A new species of whale fossil is found in the Saharan
Desert.
C. Climate change is found to cause DNA sequence
changes in individual whales that allow them to
tolerate the climate changes.
D. A new living whale species is discovered in the
Antarctic.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Imagine a whale scientist wishing to refute the theory of
evolution by natural selection. Which of the following
hypothetical results would provide the scientist with good
evidence?
A. Several whales species rapidly go extinct in response
to climate change.
B. A new species of whale fossil is found in the Saharan
Desert.
C. Climate change is found to cause DNA sequence
changes in individual whales that allow them to
tolerate the climate changes.
D. A new living whale species is discovered in the
Antarctic.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Modern whales have no hind limbs as adults, but have
transient hind limb buds as embryos and maintain
rudimentary pelvic bones as adults. According to
evolutionary theory, these features are best understood as
A. acquired traits adapted to an aquatic habitat.
B. homologous vestiges due to common ancestry with
land-dwelling tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates).
C. convergent evolution with fish and sharks.
D. biogeographical variation.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Modern whales have no hind limbs as adults, but have
transient hind limb buds as embryos and maintain
rudimentary pelvic bones as adults. According to
evolutionary theory, these features are best understood as
A. acquired traits adapted to an aquatic habitat.
B. homologous vestiges due to common ancestry
with land-dwelling tetrapods (four-legged
vertebrates).
C. convergent evolution with fish and sharks.
D. biogeographical variation.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin made two main observations and two main inferences
on natural selection. Which of these is least likely to apply to
cases of human-driven artificial selection, such as that for
differing traits in dogs?
A. Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their
inherited traits.
B. Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring
than their environment can support, and many of these
offspring fail to survive and reproduce.
C. Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a
higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given
environment tend to leave more offspring than do other
individuals.
D. Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive
and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable
traits in the population over generations.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin made two main observations and two main inferences
on natural selection. Which of these is least likely to apply to
cases of human-driven artificial selection, such as that for
differing traits in dogs?
A. Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their
inherited traits.
B. Observation #2: All species can produce more
offspring than their environment can support, and
many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce.
C. Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a
higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given
environment tend to leave more offspring than do other
individuals.
D. Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive
and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable
traits in the population over generations.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The text describes natural selection as an editing process
rather than a creating process. Which of the following
analogies illustrates this aspect of natural selection?
A. Your professor accepts the correct answers on your
exam and then allows you to retake the questions you
missed.
B. Your professor allows you to turn in 10 copies of your
exam, each with different answers.
C. Your professor allows you to take your exam open
book.
D. Your professor allows you to write the exam.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The text describes natural selection as an editing process
rather than a creating process. Which of the following
analogies illustrates this aspect of natural selection?
A. Your professor accepts the correct answers on
your exam and then allows you to retake the
questions you missed.
B. Your professor allows you to turn in 10 copies of your
exam, each with different answers.
C. Your professor allows you to take your exam open
book.
D. Your professor allows you to write the exam.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin recognized that fitness is a function of the
organism’s interaction with its environment. Which
would not be an aspect of an organism’s environment
that could affect its fitness?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the season in which it is born
the predators it faces
the food sources available to it
its birth weight
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwin recognized that fitness is a function of the
organism’s interaction with its environment. Which
would not be an aspect of an organism’s environment
that could affect its fitness?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the season in which it is born
the predators it faces
the food sources available to it
its birth weight
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
On the Galápagos, insect-eating finches (e.g., Certhidea
olivacea) look very different from and occupy a very
different niche than the seed-eating finches (e.g., Geospiza
magnirostris).
What would be the best evidence that these two finch
species, in fact, arose from a recent common ancestor?
A. They live in the same island archipelago.
B. They share homologous features like beaks and
wings.
C. They have more similar DNA sequences to each other
than to other non-Galápagos birds.
D. They mate in the same season.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
On the Galápagos, insect-eating finches (e.g., Certhidea
olivacea) look very different from and occupy a very
different niche than the seed-eating finches (e.g., Geospiza
magnirostris).
What would be the best evidence that these two finch
species, in fact, arose from a recent common ancestor?
A. They live in the same island archipelago.
B. They share homologous features like beaks and
wings.
C. They have more similar DNA sequences to each
other than to other non-Galápagos birds.
D. They mate in the same season.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.