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Kalat’s Book
Chapter 13
Alphabetical
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Progressive brain disease; irreversible neural
degeneration. More common as age; unknown
cause. Includes tangles of tau proteins,
degenerated neuron plaque, & loss of memory.
amnesia
amnesia
Loss of memory caused by brain damage
or disease. Includes temporary memory
loss before and after a traumatic event (car
crash, etc.), and permanent loss from
damage to hippocampus.
AMPA receptor
AMPA receptor
Type of ionotropic glutamate receptor.
When stimulated, allow NMDA
receptors to depolarize.
amyloid beta protein
amyloid beta protein
Essential for normal information transfer.
Causes plague in Alzheimer’s disease.
anterograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
A post-trauma inability to form new
memories. Can’t remember immediately
after car crash; wake up in hospital. In
severe brain damage cases, can’t learn
new information.
associativity
associativity
Part of long-term potentiation (LTP). Pairing
of a weak and a strong input can induce LTP
to the weak input.
BDNF
BDNF
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Protein
similar to nerve growth factor. Supports
neuron survival.
classical conditioning
classical conditioning
Pavlov’s association model of learning. A
neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a
reflex-eliciting stimulus until the two are
associated together. A model to explain
aversive and fear responses.
conditioned response(CR)
conditioned response(CR)
Learned response; requires several pairings
(conditioning). In Pavolv’s studies, the CR is
salivating to the bell. Similar but not as
strong a response as an UCR.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Before conditioning, a neutral stimulus.
After conditioning, a trigger for eliciting a
conditioned response. In Pavolv’s studies,
the CS is the bell.
confabulation
confabulation
Memory disorder. Recalling facts that didn’t
happen. Common in childhood memories
and in Korsakoff's syndrome.
consolidation
consolidation
Process of converting short-term memories
to long-term memories. Hippocampus is
critical for consolidating long-term memories
but not for recalling them.
cooperativity
cooperativity
Part of long-term potentiation (LTP).
Weaker stimulation by multiple neurons
that fire simultaneously (or nearly so)
can induce LTP.
declarative memory
declarative memory
Information you can explicitly state. Also
called explicit memory. Conscious recall.
Includes semantic and episodic memories.
delayed matching-to-sample
task
delayed matching-to-sample
task
Used to study declarative memory in
animals. Subject must choose object that
matches sample. Time between stimulus
and response opportunity is varied.
delayed nonmatching-tosample task
delayed nonmatching-tosample task
Used to study declarative memory in
animals. Subject must choose object that
differs from sample. Time between stimulus
and response opportunity is varied.
delayed response task
delayed response task
Used in experiments to measure working
memory. The longer the delay, the less is
remembered (pushed out of the buffer).
engram
engram
Karl Lashley’s theoretical unit of memory;
discrete place where memory physically
stored. Replaced by neural circuit theories.
episodic memory
episodic memory
Long-term personal memory of places, times
& events. Autobiographical information.
Often said to be in right temporal lobe.
equipotentiality
equipotentiality
Theory that brain operates as single unit; like
heart. Assumes parts are interchangeable.
explicit memory
explicit memory
Information you can explicitly state. Also
called declarative memory. Conscious recall.
Includes semantic and episodic memories.
habituation
habituation
Adaptation to persistent stimulus. Brian
ignores steady-state information.
Hebbian synapse
Hebbian synapse
Named for Donald Hebb. Stimulus impacts
both pre- & post-synaptic neurons. Helps
explain neural plasticity; synapses that are
used more are easier to use.
implicit memory
implicit memory
Knowing that’s not perceived as memory.
Includes procedural memory (how ride
bike) & illusion-of-truth effect (don’t
remember source but think it’s true
because you’ve heard it).
instrumental conditioning
instrumental conditioning
Skinner’s theory on reinforcement and
punishment. Assumes future behavior is
based on consequences of prior acts.
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Preventable dementia, often seen in
alcoholics. Brain loss due to lack of vitamin
B1 (thiamine). Symptoms include large gaps
in memory difficulty learning new thing
(anterogrde amnesia), apathy & confusion.
lateral interpositus nucleus
(LIP)
lateral interpositus nucleus
(LIP)
Deep in the cerebellum. Needed for
classical conditioning of eye-blink
responses. Good example of simple motor
response circuits. Evidence of specific
brain areas for specific functions.
long-term depression (LTD)
long-term depression (LTD)
Type of synaptic plasticity; can inhibit synapse
for hours. After a pattern of responses, some
synapses become less responsive. The
depression (decrease) in responding may code
the starts, stops & pauses of motor learning.
long-term memory
long-term memory
In contrast to short-term or working memory.
Recall of facts and events not currently
experiencing. Limit is difficult to measure but
is quite large.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
long-term potentiation (LTP)
Type of synaptic plasticity. After a pattern of
responses, some synapses become more
responsive. Can last for weeks.
mass action
mass action
Karl Lashley’s observation that the more
brain tissue damaged the less learning can
occur. Used to support theory that brain
operates as a whole.
Morris water maze task
Morris water maze task
Experimental procedure to test spatial memory.
Animal in tank of murky water swims until it
discovers a submerged platform it can rest on. If
can’t find it, experimenter stops it from drowning.
Animals improve in finding platform, even if it’s
location is changed.
NMDA receptor
NMDA receptor
Type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Typically
blocked by magnesium. Becomes excited after AMPA
receptors are stimulated enough to repel magnesium.
Acts as a molecular neuron plasticity system. One
effect of PCP is blocking NMDA receptors.
procedural memory
procedural memory
Type of implicit memory. Knowing how to do
procedures, tasks and actions. Doesn’t
include being able to explain how you do it.
punishment
punishment
A consequence that makes a behavior less likely to
reoccur as long as punisher is present. Positive
punishment is giving something bad (yell, scowl).
Negative punishment is taking away something
good (car keys, computer time). Suppresses all
behavior; strong unwanted side effects.
radial maze
radial maze
Star-shaped maze; center with multiple arms
(paths). Used to test spatial memory.
reconsolidation
reconsolidation
Process of changing long-term memories.
Previously consolidated memories are recalled,
paired with new but similar experiences, then
reconsolidated. Mixed results. Evidence
memories are not always permanent.
reinforcer
reinforcer
A consequence that makes a behavior more likely
to reoccur. Positive reinforcement is giving
something good (smile, candy). Negative
reinforcement is taking away something bad
(canceling debt, not have to do chores).
retrograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for pre-trauma events;
usually limited to just before an accident
(can’t recall car crash).
retrograde transmitter
retrograde transmitter
Chemical released by post-synaptic neuron
that impacts pre-synaptic neuron; excites or
inhibits. Also called lipid messengers.
semantic dementia
semantic dementia
Progressive degeneration of temporal lobes.
Symptoms include fluent aphasia, difficulty
matching words with pictures, and impaired
semantic memories. Pick’s disease.
sensitization
sensitization
Prior stimulation causes synapse to be more
responsive to mild stimulus. With drug abuse,
the longer you use (even at the same level),
the worse the damage.
short-term memory
short-term memory
Also called working memory. Temporary
storage of items or chunks of items. Capacity
is ~7 items or chunks (plus or minus 2)
specificity
specificity
Prenatally, neurons develop specific
connections (not connect with everyone).
Related to Sperry’s studies in amphibians;
severed optic fibers of rotated eyes regenerate
back to the initial un-rotated state.
tau protein
tau protein
Protein at tips of axons. Supports cell
structures, intracellular transport and cellular
processes. In Alzheimer’s, it causes tangles
of degenerated neuron segments.
unconditioned response
(UCR)
unconditioned response
(UCR)
Reflexive response; requires no learning
(conditioning). In Pavolv’s studies, the UCR
is salivating to food.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that triggers (elicits) a reflexive
response. In Pavolv’s studies, the UCS
was the food.
working memory
working memory
Short-term memory. System that holds
multiple segments temporarily for immediate
attention. Holds ~7 items or chunks. Stays
available with rehearsal.
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