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Vascular Physiology Arterial Venous Physiology Systemic Regulation Tissue Capillary Pulmonary Overview Arteries Structure Perfusion System System of Blood Dynamics ofPelvis Head the Upper of Circulation Blood Systemic Circulation Blood Abdomen thorax Pressure and and Limb Vessels Pressure Neck Leg Circulation wall and Walls Thorax Three layers:Tunica intera:Inner most layer, endoRenal regulation of blood pressure 1. R. Abd. Blood subclavian aorta flow-volume gives changes Suprarenal per to axillary unit arteries: time artery (ml/min) Adrenal gl.s, Gases & nutrients diffuse from capillary to interArterial Blood flow blood is velocity through precisely pressure: individual distributed organs to body is intrinsicaltissue: Venous 4. Osmotic Baroreceptors: return: pressure: Venous Net movement pressure is of too water low for from an Aorta Common and iliac Major divides Arteries into of two Systemic branches Circulation thelium (simple squamous) & some larger vessels a. Thoracic Adrenal aorta medulla (above hormones the diaphragm) Long-term mechanisms for BP regulation Classification 2. d. e. Net R. 1. Venodilation Endothelium-derived Angiotensin Muscular Internal common filtration thoracic carotid arteries-distributing pressure based II: shifts Mediated artery: artery on Bd (NFP): size factors: to off venous (off and by subclavian Reflects release R function Endothelin arteries: brachiocephalic) reservoirs: of interaction renin artery Distal (VC), by to 1.Thoracoacromial: Superior Blood pressure-force mesenteric Superior artery per (gives unit shoulder&pectoral area br.s (mm that Hg) supply region 5. Hydrostatic Abdominal Chemoreceptors artery pressure lies (HP): below Force level exerted of the diaphragm by fluid stitial fluid: Water-soluble solutes pass through Pulmonary Direct action trunk, of the rt. and kidney lt. pulmonary arteries, 1. ly At Factors Inversely controlled rest affecting proportionate (i.e., autoregulation): arterial to pr.: cross-sectional Stretching Diameter of area of of Types Sequence Capillary R. a. b. Common Splenic: Internal of capillary of beds blood carotid: hepatic: Bd movement pressure Gives through branches capillary to stomach, bed adequate area Detect of low changes return, to high need in solute art. functional BP: conc. Pr. which sensitive modifications: is relatively mechanoCapacitance Circle of vessels Willis vessels Aortic 1. Internal arch iliac: Pelvis & visceral organs (bladder, Factors a. R. Regulation Brachiocephalic that enhance of blood artery CO vessel branches diameter off aortic arch have subendothelium (loose CT & BM), Tunica i. Parietal NE and branches EPI (nicotine is a monoamine agonist) Background BP Neural = CO control X PR of blood pressure 2. Kidney controls Bd vol. by regulating water loss 1. elastic Venous JGA prostaglandin-derived between R. a. Anterior Elastic external of arteries, kidney return hydrostatic (conducting) intercostal & internal decreases tubule. deliver & When art.s: carotid growth arteries: Bd osmotic & to CO Bd specific arteries factor“PDGF” pressures declines Thick-walled, amount organs, entering thick (VC) near Chemical Femoral artery control becomes of blood popliteal pressure artery: Knee 3. mesenteric Resistance-opposition Lateral thoracic: organs (Intestinal: Lateral to flow; chest Large generally wall intestine, & breast encounagainst Respond Inferior vessel phrenic to wall. changes arteries: In capillary in O2 Diaphragm and bed CO2 HP is the same c. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) clefts & fenestrations while lipid-soluble diffuse a. lobar Alters arteries rate of (3 fluid in rt filtration lung & 2 from in lt), Bd arterioles, stream to 3. Changes associated with dias.: Semilunar valve arteries bv arterioles Brain: to be near filled: 13% feeding Ht It (compliance is a fastest given organ in vessels & distensibility) is controlled with smallest by & it 1. small Terminal Continuous: 40 Sends Capillaries Enters mm intestine branches the Hg arteriole skull entering act & Uninterrupted as pancreas to and networks-capillary stomach services (after and endothelial the giving pancreas brain beds off cells, gastroa. receptors high Respiratory in capillary when pump BP Bd rises, (high (abdominal receptors concentration pr. are squeeze stretched of plasma local Veins Venules: R. and act L. 8 as posterior 100 reservoirs: µm, communicating properties Large lumens vary arteries with & low size BP Factors influences blood pressure rectum, Coronary uterus&vagina(prostate& arteries ductus deferens) b. 1. Reduce Vasomotor subclavian parasym. fibers artery (sym. control Efferents, (HR increases) innervate sm media: Middle layer, circularly arranged smooth 2. ii. Visceral NE is a branches vasoconstrictor Short-term Heart Cardiac pumping output mechanisms is generates directly blood related flow to Bd vol. 3. Blood volume affects CO via: a. Venous pressure heart, media f. ,kidney At From nitrous Baroreceptors Costocervical arterial external largest layer tubule oxide end: (more diameter, is “NO” carotid NFP too trunk also smooth low; = (fast send artery: gives (HPc more renin acting efferent muscle) rise elastic, Hpif) releases to local signals & the large 0.3 (OPc VD) first & catalyzes to 1.0 lumen two card. OPif) cm 1. region & divides: tered Ileocolic: Subscapular: in the Appendix, systemic Scapula, circuit colon latissimus & (peripheral R. & dorsi middle & resistance: thorax colic: wall concentrations as 2. Celiac capillary trunk: BP and that Three pH forces branches fluid through capillary i. Posterior pituitary hormone through PM of capillary epithelial cells kidney capillaries, tubules venules, (High pulmonary BP increases veins filtrate (2 per entering lung), closes, aorta recoils & Pr. is maintained by vol. cross-sectional Intrinsic Heart Bd forced 4% control into area mechanisms arteries “aorta has near a Ht cross-sectional incomplete 2. duodenal b. 20 Microcirculation: Metateriole: Opthalmic: Splenic mm Hg artery, terminates tight exiting eyes, True junctions common orbits, Arteriole capillaries in the hepatic (intercellular forehead spleen to branch venule becomes & nose off clefts) (Prehepatic veins, proteins). Located backflow Capillary in carotid is prevented colloid sinuses, osmotic by aortic valves, pr. arch (OPc) Bd & is walls forced = 26 of (little allows connect muscle walls posterior to & thin thin cerebral externa) arteries with R. and L. 1. Cardiac output 2. & Brachiocephalic: br.s to gluteal muscles a. R. & common external carotid genitalia (i. R. of Increase R. blood vertebral v.‘primarily sym. artery Activity: arterioles’& Increases release contractility NE: VC) of muscle, chemical & nervous control of deg. of contAbdominal iii. EPI increase aorta CO (below by increasing diaphragm) 2. Nervous Pr. BP results is directly control when related flow of peripheral to opposed CO, BV by resistance and resistance PR b. Venous return, c.Hg EDV & d.(35 Stroke volume (dampen 3. centers the f. = 1. posterior 35 Inflammatory Arterioles: Superior conversion 25 in = BP intercostals medulla: 10 thyroid:Supplies changes Determine mm of chemicals angiotensinogen Inhibit associated arteries flow (VD): sym. thyroid into with NS, Histamine, capillary to Ht stimulate & angiotensin contraction larynx beds, etc. II Levels Post. tibial of O2 artery and CO2 which gives peroneal artery: PR): 4. Transverse Ant. Sources & post. colon), circumflex of resistance Paired arteries: renal (Bd Deltoid&shoulder viscosity arteries:Kidneys “thickness joint on b. wall: a. Common Located Greater in hepatic carotid at arterial and end aortic arch mm Hg) and & carotid lower ii. Increases BP by increasing water reabsorption Forces responsible for direction & amount of fluid tubules which drain greater into than left can atrium be processed, fluid leaves reducing volume (DP: 70 80 mm Hg) 2. c. area 1. Kidney: Changes Metabolic (2.5 cm2) 20% associated controls: & an average with Levels sys.: velocity of nutrients, Aorta of is 40-50 stretched particulcm/s, capillary Venous 3. artery Lt Fenestrated: Parts R. gastroepiploic internal which blood of sphincter abranches capillary branches carotid pressure Endothelial controls branches: divides bed: off topr. cells Bd R to Supplies gastroepiploic: flow form have into oval stomach capillary pores toward all mm large Hg. the Interstitial vessels Ht, chest osmotic cavity pressure Decreases, (OPif) thoracic = 0.1 anterior Venous Veins: cerebral Formed valves: from Prevent arteries venules, backflow thinner (folds walls of and 2. Peripheral resistance internal External carotid iliac: & Enters ii. R. external thigh becomes carotid) femoral & b. R. art. Ht c. 3. Vasomotor Basilar (reduces artery ESV tone (R+L & (tonic increases vertebrals) vasoconstriction) SV) & releases Epi raction (sym. NS) & change in dia. (VC & VD), b. 1. Atrial Parietal natriuretic peptide (ANP) CO a. Alter Bd = flows Stroke blood along volume distribution a pr. X gradient HR from higher to BP change parallels change in Bd vol.: a. High ,4. mostly parasym. which (increase At 2. 3. passive The Lingual: Venous II thoracic smooth accommodation causes capillary NS end: Supplies to muscle aorta NFP VC decrease permeability) of tongue = gives systemic & (HPc 10 HR results rise µm & Hpif) to arterioles contractile in 0.3 the smooth cm next (OPc & nine flow force OPif) of Lateral Blood-borne muscles chemicals of leg related Enters each side arm, to of formed body, axillary elements”, Gonadal changes arteries: total to brachial bv (Testicular length artery ‘longer or sinus at b. Splenic venous end (17 mmHg). HPc is opposed by interiii. At high conc., causes vasoconstriction crossing capillary walls: Hydrostatic & osmotic body as urine, Bd vol. decreases & therefore BP 4. Pulse pressure (PP): SP minus DP by d. capillaries arly Abdominal Bd oxygen, leaving have act organs: lt a ven. as total autoregulation (kinetic 24% cross-sectional energy) stimuli area Bd of moves 4500 (fenestrations) 3. 1. a. Supplies c. L. Thoroughfare Vascular Relatively R. gastric ant. stomach), cerebral shunt: artery: steady to channel: permit artery: Connects then throughout Stomach hepatic greater Capillaries Medial arteriole & inferior cardiac splits permeability surface rejoin with into cycle esophagus of right venule brain & 5veins mm Stretching expand Hg. Net increase & osmotic Bd enters signal pressure rt to atrium vasomotor ≈ 25 mm Hg center: less interna) 2. Anterior muscle communicating than arteries, little artery muscle connects in media R. and 3. Blood volume subclavian a. Deep femoral (i. R. artery: vertebral Posterior & ii. R. thigh axillary) into 4. R. Bd and stream L. posterior from adrenal cerebral med. arteries: (increases Supply HR) Tunica externa: Made of& collagen fibers, function 2. i. Visceral Atrial peptide branches hormone lower b. Alter pr. blood (highest vessel in aorta diameter & lowest in rt atrium) vol. increases BP (kidney responds by eliminating blood 4. increases g. = 3. pairs: 17 Alcohol: Respond Capillaries: Facial: ‘1.0 25 Posterior = BP. Supplies -8 Reduces to 2.5 Angiotensin mm acute Smallest cm’ intercostal Hg skin changes BP, blood inhibits II muscles spaces also in vessels BP: ADH causes & of Carotid deep anterior (8 release release 10 muscles sinus µm), face of 2. Anterior tibial artery: Extensor muscles vessel 1.Deep ovarian), greater brachial Inferior resistance’ artery: mesenteric Triceps & bv artery: dia. brachii ‘flow Gives (post. inversely br.s arm) to stitial c. L. Primarily gastric fluid HP artery involved (Hpif) in which control is assumed of respiratory to be zero rate Pressures (forces oppose) b. Indirect renal mechanisms (renin-angiotensin 5. Mean arterial pressure (MAP)=DP+ 1/3 PP toward cm2 2. During Myogenic and periphery a exercise: very controls: slow because flow Excessive (0.03 peripheral cm/s)” or inadequate Pr. is lower BP 3. 4. left Gradient Sinusoidal: Post-capillary True R. branches:Supplies middle capillaries from cerebral Modified, venule venules artery: liver leaky to vena Lateral capillaries cava parts (20 (large mm of HG b. Inhibits Muscular vasomotor pump ‘more center important’ causes VD (contraction of (mostly L. anterior elastin) cerebral & externa arteriors is thickest wall layer 3. L. Branches common to carotid: Lateral a. & L. medial internal circumflex carotid & b. L. occipital Increase and activity inferior of temporal resp. & muscular lobes of brain pumps: (protection, reinforcement & anchor to surround. ii. R. Reduces BP iliac by antagonizing aldosterone 4 3. Vasomotor center water to reduce vol.) & b. Low vol. decreases BP (, tunica reflex aldosterone (increases 4. of Occipital: back, protects interna vertebral loss from Supplies of only Bd water adrenal supply columns & posterior exchange in to cortex urine) & brain spinal scalp of which & & materials increases cord aortic increases reflex VD related 2. supply Brachial distal to dia.; artery: part larger of Ant. colon dia. flexor less (L. colic, resistance muscles sigmoidal of (1/r arm )’. aa and (interstitial depth fluid is withdrawn by lymphatic tissue). mechanism, aldosterone also cause release of ADH than a. can Skin, damage aortic muscles Pr. or (SP: cause and 120 heart death mm increase of Hg) an organ, such BP molecules ‘60 temporal from aorta and can parietal pass to arterioles’) through) lobes skeletal d. Arteriole muscle dilation surrounding reduces peripheral veins compress resistance vein, external arteries: carotid Head & neck of femur Increases venous return (increases EDV & SV) tissue),accessory tissues(nerve fi., lymphatic v., ela4. iii. L. Increases common water iliac excretion from kidney kidney reabsorbs water to increase vol.) maintains absorption (skin) 5. Maxillary: by depressing supply of Supplies water to by systemic vasomotor upper kidney & circuit tubules center lower jaw In 3. sup. Radial humans, rectal artery: aa), dia. Lumbar is Lateral the greatest arteries: muscles source Post. of forearm of abdominal resistance Net effective HP is equal to HPc (=HPc Hpif) which promotes water reabsorption by kidney b. changes Other stimulate tissues either myogenic remain responses same or decrease backflow is prevented by valves so Bd moves in 4. L. subclavian: a. L. vertebral & b. L. axillary stic network& tiny Bdv within layer-vasa vasorum) 6. Superficial temporal: Supplies most of scalp Blood 4. wall, Ulnar Median Flow artery: (F) sacral, = Medial ∆P/PR R. muscles & L. common of forearm iliacs Home Exit direction of Ht BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Vascular Physiology Arteries Veins MajorofVeins Abdomen Head Upper Pelvis of Pelvis ofand and the Limbs and Neck Systemic Lower Leg and Limbs Thorax Circulation Hepatic portal system Other veins draining inferior vena cava Azygous system drains thoracic tissues: Post.which interAnt. & post. tibial vv into joins to form popliteal Sup. Inferior Drainage Superficial vena vena of cava drainage blood cava pours from runs of into upper brain from R atrium. junction limb It of is common a union of 1. Multiple hepatic vv from liver to inf. vena cava Lumbar veins: R. & L. ascending lumbar veins costals, hemiazygous vv becomeshemiazygous femoral vein&toaccessory become external iliac joins L iliac 1. & Most Median R veins brachiocephalic veins to v. of R. drain forearm atrium. into veins. It lies dural receives: between (meningial) ulna & sinuses radius 2. Cystic veins drain gall bladder & join hepatic vv Gonadal veins: R: ovariaries or testes on right drain into azygous v. that drains to sup. vena cava Deep veins of face drain into inferior jugulars internal iliac to form common iliac R. 1. a. (connects Superior Hepatic brachiocephalic veins sagittal either (R. to vein and basilic receives: L.) or cephalic vv) Hepatic portal v drains digestive viscera: side of body (directly into vena cava), L: ovariaries Deep drainage of upper limb 1. Facial Saphenous veins 1. b. 2. R. Cephalic Straight internal suprarenal vein jugular joins vein vein with axillary vein Superior mesenteric or testes on left side of body (into L. renal vein) 1. Distal vvMedial of temporal armaspects drain into ulnar & radial vv 2. Great: Superficial a. of leg, longest v empties 2. c. 3. Cavernous R. Renal Basilic vertebral veins vein joins (R. vein and with L.) brachial vein Inferior mesenteric: Large intestine & rectum & 3. Suprarenal: R: right adrenal gland (directly into 2. Ulnar & radial vv unite to form brachial vein into femoral v 3. d. 4. R. Median Transverse subclavian gonadal cubital vein vein v. connects receives basilic R. external & cephalic jugular vv joins splenic vena cava), L: left adrenal gland (into left renal 3. Brachial v. enters shoulder becomes v.v)v b.Small:Deep fascia of calf, empties intoaxillary popliteal *Left 5. 2. Lumbar Most side Bd corresponds veins from used brain to obtain drains to right blood into side samples) internal jugulars 3. Splenic: Spleen, parts of stomach & pancreas 4.(commonly Renal veins: Drain kidneys At level of first rib, it becomes subclavian v. & joins superior mesenteric Common iliacs join to form inferior vena cava Exit BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Home Vascular Physiology