Download The Civil War and Reconstruction

The Civil War and
Reconstruction
The First Modern War
The Two Combatants

The 1st war after Industrialization (Crimean and Franco-Prussian is 1st in Euro) and
technology didn’t just make manufacturing more efficient… Was more than army v army,
it was society v society – two visions of American that could no longer co-exist.

The 1st fought as a “Total War”- where nations mobilized all their resources to fight. Largest
conflict in American history in terms of casualties. Lines between military and civilian
targets got blurry. Both sides needed more than military skill (or the south would have won)
they needed resources, and the will to keep fighting the in face of enormous setbacks
and sacrifices. Few recruits (even officers who had fought in Mex-Amer war) had real
military experience. Ideas about fighting were highly romantic based on novels and art

Today- and on paper- it seems clear that the North was always going to win, but the South
had a better chance of victory in 1861 than we had in 1776
The South

Advantages:

Could fight defensive war (like US in revolution) just have to
not “lose”. Fighting for homes/families, huge incentive. Union had to go beyond
defeating military- had to invade and conquer. GREAT generals- Robert E Lee,
Stonewall Jackson. Military tradition in south. War fought in south- they are familiar
with territory

Disadvantages:

Much smaller population 9 million compared to 22 million in north- and 1/3 of male
population slave (can’t fight). Lack of industrial capacity – military manufacturing.
Union blockade chokes economy- they run low on critical supplies. War fought in
South- their stuff gets messed up
The North

Advantages:
 Size-
and an increasing population due to immigration
 Econ power- 4/5 of the factories, 2/3 of RR, ¾ of the $$ in banks
 A navy they can use for a very effective blockade
 Strong centralized government to make decisions

Disadvantages
 Lots
more people on the fence- there were plenty of
“copperheads” and “butternuts” not sure they were willing to fight
and sacrifice
 Lousy Generals (esp in east, west does better)- takes union years to
win a straight victory
Conscription

Both sides began with
volunteer armies- but as war
continued, both used draft (1st
time in US history)

Confederates started in 1862
(for those between 18-35, by
the end of the war they take
15-60), Union in 1863 (20-45,
20-35 if married). Both allowed
you to pay for a substitute
($300).
Technology and the War

Technology changed fighting, in ways that came as a surprise to both sides.

1st war to move troops with RR (lots faster), use telegraphs for communication
(again, speed), Balloons to observe troop movements

Crude submarines. Ironclads (Monitor v. Merrimack)

Modern Rifles (not muskets) Fire farther, greater accuracy, and speed of
loading. (by end of war breech loaders in use) Serious increase of casualty
rates. Most recent count 750,000 KIA (would be 7 million as proportion of
today’s pop) we lost as many in that war as in all others we have fought
combined

Unfortunately, medical care had NOT increased (like tech) disease sometimes
killed more men than combat
Propaganda and the War

Both sides used it in a large degree- accused
each other of war crimes/atrocities (some
accurate, some misleading, and they missed
some of the really nasty stuff)

Newspapers important for coverage of warinformation available faster than ever before- and
more graphically.

Sent artists and photographers to capture the
conflict. Mathew Brady’s war photos are famousand create a chilling reality of war
Mobilizing Resources

Neither side really “prepared” for war (which is
kind of silly when you think how long the buildup
had been going on)

RRs ran on different size tracks, there is no
national banking system, a disjointed tax system
(No income tax) The North blockades 3500 mi of
coast with 95 ships.

The North would pull itself together, and the
Union army would become the best equipped in
history. The South – no so much
Military Strategies

Anaconda Plan: Northern Strategy- developed
by General Winfield Scott (Mexican War)
Essentially a War of Attrition- they know
they have more resources, squeeze the south


Blockade

Western Campaign to take Mississippi (error for south, they don’t
anticipate)

Capture the confederate capital at Richmond (error for north,
they get bogged down fighting where south is strongest)
North hoped to fight fast and strong, before South could organize.
But they got spanked in early battles
The War Begins


1st Manassas (Bull Run) 1st battle of the war. Brought
picnickers from Washington DC and Richmond.
2,896 union dead- 1,982 confederate dead. North
figures out this won’t be quick and easy.
George B. McClellan given
command of Army of
Potomac after the
humiliating defeat
Fighting Techniques

Not that different from previous wars. Still using masses of
soldiers on open ground in a frontal attack. Fortifications are
great if you can get the field first. Hold your ground and fight
until someone retreats- that’s how you win

Rebel Yell- Psychological Warfare.

But weapons are stronger, so carnage
much greater.

Lee master strategist- even though his army is always smaller,
he rarely loses. Will fall back and wait for better chances
The War in the East 1862

McClellan very organized, well prepared, and cautious. Lee known for daring.

Peninsula Campaign- McClellan trying to take Richmond- slowly. Lee dashes in with
quick stinging blows, defeat after defeat in small scale battles (Seven Days Battles,
2nd Bull Run) Lincoln gets very impatient- recognizing that Lee is running circles
around them. Early part of war is a Revolving door of union commanders….

Antietam: Sept 17th 1862 Bloodiest day in American History- 23,000 casualties. Lee
decided to invade north. Militarily a stalemate, but the Union army holds, Lee forced
back, first time Union can Claim a “Victory” (Emancipation Proclamation)….Then
Union gets Spanked at Fredericksburg.
The War in the West

In the West things are going better.… in part b/c of
commander. Ulysses S Grant had been forced to
resign from the army (due to drinking) in 1854 – he
was willing to fight hard

Shiloh: April 6-7 1862. Union moves into Tennessee to take the only major RR in the
South. Another “tie-victory”, but Union does get the RR. Also another slaughter,
23,746 casualties. At the same time, Union takes New Orleans, cutting off river
trade, and main financial center.

Overall 1861-62: 20,141 Confederate soldiers killed, 15,849 Union killed
The Coming of Emancipation
Slavery and the War
The Unraveling of Slavery

“War is the midwife of Revolution” - the chaos of battle can make extreme social change seem
reasonable/desirable as part of the process.

Lincoln made a big point at start of war of saying that this is NOT about ending slavery, it’s about
preserving the union (needs border states!) Emancipation is not a forgone conclusion at the
beginning of the process

1861 Congress had adopted Crittenden Resolutions (not to be confused with Amendment from last
chapter) which affirmed that Union did not intend to end slavery. BUT by end of 1861, military had
begun treating slaves as “contraband” valuable property which can be confiscated. Escaping
blacks, or blacks in union controlled territory were housed in “contraband camps”.

As the Northern Army invaded the Confederacy, thousands of slaves saw this as their opportunity –
whole families would run to the northern lines. Provided valuable intelligence on southern
geography.
Steps Toward Emancipation
Lincoln’s Decision

At first Lincoln talked primarily about compensating slave owners and
colonizing African Americans, asking black leaders to recognize that different races cannot live
together

But Radical Republicans want more – 2nd Confiscation Act: Union soldiers can free slaves in
captured territory.

By summer 1862 Lincoln had become convinced of the political and military need for emancipation


Army needs manpower- and Lincoln has decided to use blacks

Northern public opinion- wants the fight to be morally necessary

Prevent Britain from recognizing the Confederacy
Delayed waiting for a Union victory- Announced after Antietam that unless the South laid down
their arms, he was going to Emancipate (interesting- what if they had?)
The Emancipation Proclamation

Jan 1 1863. All slaves of “areas in rebellion” are now free.
(NOT the border states!) Kind of sticky constitutionally, (he is
using power as commander in chief, that’s why only
Confederate slaves are freed) but cleared up with 13th
amendment later.

Didn’t really fully satisfy either side- Abolitionists/Radicals
wanted all free, Border States offended, but still it is a turning
point in the war, and in American History.

The Civil War is no longer fought just to preserve the Union,
but to end slavery. Lincoln had also backed off any ideas of
compensation for slaveowners, and colonization. Blacks will
be part of American life.
Enlisting Black Troops
The Black Soldiers

Part of Emancipation Proclamation- and shocking for many- even abolitionists.

By the end of the war 180,000 African Americans would serve in Army (segregated units), 24,000
in navy (integrated ships) 1/3 of those enlisted died for their country – 15 soldiers and 8 sailors got
the Medal of Honor. 54th Massachusetts most famous regiment

1st real opportunity to be a part of American experience since end of revolution. Opened the
door to leadership and advancement – over 130 former soldiers served in political office after the
war

Navy did not segregate or discriminate in a big way (no room) but army did. Segregated units,
soldiers got lower pay, were not made officers, and generally assigned labor rather than
combat. Still taking huge risk just BEING in South, if captured they will be sold.

But their service helped dispel the notion that Blacks were not “capable” of citizenship. 14th and
15th Amendments will give African Americans full rights and equal protection of lawunfortunately, they don’t get rid of racism….
The Second American Revolution
Liberty and Union

The Changing status of Black Americans was only one part of the transformation of
American government and society brought about by the Civil War

For a long time there has been a question about what does “liberty” mean? In the North
it meant freedom for each man to enjoy “fruits of labor”. In the South, it meant
mastership, to control another person’s labor. The war will settle the question.

With the South having removed themselves from the picture – a lot of Northern (rather
than Southern) definitions on political, economic, and social topics will become
National
Lincoln’s Vision

All over the world, the 19th century was a period of nation building, through
consolidation (Japan, Argentina, France) or creation (Italy, Germany). US did
a little of both – and Lincoln can be compared to Cavour or Bismarck.

But in Europe, nations were built on Ethnic/cultural identities, while for Lincoln
and the US there were more universal principles:


Political democracy

Human Liberty
Gettysburg address sums up ideology – “government of the people, by the
people, for the people”
The Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in
Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so
dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It
is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground.
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to
add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what
they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have
died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863
From Union to Nation
ANOTHER ARGUMENT THAT HAS BEEN AROUND FOREVER IS WHO SHOULD HAVE
POWER- FEDERAL OR STATE. WELL, THE WAR WILL SETTLE THAT ONE TOOEXPANDING THE POWERS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (ESP PRESIDENT)
SIGNIFICANTLY
FIGHTING TO PRESERVE THE NATION FORGED A NEW NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS –
WE THINK OF OURSELVES MORE AND MORE AS A COMPLETE “NATION” RATHER
THAN AS A “UNION” OF STATES
The War and American Religion

Patriotism and religion became tied together- that sacrifices of lives
were not being made in vain. Actually both North AND South saw
their “cause” as God’s will. Helped people cope with the
unprecedented death coming from the battlefield.

Lincoln was not religious- but proclaimed days of Thanksgiving after
victories, and used clergy to support republican platform. (And Mary
Todd Lincoln was a little off- séances in White House)

Since there WERE so many dead, gov’t needed to develop more
accurate ways of maintaining records and notifying families. Also
created national cemeteries for soldiers (Arlington being the most
famous, on land confiscated from the Custis- Lee family) where
300,000 union soldiers would be buried.
Liberty in Wartime

Copperheads: People living in North who were Confederate sympathizers. Some agreed with
notion of secession, others anti- industry, or anti-republican, or racist and worried about
“free” blacks causing problems.

Became problems to Lincoln when their actions “hurt” the Union- and he started putting
them in jail, 864 within the first month of the war, over 15,000 by the time it was done. One of
Lincoln’s most controversial acts as president

The argument was that it was necessary to win the war- but it was still in direct violation of the
constitution. Used executive privilege - although congress generally approved his actions
through resolution.

Lincoln suspended Habeus Corpus, (the idea that you cannot be held in prison without trial).
Imposed martial (military) law on civilian areas where he felt needed (during elections in
border states)
Ex Parte Merryman 1861
Ex Parte Milligan 1866



Ex Parte Merryman: Suspension of Habeus Corpus was
challenged by the supreme court. Chief Justice Roger Taney
ruled that the writ could only be set aside by an act of
congress, not executive.But Lincoln ignored- and Congress
took no action
Precedent set for power of executive: During wartimepresident could bend the law for the welfare of the country,
including suspending the Supreme Court’s authority.
Ex Parte Milligan: Supreme court says civilian cannot be tried
by military courts while civilian courts exist. “The Constitution is
not suspended in Wartime” has been an issue as time has
gone on (wwi deportation, Japanese internment camps)
The North’s Transformation
Total war requires enormous resources- that
that ended up being part of the North’s key
to victory
 For the 1st time tariffs are not a problem- the
industrial north loves them. Not extremeraised 10% (actually back to level of “tariff of
abominations”) Will be a policy republicans
keep after the war- which again becomes
controversial


New inventions: Sewing Machine (Elias
Howe), Mechanical Reaper (McCormick)
Government and the Economy

Federal Gov’t active in econ planning and development – and the south isn’t
there to whine….

Homestead Act of 1862 gave away federal land to encourage farming. All this
helped make republican leadership popular, despite the fact fighting didn’t
go well in beginning

Morrill Land Grant: Each state could apply to receive 30,000 acres of federal
land for every senator/congressman to sell. Profits were to be used to finance
agricultural/mechanical colleges. Becomes foundation of the “State” college
system (OSU)

Pacific RR Act 1862: Transcontinental Railroad time. Built to connect Northern
States and California. Completed in 1869, perhaps the most important
economic and technological event of the 1800s- stimulated industry,
development and settlement of new areas.
The War and Native Americans

There were federal troops in the West when war started to
keep whites from settling on Indian lands. Lincoln pulled
them into war.

Pioneers started moving on to lands that were supposed
to be preserved for Native Americans, and things got
tense between the groups. Sioux attacked white farmers in
MN, and a military court sentenced 300 Indians to be
executed (only 38 were)

Confederate made treaties with few remaining Cherokee
etc in East- ironically offering them better terms than
Union.
A New Financial System

War is expensive- federal budget in 1865 was over 1 billion dollars, 20x what it had been
in 1860. Gov’t raised tariff, put in place 1st “sales taxes” and income tax, but it still wasn’t
enough. US treasury also sells 1st versions of “War Bonds”- gov’t borrows $$ from citizens
and pays back after the war (Confederates do the same thing….just never pay back)
New Federal Currency :1863. Designed to establish a standard bank note currency rather
than private script (which was unreliable) Not full establishment of a “Bank of US”, but we
are on our way.

“Greenbacks” become our 1st national currency. Not backed with gold (we didn’t
have enough), “supported” by gold reserves. Northern econ is strong, so it works.

Civil war contracts create America’s 1st “millionaires”. JD Rockefeller, Andrew
Carneigie, Jay Gould and JP Morgan all got start here, by end of century, their wealth
will be legendary
Women and the War

For Northern women, war created economic opportunity. Able
to move into jobs that had been reserved for men- white collar
office jobs, clerks, retail, and especially nursing. Some gains
were short lived, others continued after the war

Huge numbers of women worked to support the war effort, gathering $$ and supplies for
troops (rolling bandages). Men often had control, but women, esp those who had been
active in reform, did the work. Sanitary Fairs (that doesn’t sound right….)

Some women did gain national prominence like Clara Barton, who nursed wounded
soldiers, and begins to organize a complete system, which will eventually grow into the
Red Cross and proposed international legislation which will become the Geneva
Convention for humane treatment
The Divided North

Copperheads/Butternuts: Strongest in states that had large southern born
populations (Southern OH, IN, IL) or large numbers of working class Catholic
immigrants

Draft laws not popular. 1863 a Draft Riot sparked by Irish Americans (who
were refusing to serve with African Americans) 500 killed and 20 building
burned. North had large problems with desertion- over 200,000 will not serve
when called, or abandon their posts

War will also see the rebirth of the labor movement – wanted higher wages
and job guarantees, and were worried about idea of emancipated blacks
taking their jobs
The Confederate Nation:
leadership and government

Union got arguably the greatest American leader.
The South….not so much

Jefferson Davis was aloof and stubborn, lacking Lincoln’s common touch.
Couldn’t seem to communicate WHY bad things were happening and
sacrifices were necessary.

Confederates actually pulled themselves together remarkably well. They
raise and army, built manufacturing and fought well. Their biggest problem
came from econ- you have to SELL the cotton to make $$. Counting on
recognition and help from Great Britain, who would need their cotton. But at
start of war, Eng has LOTS, and by the time they need it, they decide to grow
in their empire
The Inner Civil War
Economic Problems

Southerners rushed to join “the cause” at the start of conflict- but as the war went on, and
sacrifices got harder, dissatisfaction became an even bigger problem in the south than it was in
the north. South doesn’t like the draft either (or that you can hire substitutes) There was also an
exemption of one white male for every 20 slaves on plantation – so planter aristocracy didn’t have
as many people forced into military. “Rich man’s war, and a poor man’s fight”

Blockade tightened significantly after 1862, not only could they not get cotton OUT, they can’t get
other desperately needed supplies IN. Tried to get plantation owners to grow food, but not super
effective

Like North, Confederates needed ENDLESS $$ for war. Planter aristocracy unwilling to raise taxes
significantly, so confederates start printing $$. (econ 101, that doesn’t work) No gold to back
currency- they get runaway inflation.

Desertion a problem in south too- and they are closer to home, know their families are suffering.
Over 100,000 will walk away, most from poor, non-slaveholding families
Southern Unionists

Disagreeing with secession was dangerous- punishable
by death in Georgia. Nonetheless, by 1864 there were
movements which sought peace, and to “rejoin” the
union.

The North had “butternuts” with family members that
fought for the south. (esp common in border states)
south had “scalawags” (more commonly used during
reconstruction) for those who were against the
confederacy. Still, 50,000 white southerners fought in
union armies
Women and the Confederacy

War placed a heavy burden on southern
women. Vast majority of men needed to fightthey were left alone to manage farms and
plantations- and these were women who had
been DEEP in the “cult of domesticity”

Poor women struggled desperately to feed their
families- and begged for government assistance
(unfortunately, gov’t didn’t have a lot to give)

Decline in civilian morale as the war dragged
on.
Black Soldiers for the Confederacy

Perhaps the truest sign of how desperate times
got as the war went on. 1st discussed in 1863, but
not implemented until March of 1865 (war ends in
April) Did not promise them freedom, and the war
ended before much happened (2 companies
raised, only one got close to front, only a few
days before war ended)

Illustrates how the war undermined southern
ideology – if slaves can be soldiers, how can they
not be people?
Turning Points:
Gettysburg and Vicksburg

By 1863 south had lost it’s best “chance” for winning, and attrition is starting to hurt. North is
getting tired of looking foolish by “sort of” winning a few battles

It’s time to get creative- and go all in. Lee wins his last major victory at Chancellorsville in
May- but Stonewall Jackson hit with friendly fire and dies

Gettysburg: July 1-3 1863 South is starting to run low on manpower and supplies. Lee - who
has been winning consistently- decides to gamble on an invasion of the Pennsylvania. Three
day epic battle- and the South loses. Bloodiest battle of the war: 51,000 casualties over 3
days.

Vicksburg: Important fort on Mississippi River- Fell July 4th 1863 after a 7 month siege. Now the
Union fully controls the Mississippi- next step is to but a path through the interior of the
Confederacy.

Gettysburg and Vicksburg were devastating. From here on South is losing- fighting to stay
alive. North smells victory, and moves in for the kill
1864

General Grant- Victorious in the West, comes
East to take charge of the Army of the
Potomac. He know Lee’s biggest problem is
that he is running out of troops, so Grant
attacks constantly, taking out as many as
possible- even his own (fun nickname
“Butcher of Men). Union tends to lose more
men in battle, but they can afford it- Lee
can’t

War becomes a dreary sludge of death….
Election of 1864



Not everyone appreciated Lincoln’s
handling of the war, and now that things
were going in their favor, lots of Northern
people want to see the South suffer.
Radicals (who don’t think Lincoln is going
to be tough enough on south) try to
nominate John C Fremont (refuses to run)
Democrats ran George McClellan (who
gets 45% of popular vote)
Lincoln’s slogan: “Don’t change horses in
the middle of the stream”- and the capture
of Atlanta puts him over the top
Rehearsals for reconstruction and the
end of the war
The Sea Islands experiment
Now that victory is getting nearer- Lincoln is thinking about what comes next.
Did not stop total war, reasoning it saved lives by ending the war more quickly.
But he doesn’t want to see south punished. Lays out his plan to heal the nation
when fighting ends –but not everyone can agree on what should happenespecially with emancipated slaves
 Off the coast of SC - Occupied by the Union in 1861.Whites fled, and left their
slaves (about 10,000 people) various groups implemented programs which
they hoped would help blacks become self reliant, productive citizens.
(assumed they would need help)
 Offered education, and discussed distribution of land (which is what former
slaves REALLY wanted) but when land was eventually sold, most when to white
northerners (who had $$) Issue of blacks owning land was sticky for many, lots
of people thought blacks should stay as they were, just get paid.

Wartime Reconstruction in
the West

In Louisiana and Mississippi (firmly in Union control by 1864) blacks were freed- but
expected to stay on their plantations. Labor contracts (available to confederate
landowners willing to take oath of loyalty) offered wages, education, protection from
physical punishment, and guaranteed families could stay together.

Certainly better than slavery, but neither whites or blacks satisfied. Blacks resented
idea they were stuck in same place, planters said blacks wouldn’t work w/o threat.

A unique area was Grant’s “Negro Paradise” at Davis Bend Mississippi. Emancipated
slaves were given land, and allowed to elect local gov’t officials like judges and
sheriffs.
The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction

10% Plan: 1863 Lincoln put forth HIS 1st plan for reconstruction. General amnesty for all but
chief confederate officials, to anyone who would take an oath of loyalty to the union.
Once 10% of state population have taken oath, and emancipated their slaves, the state
returns to the union with full privileges. Lincoln published plan during the war, hoping some
confederate states might take it and leave Confederacy, none did

Wade Davis Bill: Congress thinks Lincoln’s plan is much too soft, no punishment, and they
fear the planter aristocrats will still have control of the Southern states.

In their counter-plan (passed 1864) Congress required that at least 50% of state take loyalty
oath. Then states had to write new constitutions abolishing slavery and recognizing
supremacy of the federal government. No one who had “borne arms” against the union
was eligible for gov’t office.

Lincoln vetoes, and plans talks/compromises….but dies before any agreement reached.
Victory at Last:
Sherman’s March to the Sea

William Tecumseh Sherman took over command in the
West, with a mandate to head east…leading 100,000
union troops on a 60 mile swath across Georgia

Plan was to break the will of the south- through civilian
damage. (Burning of Atlanta etc..) and it works

Eventually reached Savannah, and turned North
into SC, where he got even MORE destructive
Victory at Last
Appomattox

January 31st 1865 Congress approved 13th
Amendment – abolishing slavery in the US

In his 2nd inaugural address (march 1865) Lincoln promises “With malice towards none, with charity
for all, let us bind up the nation’s wounds”

By Spring of 1865 Lee is out of men and on the run. Losing to Union regularly (Petersburg,
Spotsylvania) and has Richmond under siege.

On April 3rd 1865 Grant finally broke through the siege at Richmond and took the southern capital
(they have been trying since 1861!) On April 4th Lincoln walked the streets of the city

Jefferson Davis contacts Lincoln to ask for “peace negotiations between two nations” Lincoln will
only accept unconditional surrender and return to the union.

Grant finally pins Lee down, and April 9th 1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House. Terms
generous: “Go home- youare our countrymen again”.
Assassination

5 days after the surrender Lincoln
assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (“Sic Semper Tyrannis”) a well known
actor and confederate sympathizer.

Lincoln killed at the height of his popularity, making him a martyr.

South doesn’t know it- but it was their final loss in the war- they get
congressional reconstruction, and an increased bitterness from the North,
making sure the wounds won’t actually heal for generations.
The War in American History

The War changes the course of US history- settling some issues once and for all, creating others that
continue to impact the country today

Slavery: Had been incredibly divisive, and 13th amendment settles the question forever saying
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for punishment of a crime… shall exist withing the
United States…”

Secession: Since VA/KY resolutions states have talked about leaving- and now it was clear that is
NOT an option. Any state that has a problem has to figure out a way to work it out WITHIN the
framework of the nation.

Regional Power: There had been an attempt to maintain balance between regional interests- esp
N/S, that’s done. Political, Economic, and Social power shifted to the North- which began a phase
of intense industrialization and growth. The South, devastated by war, had to rebuild virtually from
scratch. Will take a century to return to same level it had been

Centralization: The final “issue” had been balancing federal power and state’s rights. Again,
question is settled- federal gov’t had developed immense powers to fight the war.