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Technical Means of Automation Electricity Institute of Information Engineering, Automation and Mathematics September 20, 2016 Electric Charge attraction + – repulsion – – 2 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage 3 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage 4 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage 5 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = −2V ϕ2 = +2V 6 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = −2V ϕ2 = +2V Voltage U = ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 4V 7 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = −2V ϕ2 = +2V Voltage U = ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 4V 8 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage Current 9 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage E Current 10 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = 0V ϕ2 = 0V Voltage U = ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 0V 11 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage Voltage Current 12 / 42 Ohm’s Law I = U R U[V ] - voltage I [A] - current R[Ω] - resistance 13 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = −5V ϕ2 = 0V Voltage U = ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 5V 14 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = −5V ϕ2 = 0V Voltage U = ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 5V “Infinitely” large GROUND 15 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage ϕ1 = −5V ϕ2 = 0V Voltage U = ϕ2 − ϕ1 = 5V “Infinitely” large GROUND 16 / 42 Electric Potential and Voltage 17 / 42 Sources of Electric Power 1.5V 24V 9V 0-30V 12V 230V 18 / 42 Current: Flow of Electric Charge Two notations: Electron flow (in direction of potential rise) Conventional flow (in direction of potential drop) 19 / 42 Current: Flow of Electric Charge Two notations: Electron flow (in direction of potential rise) ← TRUE Conventional flow (in direction of potential drop) 20 / 42 Current: Flow of Electric Charge Two notations: Electron flow (in direction of potential rise) ← TRUE Conventional flow (in direction of potential drop) ← FALSE 21 / 42 Current: Flow of Electric Charge Two notations: Electron flow (in direction of potential rise) ← TRUE Conventional flow (in direction of potential drop) ← FALSE Conventional flow became an international standard. 22 / 42 Advantages of Conventional Flow Notation Conventional flow notation: is a closer analogy to fluid flow in pneumatic, hydraulic, and process flow systems; is the standard for modern manufacturers’ documentation (reference manuals, troubleshooting guides, datasheets, etc.); is consistent with the “right-hand rule” for vector cross products (which are essential for understanding electromagnetics at advanced academic levels). matches all device arrows - no need to “go against the arrow” when tracing current in a schematic diagram; makes sense of the descriptive terms sourcing and sinking (transistors, digital I/O). 23 / 42 Direct vs. Alternating Current 24 / 42 Alternating Current 25 / 42 Measurement of Electric Variables 26 / 42 Measurement of Electric Variables voltmeter (voltage) ammeter (current) ohmmeter (resistance) 27 / 42 Measurement of Electric Variables 28 / 42 Measurement of Electric Variables 29 / 42 Non-Intrusive Measurement of Current 30 / 42 Measurement of Electric Variables Oscilloscope allows continuous measurement in real time voltage and current probes frequency of sampling (e.g. 100Mhz) number of channels (2CH, 4CH) logic signal analyzer (decoding) built-in features 31 / 42 Safety 32 / 42 Risks power outage damage to equipment injury death 33 / 42 Mandatory Requirements for Laboratory Exercises theoretical preparation (will be checked) NEVER touch any conductor (unless told by instructor) each electrical connection must be supervised before powered on students may work only with low-voltage systems (max. 24 V) 34 / 42 What to Avoid? any potential situation where a person become a part of electric circuit providing the equipment with higher voltages than deigned for shorting circuits 35 / 42 What to Avoid? any potential situation where a person become a part of electric circuit providing the equipment with higher voltages than deigned for shorting circuits 36 / 42 Person in Circuit 37 / 42 What to Avoid? any potential situation where a person become a part of electric circuit providing the equipment with higher voltages than deigned for shorting circuits 38 / 42 Applying Excessive Voltage 39 / 42 What to Avoid? any potential situation where a person become a part of electric circuit providing the equipment with higher voltages than deigned for shorting circuits 40 / 42 Short Circuit 41 / 42 Short Circuit Direct interconnection of two differently charged conductors that result into and excessive electric current. For example: Connection of primary voltage source directly (without any load) to ground. Possible results of short circuit: circuit damage (parts sensitive to current level) overheating (melting of conductor) fire (wire isolation) explosion 42 / 42