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SD School Anatomy
Program 1: Bones
QuikNotes
The transverse plane runs from right to left and
divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) sections.
The frontal plane lies vertically along the body
from head to foot. This is the long axis of the body;
it divides the body into anterior (ventral OR front)
and posterior (dorsal OR back) parts.
The sagittal plane lies vertically and divides the
body into right and left sections.
The term medial means ‘towards midline’ or ‘the
inner side of.’
The term lateral means ‘away from the midline’ or
‘on the outer side of.’
Proximal means closer to the trunk of the body.
Distal means further away from the trunk of the
body.
White bendable connective tissue found in such
places as the end of the nose is called cartilage.
The system composed of bone and cartilage
designed to protect and support the human body is
called the skeletal system.
The axial skeleton is made up of eighty bones and
forms the long axis of the body. It includes three
major regions; the skull, the vertebral column and
the bony thorax.
The term paired, refers to a bone paired with a
copy of itself. The opposite of paired, is unpaired,
or a bone that doesn’t have a match.
The bony protective covering of the brain is called
the cranium, which is part of the skull. The skull is
divided into two sets of bones - the cranial bones
and the facial bones.
Student Notes
SD School Anatomy
Program 1: Bones
QuikNotes
The cranium protects the brain like a bony helmet
and serves as a point of attachment for muscles in
the head (the cranium contains 8 cranial bones).
The frontal bone is the cranial bone that forms the
forehead and part of the eye sockets.
The sphenoid bone, located at the base of the
cranium, connects with all other cranial bones.
There are fourteen facial bones; six of them are
paired and two are unpaired.
The mandible forms the lower jaw and anchors the
bottom teeth. It’s the strongest of all the facial
bones.
The vertebral column (spine) is the bony protective
covering of the spinal cord. It is composed of 26
bones called vertebrae.
The pads of fibrocartilage that absorb pressure and
allow for maximum flexibility between vertebrae
are called the intervertebral discs.
A ligament is dense fibrous connective tissue that
connects bone to bone.
A tendon is dense fibrous connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone.
The coccyx is essentially the butt bone. It contains 3
fused vertebrae.
The term congenital describes something that is
present before birth.
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature that usually
occurs in the thoracic (second) region of the spine
that forms the upper-backbone.
Kyphosis is an extreme thoracic curvature, creating
a condition known as ‘hunchback.’
Student Notes
SD School Anatomy
Program 1: Bones
QuikNotes
Lordosis is an extreme lumbar curvature
commonly referred to as ‘swayback.’
The bony thorax (thoracic ribcage) protects the
heart and the lungs. It’s made up of three parts, the
twelve thoracic vertebrae, the sternum and the ribs.
The appendicular skeleton, composed of 126 bones
helps us to move. It is made up of the upper and
lower limbs, or arms and legs.
The pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle (one on each
side of your body) attaches the upper limb to the
trunk of the body, and also anchors muscles that
move the limb. Each girdle is made up of two
bones, the clavicle and the scapula.
You have thirty bones in each upper limb, which
includes the 27 bones of the hand.
The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the
trunk of the body. It’s also a point of attachment for
the muscles that move the lower limbs. The pelvic
girdle is made up of two bones, called the os coxae.
The lower limbs support the entire weight of the
body and are separated into three regions, the
thigh, the leg, and the foot.
The only bone in the thigh is the femur, which is
the largest and strongest bone in the body.
The leg is made up of two bones, the tibia, and the
fibula.
The foot contains twenty-six bones in three
different regions. The regions are the tarsals, the
metatarsals, and the phalanges.
Student Notes
SD School Anatomy
Program 1: Bones
QuikCheck
Fill in the _lank
1. The __________is the strongest of all the facial bones and forms the lower jaw.
2. ___________ is the disease of the spine that causes the ‘hunchback’ curvature of the spine.
3. The ____ has twenty-six bones and its regions are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the
___________.
4. The point of attachment for the muscles that move the lower limbs is called the
______________.
5. The ___________ protects the brain and contains eight bones.
6. The toenails are _________ or further from the trunk of the body than the kneecap.
7. The three bony regions of the foot are the tarsals, the ____________, and the phalanges.
8. Bendable connective tissue that’s found in the nose along with other places is called
__________.
9. The _____________ plane divides the body into left and right sections.
10. If something is closer to the trunk of the body, it is ___________ to it.
True or False
11. A ligament is connective tissue that connects bone to bone. _____
12. The term congenital describes something that is present after birth. _____
13. Scoliosis is disease that usually affects the foot. _____
14. The three major regions of the axial skeleton are the skull, the rib cage, and the spiny thorax.
_________
15. The femur is the only bone in the thigh. It also represents a paired bone. _____
SD School Anatomy
Program 1: Bones
QuikCheck Answer Key
Fill in the _lank
1. The mandible is the strongest of all the facial bones and forms the lower jaw.
2. Kyphosis is the disease of the spine that causes the ‘hunchback’ curvature of the spine.
3. The foot has twenty-six bones and its regions are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the
phalanges.
4. The point of attachment for the muscles that move the lower limbs is called the pelvic girdle.
5. The cranium protects the brain and contains eight bones.
6. The toenails are distal or further from the trunk of the body that the kneecap.
7. The three bony regions of the foot are the tarsals, the metatarsals, and the phalanges.
8. Bendable connective tissue that’s found in the nose along with other places is called
cartilage.
9. The saggital plane divides the body into left and right sections.
10. If something is closer to the trunk of the body, it is proximal to it.
True or False
11. A ligament is connective tissue that connects bone to bone. True
12. The term congenital describes something that is present after birth. False
13. Scoliosis is disease that usually affects the foot. False
14. The three major regions of the axial skeleton are the skull, the rib cage, and the spiny thorax.
False
15. The femur is the only bone in the thigh. It also represents a paired bone. True